Структура специальных вопросов

Вопроси-тельные слова	Вспомога-тельный глагол	Подлежащее и определение к нему	Смысловой глагол в форме инфинитива	Другие члены предложения
What Where When	Do did will	You he your sister	do go return	in the evening? yesterday? home?

Итак, маркерами времен группы Simple являются:

Время	Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная и отрицательная формы	Обстоятельства времени
Present Simple	инфинитивглаголабезчастицыto (Vo), He, she, it–глаголс окончанием–sили-es (Vs)	Вспомогатель- ные глаголы – doилиdoes	today, at present, now
Past Simple	Стандартные глаголы – у глагола окончание –ed (Ved) нестандартные глаголы – 2 форма глагола(в словаре – словоPast)	Вспомогатель- ный глагол did	yesterday – вчера ago- тому назад lastyear- в прошлом году
Future Simple	will+инфинитив глагола без частицыto	Вспомогатель- ный глагол will	Tomorrow-завтра in a month- через месяц next week- на следующей неделе

Контрольные задания

Контрольная работа № 1

ВАРИАНТ 1

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного или

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного

1. About 1,000 km3 of ice forms every year in Antarctica.

2. Einstein’s work was a great surprise for scientists all over the world.

3. In our modern world air conditioning is of great significance for industrial processes and for human comfort.

4. Einstein studied plenty of subjects to increase his knowledge but physics became his life interest.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.

1. Floor panel heating in one-story building is of great comfort and low installation cost.

2. Despite the improvement in water treatment methods many regions of the world cannot cope with the rapid rate of water contamination.

3. During the recent years there appeared a new problem- the pollution of ground water.

. 4. Every day the world shortage of fresh water increases.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. This is a new measuring instrument; its accuracy is much higher than an old instrument.

2. The bigger the mass, the bigger the weight of the body.

3. Purity may be as serious a problem as shortages of water.

4. The most serious problem for city authorities is the disposal of waste water.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

1. No difficulties exist in the fixing of independent boilers.

2. Some water authorities find it necessary to intermit water supply for various reasons.

3. Any solar battery generates only a small current.

4. Nobody studied natural substances that pollute the atmosphere.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The progress of sanitation in London was typical for the largest cities of Great Britain and the United States.

2. The method of sewage treatment will depend almost entirely on local conditions.

3. All through London’s History until modern times the question of water supply continued to be a problem.

4. Radiator under the window doesn’t cool on the window and cause condensation.

VI. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1-й, 2-й и 4-й абзацы текста.

ALBERT EINSTEIN¹

1. Albert Einstein, a well-known German physicist and mathematician, was born in Germany on March 14, 1879. His unusual ability to mathematics and physics began to show itself at a technical school in Zurich.² At the age of 21, after four years of university study, Albert Einstein got a job as a clerk in an office. But already in 1905 he made revolutionary discoveries in science. He published three papers in the field of physics and mathematics. In the first he explained the photo­electric effect by means of Planck's³ quantum theory. The second paper developed a mathematical theory of Brownian motion.⁴ He presented his third paper on "Special Theory of Relativity" to a physical journal. Einstein expressed his theory in the equation E = me ², roughly that energy equals mass times the square of the speed of light.

2. All over the world scientists read the work with great surprise. Few physicists understood its impor­tance at that time. Everybody wanted to know as much as possible about the author. In which insti­tute did he teach? In what laboratory did he do his research?

3. Einstein's fame among scientists grew slow­ly but surely. For a few years he lived in Prague⁵ where he worked as a professor. When he came to Pra­gue, he often told his students: "I shall al­ways try to help you. If you have a problem, come to me with it, we shall solve it together." He liked questions and answered them at once, for there were no simple or foolish questions for him. He spoke much with his students about scientific problems and his new ideas. His advice to students was, "Don't take easy problems."

4. In 1921 Einstein got the Nobel Prize in physics not for the theory of relativity but for a logical explanation of the photoelectric effect. After the Great October Socialist Revolution in Rus­sia Einstein became a true friend of the young Social­ist Republic. He established scientific contacts with his colleagues in Soviet Russia.

5. In 1922 he became a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences for his outstanding contributions to physics and mathematics. On March 14, 1979 by UNESCO decision all people throughout the world celebrated the birth centenary of the great 20th century scientist.

Notes on the Text

1.Albert Einstein —Эйнштейн, Альберт (1879—1955)

2. Zurich — Цюрих (город в Швейцарии)

2. Planck — Планк, Макс (1858—1947), выдающийся немецкий физик

3. Brownian motion — броуновское движение; Brown [broun] —Броун, Роберт (1773—1858), шотландский ботаник

VII. Прочтите 5-й-абзац-текста-и вопрос к нему. Выберите правильный ответ в соответствии с содержанием текста.

What anniversary did people throughout the world celebrated in 1979?

a) A birthday of a well-known English physicist and mathematician.

b) The birth centenary of the great 20th century foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

c) The birth centenary of the Russian Academy of Sciences

ВАРИАНТ 2

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного или

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1. The students will not solve this problem without their teacher’s help.

2. In the gaseous state water changes into steam and in the solid state it becomes ice.

3. One of the greatest advantages of a water-power station is that it does not exhaust energy resources.

4. The world’s first tidal station to supply electrical power to the people of France

realizes one of the man’s oldest dream – harnessing the sea.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.

1. The tank serves to store the water with little temperature loss.

2. Noise pollution in geothermal power plants is only the problem during construction.

3. Geothermal energy will help to overcome the energy crisis problem of today.

4. Heat transfer is directly proportional to surface area.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. The density of the liquid air is only a little less than the density of water.

2. Your advice is more important for us than hers.

3. The smaller the size of the building, the more quickly it gains or loses heat.

4. It is the most efficient method to supply hot water at the top when you couple up

radiators.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

1. Any new methods are of great importance for our plant.

2. This element has some important properties.

3. The experiment added nothing new to our knowledge of the properties of this substance.

4. There were no changes in the properties of the solid under test.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. There were hundreds of streets in London in the 19^th century that had no sewers.

2. Water and air pollution are the two main factors that destroy the environment in big cities.

4. In future smog will continue to kill hundreds of people and will be the cause of serious illnesses for many thousands peoples.

1. The degree of humidity depends on the amount of ventilation.

VI. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й-абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1-й и 3-й абзацы текста.

ERNEST RUTHERFORD (1871-1937)

1. Ernest Rutherford was born in New Zealand where he lived up to 1895. At the age of 19 after finishing school he entered the only New Zealand University founded in 1870. At that time there were only 150 students and 7 professors there. At the university Ernest took great interest in physics and developed a magnetic detector of radio waves. However, he was absolutely uninterested in the practical applications of his discoveries.

2. In 1895 Rutherford went to Cambridge where he con­tinued research under Thomson (1856—1940), the out­standing English physicist. There Rutherford studied the processes of ionization in gases and took great interest in radioactivity opened by Becquerel (1852-1908), a world-known French physicist. About ten years Ernest Rutherford lived and worked in Canada. Later he lectured in leading universities in the USA and England from 1909 till 1919.

3. Rutherford's famous work "The Scattering of Alpha and Beta Particles of Matter and the Structure of the Atom" dealt with so-called "atom models". All main Rutherford's works deal with the nuclear atom. The split­ting of the atom has opened to man a new and enormous source of energy. The most important results have been obtained by splitting the atom of uranium.

4. For working out the theory of radioactive disintegra­tion of elements, for determining the nature of alpha particles, for developing the nuclear atom, Rutherford was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in chemistry.

5. Rutherford created a school of talented physicists in the field of atomic research, Soviet scientists P. Kapitza and Y. Kchariton were among his pupils. E. Rutherford died in 1937 at the age of 66.

VII. Прочтите 4-й-и 5-й-абзацы-текста-и вопрос к ним. Выберите правильный ответ в соответствии с содержанием текста.

What for did E. Rutherford get the Nobel Prize in 1908?

1. his first scientific work?

2. the practical application of his investigations?

3. a number of researches in physics.

VII. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й-абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1-й 3-й абзацы текста.

MSTISLAV KELDYSH (1911 — 1978)

1. Mstislav Keldysh, a well-known Russian scientist, was born in Riga on January 28, 1911. He was a very capable boy and finished school at the age of 16. He wanted to become a building engineer like his father, but one could enter an engineering institute only at 17. The boy decided to enter Moscow University to study mathematics and physics.

2. After his graduation from the University at the age of 20, he began his research work at the Central Airo- Hydrodynamical Institute — the centre of aviation science at that time. The young scientist worked with enthu­siasm and soon published a number of important scien­tific papers. When Keldysh was 27, he became Doctor of Sciences.

3. The scientist did his research in the field of mathe­matics and airo-hydrodynamics. Later he solved a number of problems in aviation, atomic and cosmic techniques.

At the same time as a professor of Moscow Univer­sity he gave much of his abilities to the teaching of stu­dents.

4. For his fruitful research M. Keldysh got two State Prizes and the Russian Government awarded him the title of Hero of Socialist Labour three times. At the age of 30 M. Keldysh became an academician and on May 19, 1961 he became President of the Academy of Sci­ences of Russia.

VII. Прочтите 2-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Выберите правильный ответ в соответствии с содержанием текста.

Where did he get his higher education? a) at Moscow University;

b)at the Central Airo-Hydrodynamical Institute;

c) at the centre of aviation science.

ВАРИАНТ 3

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного или

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1. Experts say that the nation’s water problems may be as difficult and expensive to solve as the energy crisis.

2. Water is one of the main factors in man’s life.

3. The practical results of the state policy in environmental protection include the development of technology to control air ant water pollution.

4. The operation of the safety valve results is a reduction of pressure in the boiler.