Добавил:

Upload Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.

Вуз:

Львовский национальный медицинский университет им. Д. Галицкого

Предмет:

Нормальная анатомия

Файл:

ATLAS Feneis, Daubner - Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy.pdf

Скачиваний:

323

Добавлен:

15.02.2016

Размер:

12.18 Mб

Скачать

☆

<<< < Предыдущая 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1213 / 1913 14 15 16 17 18 19 > Следующая >>>

272

Spinal cord

Cranial pia mater. Pia mater cranialis (en-

Cervical enlargement. Intumescentia cervi-

cephali). Delicate meninx bearing blood vessels

calis. Enlargement of the spinal cord from C3 to

and covering the surface of the brain as well as

T2 owing to the larger supply region for the

extending into its sulci.

arms. D

Tela choroidea of fourth ventricle. Tela 15

Lumbosacral

enlargement.

Intumescentia

choroidea ventriculi quarti. Thin membrane of

lumbosacralis. Expansion of the spinal cord

pia mater and ependyma in lower part of roof

from T9−10 to L1−2 caused by the greater

of fourth ventricle. It is attached laterally to the

supply region for the lower limbs. D

tenia and exhibits lateral and median aper-

Conus medullaris. Tapered termination of the

tures. B

spinal cord at the level of L1−2 where it be-

Choroid

plexus

fourth

ventricle. Plexus

comes continuous with the filum terminale. D

choroideus ventriculi quarti. Paired garland-

Filum terminale (spinale). Thin terminal pro-

like, ependyma-covered villous projections

longation of spinal cord attached inferiorly to

which extend into both lateral apertures. B

the posterior surface of the coccyx. D E

4 Tela choroidea

third

ventricle.

Tela

Terminal ventricle. Ventriculus terminalis. En-

choroidea ventriculi

tertii. Thin,

ependyma-

largement of the central canal at the end of the

covered membrane of pia mater between right

conus medullaris. E

and left teniae of thalamus. C

Anterior median fissure. Fissura mediana

Choroid plexus of third ventricle. Plexus

anterior. Deep longitudinal fissure along the

choroideus ventricul tertii. Paired, highly

anterior aspect of the spinal cord. F

vascularized villous formations projecting from

Posterior

median

sulcus. Sulcus

medianus

the thin roof into the third ventricle and con-

posterior. Median longitudinal groove between

tinuing anteriorly through the interventricular

the right and left posterior funiculi. F

foramina into the choroid plexuses of the

Posterior

median

septum.

Septum

medi-

lateral ventricles. C

ventricle. Plexus

anum posterius.

Thickening

the

sub-

Choroid

plexus

lateral

arachnoid connective tissue within the poste-

choroideus ventriculi lateralis. Villous, highly

rior median sulcus, less in the cervical region,

vascularized garland invaginated into

the

more in the thoracic segment. F

lateral ventricle through the choroid fissure. It

Anterolateral

sulcus. Sulcus

anterolateralis.

extends from the interventricular foramen to

Shallow furrow occasionally present at the exit

the inferior horn. C

of the ventral root fibers. F

Choroid

glomus.

Glomus

choroideum.

23 Posterolateral sulcus. Sulcus posterolateralis.

Enlargement of the choroid plexus in the region

Longitudinal groove external to the boundary

of the collateral trigone at the root of the infe-

between the lateral and posterior funiculi. It

rior horn. C

marks the

site

entry of the dorsal spinal

8 Spinal pia mater. Pia mater spinalis. Vascu-

nerve roots. F

larized

connective tissue membrane firmly

24 Posterior intermediate sulcus. Sulcus inter-

united to the surface of the spinal cord. A

medius posterior. Shallow longitudinal fissure

Denticulate ligament. Lig. denticulatum. Fron-

on both sides of the median sulcus. Externally it

tally situated connective tissue membrane con-

marks the boundary between the funiculi

necting the spinal cord with the spinal dura

gracilis and cuneatus. F

mater. It has bow shaped recesses at the level of

the spinal nerve roots. A

1810 Intermediate cervical septum. Septum cervicale intermedium. Connective tissue partition

19in the cervical segment of the spinal cord between the gracilis and cuneatus fasciculi extending from the pia mater to the depths of the

20posterior funiculus. A F

11 Internal filum terminale. Filum terminale in-

21ternum (piale). Filamentous, caudal extension of the spinal cord and pia mater contained in the external terminal ligament. D E

2212 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Systema nervosum centrale. It comprises the brain and spinal

23cord.

13SPINAL CORD. Medulla spinalis. Consists of the myelin-rich white matter and the myelin-poor

24gray matter. It extends from the caudal end of the medulla oblongata, near the exit of the first

25spinal nerves, to the beginning of the filum terminale at L1−2. A D

Spinal cord 273

10 9

A Spinal meninges

14					2
					2
			3	2	2
				2

	4		6
	4		6
		5		7
		5

CChoroidal plexus of lateral ventricles

11;17

BRoof of thomboid fossa (fourth ventricle)

23 24 20

D	Spinal cord	E	Lower termination	F	Cross section of spinal cord
			of spinal cord

	274			Spinal cord
				Funiculi of spinal cord. Funiculi medullae spi-		14	White matter. Substantia alba. Consists of my-
1		1		Funiculi of spinal cord. Funiculi medullae spi-		14	White matter. Substantia alba. Consists of my-
1				nalis. Three columns of white matter seg-			elinated nerves and is organized into three
				mented by the posterior and anterior horns and			cords (funiculi) which contain the nerve path-
2				their root fibers.			ways. A
		2		Anterior funiculus. Funiculus anterior. Con-		15	Substantia gelatinosa centralis. A narrow zone
3				duction bundle located between the anterior			around the central canal with processes from
3				median fissure and the anterior horn with its			ependymal cells.
				median fissure and the anterior horn with its			ependymal cells.
4				root fibers. A		16	GRAY COLUMNS. Columnae griseae. Three
						16	GRAY COLUMNS. Columnae griseae. Three
		3		Lateral funiculus. Funiculus lateralis. Conduc-			ridge-like columns of gray matter. B
				tion bundle located lateral to the gray matter		17	Anterior column. Columna anterior. It is com-
5				and between the posterior and anterior spinal			prised predominantly of motor neurons (ante-
				nerve roots. A			rior horn cells). B
6		4		Posterior funiculus. Funiculus posterior. Post-		18	Anterior horn. Cornu anterius. Hook-shaped
6				erior column situated between the posterior			structure seen in transverse section of the spi-
				erior column situated between the posterior			structure seen in transverse section of the spi-
				horn with its root fibers and the posterior me-			nal cord. D
7				dian septum. A		19	Anterolateral nucleus. Nucleus anterolater-
			5 Segments of spinal cord. Segmenta medullae				alis. Situated anterolaterally in the anterior
8				spinalis. Here, the spinal cord segments are de-			horn, it is localized in segments C4−8 and L2−
				fined as regions where root fibers pass through			S1 and innervates the muscles of the limbs. D
9				a specific intervertebral foramen. The boundar-		20	Anteromedial	nucleus. Nucleus anterome-
				ies are not determinable in the isolated spinal		20	Anteromedial	nucleus. Nucleus anterome-
				ies are not determinable in the isolated spinal			dialis. From its anteromedial position in the
				cord.			dialis. From its anteromedial position in the
				cord.			anterior horn, it extends the entire length of the
10		6		Cervical segment. Segmenta cervicalia [1−8] =			anterior horn, it extends the entire length of the
10		6		Cervical segment. Segmenta cervicalia [1−8] =			spinal cord. D
				pars cervicalis. Eight cervical segments repre-		21	Posterolateral nucleus. Nucleus posterolater-
				sent the seven cervical vertebrae because the		21	Posterolateral nucleus. Nucleus posterolater-
11				sent the seven cervical vertebrae because the			alis. It lies posterior to the anterolateral nucleus
				root fibers of segments 1−7 exit above the			alis. It lies posterior to the anterolateral nucleus
				root fibers of segments 1−7 exit above the			in segments C5−T1 and L2−S2 and innervates
				vertebrae of the same number. Root fibers of			in segments C5−T1 and L2−S2 and innervates
				vertebrae of the same number. Root fibers of			the muscles of the limbs. D
12				the 8th cervical segment, on the other hand, exit			the muscles of the limbs. D
				the 8th cervical segment, on the other hand, exit		22	Retroposterolateral nucleus. Nucleus retro-
				below C7. The cervical portion of the spinal		22	Retroposterolateral nucleus. Nucleus retro-
				below C7. The cervical portion of the spinal			posterolateralis. It lies posterior to the post-
				cord extends from the atlas to the middle of C7.			posterolateralis. It lies posterior to the post-
13				cord extends from the atlas to the middle of C7.			erolateral nucleus in segments C8−T1 and S1−3.
13				C			erolateral nucleus in segments C8−T1 and S1−3.
		7		Thoracic segment. Segmenta thoracica [1−12]			D
14		7		Thoracic segment. Segmenta thoracica [1−12]		23	Posteromedial	nucleus. Nucleus posterome-
14				= pars thoracica. The 12 segments comprising			dialis. From the vicinity of the white matter, it
				this group extend from the middle of C7 to the			dialis. From the vicinity of the white matter, it
				this group extend from the middle of C7 to the			extends over segments T1−L3 and probably in-
15				middle of T11. C			extends over segments T1−L3 and probably in-
				middle of T11. C			nervates the trunk musculature. D
		8		Lumbar segment. Segmental lumbaria [1−5] =			nervates the trunk musculature. D
		8		Lumbar segment. Segmental lumbaria [1−5] =		24	Central nucleus. Nucleus centralis. A less
				pars lumbaris. Comprised of five segments; it

16							prominent group in several cervical and lumbar
16				extends from the middle of the body of T11 to			prominent group in several cervical and lumbar
				the upper border of the body of L1. C			segments. D
				the upper border of the body of L1. C		25 Nucleus of accessory nerve. Nucleus nervi ac-
17	9			Sacral segment. Segmenta sacralia [1−5]	=	25 Nucleus of accessory nerve. Nucleus nervi ac-
17	9			Sacral segment. Segmenta sacralia [1−5]	=		cessorii (nuc. accessorius). It lies in segments
				pars sacralis. These five sacral segments	lie		cessorii (nuc. accessorius). It lies in segments
				pars sacralis. These five sacral segments	lie		C1−6 in the area of the anterolateral nucleus
				posterior to the body of L1. C			C1−6 in the area of the anterolateral nucleus
18				posterior to the body of L1. C			and provides the root fibers of the spinal por-
	10			Coccygeal segment. Segmenta coccygea [1−3]			and provides the root fibers of the spinal por-
	10			Coccygeal segment. Segmenta coccygea [1−3]			tion of the accessory nerve. D
				= pars coccygea. Three quite small segments. C		26	Nucleus of phrenic nerve. Nucleus nervi
19				= pars coccygea. Three quite small segments. C
	11			SPINAL CORD SECTIONS. Sectiones medullae
	11			SPINAL CORD SECTIONS. Sectiones medullae			phrenici (nuc. phrenicus). It lies in the middle
20				spinalis. These serve mostly as a foundation for			of the anterior horn and extends from seg-
20				description of the following parts.			ments C4−C7. D

12 Central canal. Canalis centralis. Obliterated re-

21mains of the embryonic neural tube lumen. It is usually located in the central intermediate substance (gray matter). A D

2213 Gray matter. Substantia grisea. In transverse section, it is seen as an H-shaped column

23(columna grisea = gray column) consisting primarily of multipolar ganglion cells and enclosed by white matter. Sections of the spinal

24cord reveal that the ”horns” (cornua) which correspond to the gray column S are charac-

25teristically different in the individual segments. A

Spinal cord 275

		4		1
		4

				2
		12

3				3
3		13		3
			14

				4
				4
		13

				5
		2		5
		2

				6


				7


6				8

		Spinal cord, schematic		9
	A
	A
				10


				11


7				12

		13
	16	17
		14
B	Gray matter of spinal cord,	15
B	Gray matter of spinal cord,
	three-dimensional

26 (24)	12
22	18
21

					23
					23

		19		20	25
	Segments of spinal cord		Nuclei of spinal cord in anterior horn
C	Segments of spinal cord	D	Nuclei of spinal cord in anterior horn

276

Spinal cord

Posterior column. Columna posterior. It is

18 Anterior white commissure. Commissura alba

composed primarily of sensory neurons. B

anterior. White matter with fibers crossing be-

2 Posterior horn. Cornu posterius. Hook-shaped

tween the central intermediate gray matter and

the anterior median commissure. C

structure seen in transverse section of the spi-

nal cord. A

18 a Posterior

white

commissure.

Commissura

Apex. Apical cap of posterior horn consisting of

alba posterior. Individual fibers crossing into

large nerve cells ventral to the substantia gelat-

the posterior gray commissure.

inosa. A C

19 Anterior funiculus. Funiculus anterior. Mass of

Head. Caput. Thickened middle part of poste-

white matter between anterior root fibers,

rior horn in the lower cervical and thoracic spi-

anterior horn and anterior median fissure. A C

fasciculi

proprii. Fasciculi proprii

nal cord. A

5 Cervix. Thinner segment of posterior horn be-

anteriores. Lying directly on the gray matter,

these bundles comprise longer

and shorter

tween the head and base. A

fibers involved in connecting individual sem-

Base. Basis. Broadened attachment of the post-

gents of the spinal cord with one another. Re-

erior horn to the middle part of the gray matter.

flex apparatus. C

Sulcomarginal fasciculus. Fasciculus sulcom-

7 Substantia gelatinosa. Mobile, slightly glassy

arginalis. Fibers of the reflex apparatus located

substance above the apex of the posterior horn.

at the anterior median fissure.

It consists primarily of glia and small ganglion

22 Anterior corticospinal (pyramidal) tract. Trac-

cells. A C

tus corticospinalis (pyramidalis) anterior. Un-

8 Secondary

visceral

substance.

Substantia

crossed portion of pyramidal tract lateral to the

visceralis secundaria. Small field of autonomic

anterior median fissure. C

ganglion cells anterior to the central interme-

Vestibulospinal tract. Tractus

vestibulospi-

diate substance. A

nalis. Fibers in the anterior funiculus for im-

9 Lateral column. Columna lateralis. Gray matter

pulses from the vestibular organ. C

between the anterior and posterior horns. B

Reticulospinal tract. Tractus reticulospinalis.

10 Lateral horn. Cornu laterale. Lateral promi-

Arising from the reticular formation of the

nence of gray matter. A

brain stem, it forms a nondefinable tract in the

Interomediolateral

(autonomic)

column.

middle of the anterior funiculus and ends in the

Columna

intermediolateralis (autonomica).

anterior horn. C

Structure seen as the lateral horn in transverse

Anterior spinothalamic tract. Tractus sphino-

section. It

contains

cells of the sympathetic

thalamicus anterior. Fibers ascending to the

nervous system and extends from T1−L2. A B

thalamus for pressure and tactile sensation. C

12 Central intermediate gray matter. Substantia

Lateral funiculus. Funiculus lateralis. It lies be-

[grisea] intermedia centralis. Ganglion cells at

tween the anterior and posterior horns together

the central canal. A C

with their root fibers. A C

Lateral intermediate gray matter. Substantia

Lateral fasciculi proprii. Fasciculi proprii later-

[grisea] intermedia lateralis. Part of the sympa-

ales. Shorter fibers on the gray matter for con-

thetic nervous system in the lateral horn. It ex-

nection with individual spinal cord segments. C

tends from T1−L2. A C

Lateral corticospinal (pyramidal) tract. Trac-

Thoracic column. Columna thoracica (nuc.

tus corticospinalis [pyramidalis] lateralis. Sit-

thoracicus) [[Stilling-Clarke]]. It lies at the base

uated in front of the posterior horn. It transmits

of the posterior horn and usually extends from

conscious motor impulses. C

C8−L2. It belongs partly to the posterior

Rubrospinal tract. Tractus

rubrospinalis

spinocerebellar tract. A C

[[Monakow]]. It passes from the red nucleus to

15 Sacral parasympathetic nuclei. Nuclei para-

the anterior horn cells and lies in front of the

sympathici sacrales. Cells of the sacral para-

lateral corticospinal tract. C

symphathetic nervous system in segments S2−

Bulboreticulospinal tract. Tractus bulboreticu-

4 situated between the anterior and posterior

lospinalis. A tract the existence of which is con-

horns.

troversial in man.

16 Reticular formation. Formatio reticularis. Net-

Pontoreticulospinal tract. Tractus pontoreticu-

like mixture of gray and white matter in the

lospinalis. Likewise, a controversial tract in man.

angle between the lateral and posterior horns.

32 Tectospinal tract. Tractus tectospinalis. Fibers

A C

in the anterolateral region of the anterior

16 a

Anterior/posterior gray commissure. Com-

funiculus from the tectal lamina. They cross

missura grisea anterior/posterior. Gray matter

into the brain stem and terminate in the ante-

situated in front of and behind the central

rior horns. C

canal. C

33 Olivospinal tract. Tractus olivospinalis. Present

WHITE MATTER. Substantia alba. It consists pri-

only in the cervical cord, its fibers pass from the

marily of myelinated nerve fibers.

olive region to the anterior root fibers. C

Spinal cord 277

7	4						3
							3


				2
	5			12
16			14	12
16			14
	6				26
11						10
						10
		13		8
		13		8
				19

A Cross section of spinal cord

9;11

B	Columns of spinal cord	28		7			3
B	Columns of spinal cord						3


26		16	14
26		16
29				16a	12	13
				16a		27
					18	27
					18
					19	33
			22			20
						20

			24			25
			23			25
			23
			32
			19

C Cross section of spinal cord with tracts

278 Spinal cord, Brain

1	Spinotectal tract. Tractus spinotectalis. Its
1	fibers arise from the posterior horn of the op-

posite side, run in the lateral spinothalamic

2tract and end in the tectal lamina. A

2Spinothalamic tract. Tractus spinothalamicus. Lies in the lateral funiculus and arises primarily

3from the opposite side. Its fibers transmit pain and temperature sensations. A

4 3 Anterior spinocerebellar tract. Tractus spino-

		cerebellaris anterior [[Gowers]]. It extends
	5	partly from the opposite side and transmits to
	5	the cerebellum information necessary for the
		the cerebellum information necessary for the
		coordination of movements concerning muscle

6extension and limb position. A

		4 Posterior spinocerebellar tract. Tractus spino-
	7	cerebellaris posterior [[Flechsig]]. Its fibers are
	7	uncrossed and function similar to those of the
		uncrossed and function similar to those of the
		anterior spinocerebellar tract. A

85 Dorsolateral tract. Tractus dorsolateralis [[Lissauer]]. Bundle of fine myelinated and nonmy-

9elinated fibers between the apex of the posterior horn and the surface. The fibers are short and some form lateral branches of posterior

10 root fibers. A

6 Spino-olivary tract. Tractus spino-olivaris

11[[Hellweg]]. Predominantly crossed fibers to the olive. They lie by the anterior root fibers together with the olivospinal tract. A

127 Spinoreticular tract. Tractus spinoreticularis. Its fibers lie beside the spino-olivary tract and

13end in the reticular substance of the medulla oblongata. A

8Posterior funiculus. Funiculus posterior. White

14	matter between the posterior horns. A

9Posterior fasciculi proprii. Fasciculi proprii

15posteriores. They lie directly on the gray matter and unite individual spinal cord segments for

16coordinated activity.

Septomarginal fasciculus. Fasciculus septo-10

marginalis. Bundle of mostly descending fibers

17situated along the posterior median septum in the lower half of the thoracic spinal cord. A

1811 Interfascicular fasciculus. Fasciculus interfascicularis. Bundle of mostly descending fibers [comma tract of Schultze] located chiefly in the

19upper half of the thoracic spinal cord between the fasciculi gracilis and cuneatus. A

2012 Fasciculus gracilis [[Goll]]. Medial fasciculus that contains fibers from the lower half of the spinal cord which function in the transmission

21of tactile and proprioceptive sensory information. A

2213 Fasciculus cuneatus [[Burdach]]. It begins with the upper half of the thoracic cord an likewise contains fibers for transmission of tactile and

23proprioceptive impulses. A

14 BRAIN. Encephalon.

2415 BRAINSTEM. Truncus encephali. It extends from the medulla oblongata to the midbrain.

25According to some, the diencephalon and insula likewise belong to the brainstem.

16HINDBRAIN. Rhombencephalon. It includes the brain substance around the rhomboid fossa, thus the cerebellum, pons with dorsally attached substance and medulla oblongata. B

17MEDULLA OBLONGATA (BULBUS). Beginning at the lower margin of the pons, it extends up to the root fibers of C1. In the rhomboid fossa it arises from the medullary striae of the 4th ventricle. B

18Anterior median fissure. Fissura mediana anterior. Anterior groove continuous with that of the spinal cord. The pyramidal decussation crosses over it. C

19Pyramid. Pyramis [medullae oblongatae]. Longitudinal elevation of pyramidal tract fibers to the right and left of the anterior median fissure. It ends with the pyramidal decussation. C

20Pyramidal decussation. Decussatio pyramidum (dec. pyramidalis anterior motoria). 3−5 bundles of lateral pyramidal tract fibers crossing to the opposite side at the end of the medulla. C

21Anterolateral sulcus. Sulcus anterolateralis. Furrow lateral to the pyramid for transmission of the hypoglossal nerce. C

22Lateral funiculus. Funiculus lateralis. Continuation of the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord up to the olive. C

23Olive. Oliva. Bean-shaped prominence about 1.5 cm long between the roots of cranial nerves X and XII. it is produced by the nuclei lying beneath it. C

24Anterior external arcuate fibers. Fibrae arcuatae externae anteriores. Fibers from the arcuate nucleus coursing over the caudal end of the olive to the caudal cerebellar peduncle. Part of the pontocerebellar tract. C

25Retro-olivary sulcus. Sulcus retro-olivaris. Furrow behind the olive. C

26Retro-olivary area. Area retro-olivaris. Area behind the olive. C

Spinal Cord, Brain 279

8	12
	13
10		5
10		4
11	9	4
	9

A Cross section of spinal cord

18		26
18		26
23	19		25


21			21
21			21
			24
			24

22	20

C Medulla oblongata from above

B Rhombencephalon

	280		Brain
		1	Posterolateral sulcus. Sulcus posterolateralis.	19	Internal arcuate fibers. Fibrae arcuatae inter-
1		1	Posterolateral sulcus. Sulcus posterolateralis.	19	Internal arcuate fibers. Fibrae arcuatae inter-
1			Furrow reaching up to the lateral recess of the		nae. Fiber component of the medial lemniscus
			4th ventricle. Site of exit of cranial nerves IX, X		arising from the nucleus of the posterior
2			and XI. A		funiculus. C
	2		Inferior cerebellar peduncle. Pedunculus cere-	20	Decussation of medial lemniscus. Decussatio
	2		Inferior cerebellar peduncle. Pedunculus cere-	20	Decussation of medial lemniscus. Decussatio
3			bellaris inferior. Inferior connection to the cere-		lemniscorum medialium (d. sensoria). Formed
3			bellum with fibers of the posterior spinocere-		by fibers of nuclei gracilis ans cuneatus, second
			bellum with fibers of the posterior spinocere-		by fibers of nuclei gracilis ans cuneatus, second
			bellar tract and olive. A		order neurons of posterior funiculus. C D
4			bellar tract and olive. A		order neurons of posterior funiculus. C D
4	3		Trigeminal tubercle (tuber cinereum). Tuber-	21	Medial lemniscus. Lemniscus medialis. Con-
			culum trigeminale. Low lateral elevation above		tinuation of second order neuron of posterior
5			the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve. B		funiculus after decussation of lemniscus [bul-
	4		Cuneate fasciculus. Fasciculus cuneatus.		bothalamic tract]. D
	4		Cuneate fasciculus. Fasciculus cuneatus.	22	Tectospinal tract. Tractus tectospinalis. Decus-
6			Lateral part of posterior funiculus coming from	22	Tectospinal tract. Tractus tectospinalis. Decus-
			the upper half of the body. A		sated connection between the quadrigeminal
		5 Cuneate tubercle. Tuberculum cuneatum. Ob-			plate and the spinal cord. It lies between the fa-
7		5 Cuneate tubercle. Tuberculum cuneatum. Ob-			cial and trigeminal nuclei. D
7			long prominence at the end of the cuneate		cial and trigeminal nuclei. D
			long prominence at the end of the cuneate	23	Medial longitudinal fasciculus. Fasciculus
			fasciculus produced by the nucleus cuneatus. A	23	Medial longitudinal fasciculus. Fasciculus
8	6		Fasciculus gracilis. Medial part of posterior		longitudinalis medialis. Nerve fiber bundle for
8					reciprocal connection to the motor nuclei of
					reciprocal connection to the motor nuclei of
			funiculus coming from the lower half of the		ocular muscles, as well as vestibular, accessory
9			body. A		and cervical muscle nuclei. C

7Gracile tubercle (clava). Tuberculum gracile. 24 Posterior longitudinal fasciculus. Fasciculus

10			Oblong bulge over the nucleus gracilis. A				longitudinalis posterior [[Schütz]]. Connection
	8		Posterior	median sulcus. Sulcus	medianus		between the hypothalamus, III, VII, XII cranial
	8		Posterior	median sulcus. Sulcus	medianus		nerve nuclei, nucleus ambiguus, tractus solitar-
11			posterior. Posterior furrow continued from the				nerve nuclei, nucleus ambiguus, tractus solitar-
			posterior. Posterior furrow continued from the				ius and tractus salvatorius in the floor of the
			spinal cord and closed above by a medullary				ius and tractus salvatorius in the floor of the
			spinal cord and closed above by a medullary				rhomboid fossa. C
			lamella (obex). A				rhomboid fossa. C
12			lamella (obex). A			25	Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve. Tractus spi-
12	9		Sections through the medulla oblongata. Sec-			25	Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve. Tractus spi-
			tiones medullae oblongatae.				nalis nervi trigeminalis. Descending fibers of
							nalis nervi trigeminalis. Descending fibers of
13							the trigeminal nerve for transmission of pain
	10		Pyramidal fasciculus (tract). Fasciculus py-				the trigeminal nerve for transmission of pain
	10		Pyramidal fasciculus (tract). Fasciculus py-				and temperature stimuli. C D
			ramidalis. Nerve tract for the transmission of			26 Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve. Nucleus
14			impulses concerned with conscious move-			26 Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve. Nucleus
14			impulses concerned with conscious move-				spinalis nervi trigeminalis. Continuous with the
			ments. C D				substantia gelatinosa in the spinal cord; this nu-
	11		Corticospinal fibers. Fibrae corticospinales.				substantia gelatinosa in the spinal cord; this nu-
15	11		Corticospinal fibers. Fibrae corticospinales.				cleus receives the fibers of the spinal tract of the
15			Fibers from the precentral gyrus of the cortex to				trigeminal nerve. C D
			Fibers from the precentral gyrus of the cortex to				trigeminal nerve. C D
			the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord.			27	Reticular formation (substance). Formatio
16			the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord.

	12		Corticonuclear fibers. Fibrae corticonu-				(substantia) reticularis. Cells lying scattered in
			cleares. Fibers from the precentral gyrus of the				the tegmentum in the vicinity of the vagus, ves-
17			cortex to the motor nuclei of cranial nerves.				tibular and facial nuclei with a regulatory effect
		13	Decussation of the pyramids. Decussatio py-				on the muscles of the pharyngeal arch and other
							muscles of the body. It extends cranially and

18			ramidum (dec. motoria). Fibers of the lateral py-
18			ramidum (dec. motoria). Fibers of the lateral py-				caudally. C
			ramidal tract with 3−5 bundles crossing at the			28	Inferior olivary nucleus. Nucleus olivaris infe-
19			end of the medulla oblongata. B			28	Inferior olivary nucleus. Nucleus olivaris infe-
19		14	Fasciculus	gracilis. Medial part of	posterior		rior. Main olviary nucleus lying below the olive.
		14	Fasciculus	gracilis. Medial part of	posterior		It is shaped like a thick-walled pouch that opens
			funiculus coming from the lower half of the				It is shaped like a thick-walled pouch that opens
20			funiculus coming from the lower half of the				medially and is connected with the spinal cord
			body.				medially and is connected with the spinal cord
			body.				and cerebullum. C
		15	Nucleus gracilis. Nucleus of fasciculus gracilis			29	Amiculum of the olive. Amiculum olivare.
21			medial to cuneate nucleus. D				Fibrous sheath that surrounds and contains af-
		16	Cuneate	fasciculus. Fasciculus	cuneatus.		ferent and efferent fibers of the olivary nucleus. C
22			Lateral part of posterior funiculus coming from			30	Hilum of inferior olivary nucleus. Hilum nu-
			the upper half of the body.				clei olivaris inferioris. Opening of the medially
23		17	Cuneate nucleus. Nucleus cuneatus. Nucleus of				oriented pouch-like olivary nucleus. C
23		17	Cuneate nucleus. Nucleus cuneatus. Nucleus of				Medial accessory olivary nucleus. Nucleus
			fasciculus cuneatus lateral to the nucleus 31				Medial accessory olivary nucleus. Nucleus
24			gracilis. D				olivaris accessorius medialis. It is located in front
24		18	Accessory cuneate nucleus. Nucleus cuneatus				of the hilum of the olivary nucleus. C
			accessorius. Gray matter lateral to the upper			32	Posterior accessory olivary nucleus. Nucleus
25			part of cuneate nucleus. Origin of external ar-				olivaris accessorius posterior. It is situated be-
			cuate fibers which pass to the cerebellum. D				tween the olive and reticular formation. C

Brain 281

7 5

						8
						8
1						6
						6
						4

A Rhomboid fossa

B Pons and medulla oblongata

26	20	24	23	27
25	19
	19


31
28			21		32
					32
					30

C Section through medulla oblongata

18 17 15

21 20

D Section through medulla oblongata

	282			Brain
				Olivospinal tract. Tractus olivospinalis. Ex-	16	Cochlear nuclei. Nuclei cochleares. Mass of
1		1		Olivospinal tract. Tractus olivospinalis. Ex-	16	Cochlear nuclei. Nuclei cochleares. Mass of
1				trapyramidal tract limited to the cervical cord.		nerve cells situated below the lateral recess of
				It influences head and hand movements. D		the 4th ventricle, where it may form a slight
2		2		Spino-olivary tract. Tractus spino-olivaris.		elevation, the tuberculum acusticum. A
				Tract that extends throughout the entire spinal	17	Anterior cochlear nucleus. Nucleus cochlearis
3				cord and provides information for the olive,		anterior. Its fibers pass to the opposite side pri-
3				partly for its own needs, partly for those of the		marily via the trapezoid body and join the
4				cerebellum. D		lateral lemniscus. A
4		3		Olivocerebellar tract. Tractus olivocerebellaris.	18	Posterior	cochlear	nucleus.	Nucleus
				It passes through the inferior cerebellar		cochlearis posterior. Its fibers pass mostly to
5				peduncle from the olive to the cerebellum. B		the midline just beneath the floor of the rhom-
5			4 Inferior cerebellar peduncle. Pedunculus cere-			boid fossa, where they penetrate deeply in
			4 Inferior cerebellar peduncle. Pedunculus cere-			boid fossa, where they penetrate deeply in
6				bellaris inferior. Inferior connection to the cere-		order to join the trapezoid body. A
6				bellum without a sharply defined boundary	19	Commissural nucleus. Nucleus commissuralis.
				from the middle cerebellar peduncle. It con-		Little-known nucleus in the medulla oblongata.
7				tains fibers primarily from the spinocerebellar	20	Nucleus	ambiguus.	Nucleus of	origin for
7				tract and olive. A B	20	Nucleus	ambiguus.	Nucleus of	origin for
				tract and olive. A B		cranial nerves IX and X as well as the cranial
		5		Nucleus of hypoglossal nerve (hypoglossal		cranial nerves IX and X as well as the cranial
8		5		Nucleus of hypoglossal nerve (hypoglossal		portion of XI. It is located behind the olive. C D
8				nucleus). Nucleus nerve hypoglossi (nucleus	21 Inferior salivary nucleus. Nucleus salivarius in-
				hypoglossalis). It is located below the floor of	21 Inferior salivary nucleus. Nucleus salivarius in-
				hypoglossalis). It is located below the floor of		ferior. Autonomic nucleus for the parasympa-
9				the lower rhomboid fossa. C D		ferior. Autonomic nucleus for the parasympa-
				the lower rhomboid fossa. C D		thetic fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve. A C
			6 Posterior paramedian nucleus. Nucleus para-			thetic fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve. A C
			6 Posterior paramedian nucleus. Nucleus para-		22 Arcuate nucleus. Nucleus arcuati. Located in
				medianus posterior. Cell group in the vicinity of	22 Arcuate nucleus. Nucleus arcuati. Located in
10				medianus posterior. Cell group in the vicinity of		front of and medial to the pyramidal tract. This
				the hypoglossal nucleus that communicate		front of and medial to the pyramidal tract. This
				the hypoglossal nucleus that communicate		group of nuclear cells gives origin to the exter-
				with the reticular formation.		group of nuclear cells gives origin to the exter-
11		7		with the reticular formation.		nal arcuate fibers. It corresponds to caudally
				Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve (dorsal vagal		nal arcuate fibers. It corresponds to caudally
				Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve (dorsal vagal		displaced pontine nuclei. B
				nucleus). Nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi (nucleus	23 Anterior external arcuate fibers. Fibrae ar-
				vagalis dorsalis). Autonomic and sensory cell	23 Anterior external arcuate fibers. Fibrae ar-
12				vagalis dorsalis). Autonomic and sensory cell		cuatae externae anteriores. Fibers from the ar-
				group located lateral and caudal to the hypo-		cuatae externae anteriores. Fibers from the ar-
				group located lateral and caudal to the hypo-		cuate nucleus which		pass externally around
				glossal nucleus. C D		cuate nucleus which		pass externally around
13				glossal nucleus. C D		and transversely across the olive into the cere-
		8		Nucleus intercalatus. Nuclear group of un-		and transversely across the olive into the cere-
		8		Nucleus intercalatus. Nuclear group of un-		bellar peduncles. C
				known function situated between the nucleus	24 Posterior external arcuate fibers. Fibrae ar-
14				of the hypoglossal nerve and the dorsal nucleus	24 Posterior external arcuate fibers. Fibrae ar-
				of the hypoglossal nerve and the dorsal nucleus		cuatae externae posteriores. Fibers which pass
				of the vagus. C		cuatae externae posteriores. Fibers which pass
				of the vagus. C		uncrossed from the lateral part of the arcuate
			9 Tractus solitarius. Taste fibers of cranial nerves			uncrossed from the lateral part of the arcuate
15			9 Tractus solitarius. Taste fibers of cranial nerves			nucleus to the inferior cerebellar peduncle.
15				V, VII, IX and X for the nucleus of the tractus		They replace the posterior spinocerebellar tract
				solitarius. C		for the region above C8. The thoracic nucleus is
16		10		Nucleus solitarius. Row of cells for the tractus		absent here. D
				solitarius extending from the middle of the	25	Raphe of medulla oblongata. Raphe medullae
				rhomboid fossa to the decussation of the py-	25	Raphe of medulla oblongata. Raphe medullae
17				rhomboid fossa to the decussation of the py-		oblongatae. Median line in the decussation of
17				ramids. C		the lemniscus. C
		11 Nucleus parasolitarius. Dispersed cells ven-			26	Nuclei raphae. Cells of the reticular structure
		11 Nucleus parasolitarius. Dispersed cells ven-
18				trolateral to the nucleus solitarius with no
18				trolateral to the nucleus solitarius with no		located near the median plane.
				known function.
				known function.
19	12			Vestibular nuclei. Nuclei vestibulares. Four ter-
				minal nuclei of the vestibular division. They
				have projections to the spinal cord, cerebellum
20				have projections to the spinal cord, cerebellum
20				and medial longitudinal fasciculus. A
	13			Inferior vestibular nucleus. Nucleus vestibu-
	13			Inferior vestibular nucleus. Nucleus vestibu-

21laris inferior. Oblong nuclear group lying laterally beneath the medial nucleus with projections to the cerebellum and medial longitudi-

22nal fasciculus. A

14 Medial vestibular nucleus. Nucleus vestibular

23medialis. Group of nuclei lateral to the limiting sulcus with fibers of origin for the medial longitudinal fasciculus of both sides. A

2415 Lateral vestibular nucleus. Nucleus vestibularis lateralis. Smaller group of nuclei located

25toward the lateral recess with projections to the anterior horn of the spinal cord. A

Brain 283

	21		4
	286.12		4
4	14	12
4	15	12	3
	15		3
	13

17	18
16
			22
	Nuclei of thombencephalon	B Section through medulla oblongata
A	Nuclei of thombencephalon	B Section through medulla oblongata
	from behind	10	7	8	5
		10	7	8	5
		9		21



		20			25
		20
		280.26
		280.26

C Section through medulla oblongata

24	7
	5
20
20
1	2

D Section through medulla oblongata

284

Brain

METENCEPHALON. Part of the rhomben19

Medial

longitudinal

fasciculus.

Fasciculus

cephalon consisting of the pons, cerebellum

longitudinalis medialis. Tract that connects the

and tegmentum.

nuclei of the ocular and neck muscles on one

PONS. Located between the interpeduncular

side and the vestibular organ on the other. C

fossa and pyramids. It consists mostly of cross-

Posterior longitudinal

fasciculus. Fasciculus

ing fibers and cells of the cerebral, pontine and

longitudinalis

posterior [[Schütz]]. Reciprocal

cerebellar tracts. A B

connections between the hypothalamus and

Bulbopontine (pontobulbar)

sulcus. Sulcus

the nuclei of cranial nerves III, V, VII, X; XII, the

nucleus ambiguus, and the tractus solitarius

bulbopontines. Limiting furrow between the

inferior margins of the medulla oblongata and

and salivatorius in the mesencephalic central

gray region. C

pons. Site of exit of cranial nerves VI, VII and

Medial lemniscus. Lemniscus medialis. De-

VIII. A

4 Basilar sulcus of pons. Sulcus basilaris. Median

cusssating connection between the nuclei of

the posterior funiculus and the thalamus lo-

groove produced by the pyramidal tract fibers

situated to the right and left of the midline. It is

cated mainly medially but also laterally. C

22 Tectospinal (spinotectal) tract. Tractus tec-

occupied by the basilar artery. A C

tospinalis. It begins in the superior colliculus,

5 Middle (pontine) cerebellar peduncle. Pedun-

crosses the opposite side and then lies ventral

culus cerebellaris medius (pontinus). Thick

to the medial longitudinal fasciculus. It is con-

middle peduncle containing the pontocerebel-

cerned with optic reflexes. C

lar tract. A

Reticular formation. Formatio reticularis. Lo-

Pontocerebellar trigone. Trigonum pontocere-

bellare. Clinically important angle between the

cated in the posterior part of the pons; this long

group of cells is permeated by nerve fibers and

pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum. A

continues anterosuperiorly and caudally. It is

7 SECTIONS OF PONS. Senctiones pontis.

concerned with the integration of visceral and

Anterior (balisar) part of pons. Pars anterior

muscular functions. C

(balisaris) pontis. Portion of pons consisting

Spinal lemniscus. Lemniscus spinalis. Cranial

mainly of fibers of the cerebropontocerebellar

continuation of the lateral and anterior

tract. C

spinothalamic tracts. C

Longitudinal pontine fibers. Fibrae pontis

Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve. Tractus spi-

longitudinales. Longitudinally

coursing tracts

nalis nervi trigeminalis. Trigeminal fibers de-

of fibers described below.

scending as far as C4 to join the nucleus of the

Corticospinal fibers. Fibrae

corticospinales.

spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve. B

Part of the pyramidal tract passing into the spi-

Spinal (inferior) nucleus of trigeminal nerve.

nal cord. C

Nucleus spinalis (inferior) nervi trigeminalis.

Corticonuclear (corticobulbar) fibers. Fibrae

Nucleus belonging to the spinal tract of the

corticonucleares. Fibers of the pyramidal tract

trigeminal nerve. B

Pontine nucleus of trigeminal nerve. Nucleus

passing to the motor nuclei of cranial nerves. C

Corticoreticular fibers. Fibrae corticoreticu-

pontinus nervi trigeminalis. Main nucleus of

trigeminal serving primarily for the sense of

lares. Fibers passing from the cerebral cortex to

touch. B

the reticular formation.

Trigeminal

lemniscus

(trigeminothalamic

Corticopontine fibers. Fibrae corticopontinae.

tract). Lemniscus trigeminalis (tractus trige-

Fibers extending to the pontine nuclei from the

frontal, occipital and temporal lobes. C

minothalamicus). Crossed fibers of the trigemi-

nal nucleus extending to the thalamus. C

Transverse pontine fibers. Fibrae pontis trans-

29 Mesencephalic tract of trigeminal nerve. Trac-

versae. Transversely coursing fibers of the cere-

tus mesencephalicus nervi trigeminalis (trac-

bropontocerebellar tract. C

tus mesencephalicus trigeminalis). Trigeminal

Pontocerebellar fibers. Fibrae pontocerebel-

fibers for the nucleus of the trigeminal nerve

lares. Fibers of the pontocerebellar tract pass-

tract located lateral to the cerebral aqueduct

ing from the pons to the cerebellum. C

and in the lateral part of the arch to the 4th ven-

Pontine nuclei. Nuclei pontis. Intercalary cells

tricle. B C

of the cerebropontocerebellar tract situated in

Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve.

the ventral part of the pons. C

Nucleus

mesencephalicus nervi

trigeminalis

Posterior part of pons (tegmentum of pons).

[nucleus mesencephalicus trigeminalis]. Upper

sensory nucleus extending to the area below

Pars posterior pontis (tegmentum pontis). Part

of pons situated between the 4th ventricle and

the tectal lamina. B

the transverse pontine fibers. C

18 Pontine raphe. Raphe pontis. Fibers from the

25trigeminal nucleus forming the midline of the pons. C

Brain 285

			29;30
			286.1
			2
			27
		2
4		5	25;26
4			25;26
	3	6
		6

	A	Metencephalon		B	Nuclei of rhombencephalon
20			29		medial view
20			29
17						28


18


22			21			24


23							15
			11				15
			11				13
8


			10		16
					16

14 4

C Cross-section through pons

286

Brain

Motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve. Nucleus

Posterior nucleus of trapezoid body. Nucleus

motorius nervi trigeminalis [nucleus motorius

corporis trapezoidei posterior. It lies behind the

trigeminalis]. It is located near the exit of the

anterior nucleus. D

trigeminal nerve. A B

Lateral lemniscus. Lemniscus lateralis. Ascend-

2 Nucleus of abducens nerve. Nucleus nervi ab-

ing continuation of the trapezoid body. Part of

ducentis

[nucleus

abducens].

found

the hearing pathway. D

beneath the facial colliculus. A B

18 Nucleus of lateral lemniscus. Nuclei lemnisci

3 Nucleus of facial nerve. Nucleus nervi facialis

lateralis. Ganglion

cells interspersed

in the

[nucleus facialis]. This motor nucleus lies later-

lateral lemniscus.

ally below the nucleus of the abducens. A B

19 Fourth ventricle. Ventriculus quartus. Dilata-

Genu of facial nerve. Genu nervi facialis. Arch

tion of the lumen of the embryonic neural tube

formed by fibers of facial nerve below the facial

in the rhombencephalon. D

colliculus and above the nucleus of the abdu-

Rhomboid fossa. Fossa rhomboidea. Floor of

cens. B

4th ventricle. A C

Superior salivary

(salivatory)

nucleus. Nu-

Lateral

recess.

Recessus

lateralis.

Lateral

cleus salivarius superior. Autonomic nucleus

corner

of the 4th

ventricle

ending with the

for the

parasympathetic fibers

the

facial

lateral aperture. C D

nerve. It supplies preganglionic fibers for the

Median sulcus. Sulcus medianus. Median fur-

pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia. A

row passing through the rhomboid fossa. C

Lacrimal nucleus. Nucleus lacrimalis. Auton-

Medial eminence. Eminentia medialis. Oblong

omic cells lying beside the superior salivary nu-

elevation located between the median sulcus

cleus for the control of lacrimal secretion. A B

and the sulcus limitans. C

Superior olivary nucleus. Nucleus olivaris su-

Facial colliculus. Colliculus facialis. Promi-

perioris. It lies lateral to the trapezoid body,

nence above the medullary striae produced by

contains fibers from the cochlear nuclei and in-

the genu of the facial nerve and the nucleus of

tegrates hearing via the olivocochlear tract. D

the abducens nerve. C

Olivocochlear tract. Tractus olivocochlearis.

Limiting sulcus. Sulcus limitans. Shallow fur-

Tract from the superior olivary nucleus to the

row situated lateral to the medial eminence. C

hair cells of the ear.

Vestibular area. Area vestibularis. Field above

9 Vestibular nuclei. Nuclei vestibulares. Four ter-

the vestibular nuclei and lateral to the limiting

minal nuclei of the vestibular division with

sulcus at the beginning of the lateral recess. C

projections to the spinal cord, cerebellum and

Superior fovea. Fovea superior. Pit situated

medial longitudinal fasciculus. A B

lateral to the facial colliculus. C

10 Medial vestibular

nucleus. Nucleus vestibu-

Locus ceruleus. Locus caeruleus. Elongated

laris medialis. Nucleus of nerve cells that lies

group of bluish cells located in the lateral wall

lateral to the sulcus limitans and gives attach-

of the 4th ventricle and under it. C

ment to the medial longitudinal fasciculus of

Inferior fovea. Fovea inferior. Pit at the apex of

both sides. A D

11 Lateral vestibular nucleus. Nucleus vestibu-

the trigone of the vagus nerve. C

Medullary striae. Striae medullares. Strongly

laris lateralis. Smaller nucleus of nerve cells sit-

uated near the lateral recess with projections to

myelinated transverse nerve bundles from the

the anterior horn of the spinal cord. A D

arcuate nucleus to the cerebellum. C

Superior vestibular nucleus. Nucleus vestibu-

Trigone of hypoglossal nerve. Trigonum

laris superior. Nucleus located above the lateral

nervi hypoglossi (t. hypoglossale). Triangular

nucleus with projections to the medial longi-

bulge over the nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve

tudinal fasciculus and cerebellum. A D

located between the median sulcus and the sul-

Cochlear nuclei. Nuclei cochleares. Dorsal and

cus limitans. C

ventral terminal nuclei of the cochlear division

Funiculus separans. Transparent strip of

of the vestibulocochlear nerve. Both lie below

ependyma between the trigone of the vagus

the lateral recess. A D

nerve and the area postrema. C

Trapezoid body. Corpus trapezoideum. Mass of

Trigone of vagus nerve. Trigonum nervi vagi

fibers arising from the cochlear nuclei that

(t. vagale). Triangle over the dorsal nucleus of

forms part of the auditoy pathway. D

the vagus nerve caudal to the trigone of hypo-

Anterior nucleus of trapezoid body. Nucleus

glossal nerve. C

corporis trapezoidei anterior. Smaller nucleus

Area postrema. A triangular field caudal to the

situated posterolaterally in the trapezoid body.

trigone of the vagus with highly vascularized,

glia-rich tissue. C

Brain 287

				1
				4
	1			2
	2
5	3	10	3	9
5		10	3
6		11
		11	9


13
		282.13	5	6
		282.13

			A	Rhomboid fossa
									Nuclei of rhombencephalon
								B	Nuclei of rhombencephalon
	25	23					28		medial view		10



										19
		20							21	19			11
		20							21
	27				22
					22								12
		24

	30				13				7		17
	30	26			13				7		17
		26				29							16
21						29							16
21						31						15


					33


					32					14
					34					14

C Rhomboid fossa D Cross section through rhomboid fossa 23 at level of lateral recess

288 Brain

1	1 Tegmen of fourth ventricle. Tegmen ventriculi
	quarti. Roof of 4th ventricle. A

2 Superior medullary velum. Velum medullare

2superius. Lamina of white matter spread out be-

	tween the right and left superior cerebellar
3	peduncles. It is fused with the lingula of the cere-
3	bellum. A

3 Frenulum of superior medullary velum. Frenulum

4		veli medullaris superioris. Band-like ridge from
		the superior medullary velum to the tectal
5		lamina. A
5	4	Inferior medullary velum. Velum medullare in-
	4	Inferior medullary velum. Velum medullare in-
		ferius. Plate of white matter in the upper part of
6		ferius. Plate of white matter in the upper part of
6		the lower roof of the rhomboid fossa. It is fused
		with the peduncle of the flocculus and the
		with the peduncle of the flocculus and the
		nodulus of the cerebellum. A
7	5	nodulus of the cerebellum. A
7		Tela choroidea of fourth ventricle [ventriculi
		Tela choroidea of fourth ventricle [ventriculi

quarti]. Clear pia mater carrying the choroid

8plexus and stretched between the inferior medullary velum and tenia of the fourth ventricle. A

96 Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle. Plexus choroideus [ventriculi quarti]. Paired, garland-

10like ependyma-covered, highly vascularized tufted projection which extends into the two lateral apertures. A

117 Tenia of fourth ventricle. Taenia [ventriculi

	quarti]. Ridge on lower portion of roof of rhom-
12	boid fossa. A

8Obex. Small bridge at lower end of rhomboid

13	fossa. A

9Median aperture of fourth ventricle [foramen

of Magendie]. Apertura mediana [ventriculi

14quarti] [Magendie]. Unpaired opening directly above the obex for passage of cerebrospinal fluid.

15A

10 Lateral aperture of fourth ventricle [foramen of Luschka]. Apertura lateralis [ventriculi quarti]

16[[Luschkae]]. Opening for passage of cerebrospinal fluid located at the end of the right and left

17lateral recesses. A

11CEREBELLUM. It is located above the rhomboid fossa.

1812 Folia of cerebellum. Folia cerebelli. Delicate cerebellar convolutions (gyri) separated by fissures.

19B

13Cerebellar fissure. Fissura cerebelli. Deeply branched furrow located between two cerebellar

20	folia. B

14 Vallecula. Deep median groove located inferiorly

21between the right and left halves of the cerebellum. It lodges the medulla oblongata. C

2215 Body of cerebellum. Corpus cerebelli. Entire

cerebellum except for the flocculonodular lobe.

16 Vermis of cerebellum. Vermis cerebelli. Phylo-

23 genetically older, unpaired segment of the cerebellum. B

24 17 Cerebellar hemisphere. Hemisphaerium cerebelli. Either of the two halves of the cerebellum. C

2518 Anterior lobe of cerebellum. Lobus anterior cerebelli. Region cranial to primary fissure. B D

19Lingula. Unpaired part of vermis fused with the superior medullary velum. It belongs to the archeocerebellum. C D

20Central lobule. Lobulus centralis. It lies over the lingula and is continuous on both sides with the ala of the central lobule. C D

21Culmen. Segment of vermis between the central lobule and primary fissure. B C D

22Ala of central lobule. Ala lobuli centralis. Lateral extension of central lobule for connection with the cerebellar hemispheres. B C D

23Quadrangular lobule. Lobulus quadrangularis (pars anterior). Part attaching laterally to the declive. B C D

24Primary fissure. Fissura prima. Identation between the quadrangular and simplex lobules. B D

25Posterior lobe of cerebellum. Lobus posterior cerebelli. Region located between the primary and dorsolateral fissures. D

26Declive. Part of vermis declining posteriorly from the culmen. B D

27Folium of vermis. Narrow midline connection between the left and right superior semilunar lobules. B D

28Tuber of vermis. Median connection between the right and left inferior semilunar lobules. B C D

29Pyramid of vermis. Pyramis vermis. Segment situated between the right and left biventral lobules. C D

30Secondary (postpyramidal) fissure. Fissura secunda. Fissure between the pyramid and uvula of the vermis. C D

31Uvula vermis. Part of the vermis lying between the cerebellar tonsils. C D

32Lobulus simplex (lobulus quadrangularis) (pars inferoposterior). Portion located between the quadrangular and superior semilunar lobules. B C D

33Superior semilunar lobule. Lobulus semilunaris superior. Part situated between the inferior semilunar lobule and lobulus simplex. B C D

34Horizontal fissure. Fissura horizontalis. Deep groove between the superior and caudal semilunar lobules. B C D

35Inferior semilunar lobule. Lobulus semilunaris inferior. Part of the cerebellum located between the superior semilunar and biventral lobules. B C D

36Gracile (paramedian lobule). Lobulus gracilis (l. paramedianus). It is located between the caudal semilunar and biventral lobules. D

37Biventral lobule. Lobulus biventer. It lies between the paramedian lobule and cerebellar tonsil. C D

38Tonsil of cerebellum. Tonsilla cerebelli. Small bean-shaped portion of the hemisphere lateral to the uvula. C D

39Posterolateral fissure. Fissura posterolateralis. Furrow separating the nodulus and flocculus on one side and the cerebellar tonsil and biventral lobe on the other. C D

Brain 289

			3
2			3
2
5		4
5		6					21	22
			6				21	22
	5	5				12
	5	5				12
	6							23
7						13		23
7						13
				9	24	18	26
				9		18	26
			8

10
10
							16

A Roof of rhomboid fossa

									27	35

		21		34				28
						Cerebellum from above

					B
17		20			B
		20
		19	22	23
		19	22

				32
				33
		31		35			34
		31		35
		29 38		37
		30		37
		30						19
		14						19


		28		39			22
		28		39			22	20	18
C	Cerebellum from below			23				20	18
				32				21		24
				32				26
								26
				33				27
				35				28	25
									25

				36				29
				36				30
				37				30
				37				31
				38				31
				38

D Cerebellum, schematic

339

290

Brain

1 Flocculonodular lobe. Lobus flocculonodularis.

19 Hilum of dentate nucleus. Hilum nuclei dentati.

Small archicerebellar portion of the cerebellum

Opening of dentate nucleus from which

located caudal to the dorsolateral fissure.

emerges most of the superior cerebellar

Nodulus. Medial protuberance of the vermis

peduncle. C

Emboliform nucleus. Nucleus emboliformis. It

united with the flocculus by the peduncles. E

Flocculus. Claw-like portion of the cerebellum

is found just in front of the hilum of the dentate

nucleus. C

between the inferior cerebellar peduncle and

Globose nucleus. Nucleus globosus. It lies me-

biventral lobule. E

4 Peduncle of flocculus. Pedunculus floccularis.

dial to the dentate nucleus. C

Fastigial nucleus. Nucleus fastigii. The most

Band of nerve fibers connecting the flocculus to

the nodulus. Part of it extends into the inferior

medial of the deep cerebellar nuclei. C

medullary velum. E

23 Cerebellar peduncles. Pedunculi cerebellares.

Paraflocculus. In humans, a small insignificant

Fibers that provide connections to and from the

part of the caudal lobe of the cerebellum that

cerebellum.

communicates with the flocculus.

Inferior

cerebellar peduncle

(restiform

Archicerebellum. Archaeocerebellum. Phylo-

body). Pedunculus cerebellaris inferior. Infe-

genetically the oldest part of the cerebellum; it

rior connection to the cerebellum formed by

fibers of the posterior spinocerebellar tract and

consists of the lingula and the flocculonodular

lobe. A

olive. E F

7 Paleocerebellum. An old part of the cerebel-

25 Middle cerebellar peduncle (brachium pon-

lum consisting of the central lobule, culmen,

tis). Pedunculus cerebellaris medius (pon-

pyramid, uvula, ala of the central lobule and

tinus). Large peduncle containing fibers origi-

quadrangular lobule. A

nating from the pontocerebellar tract. E F

Neocerebellum. Phylogenetically young por-

26 Superior

cerebellar peduncle

(brachium

tion of the cerebellum; it comprises the declive,

conjunctivum). Pedunculus cerebellaris su-

perior. Superior, paired (right and left) connect-

folium, tuber, lobulus simplex, cranial and

ing fibers extending from the cerebellum to the

caudal semilunar lobules, paramedian lobule

and tonsil. A

brain stem. The superior medullary velum ex-

tends between them. E F

CEREBELLAR SECTIONS. Sectiones cerebellares.

27 MIDBRAIN. Mesencephalon. It consists of cere-

Anatomical subdivisions of the cerebellum.

bral crura, tegmentum and quadrigeminal plate

Arbor vitae [cerebelli]. Treelike pattern of the

(tectal lamina).

white matter seen in prepared sections of the

28 Cerebral peduncle. Pedunculus cerebri (cere-

cerebellum. C

bralis). It comprises the cerebral crura and the

Medullary body. Corpus medullare. White

tegmentum and extends up to cerebral aque-

matter consisting of myelinated fibers. C

duct. D

White laminae. Laminae albae. White matter

29 Anterior part (cerebral crus, basis pedunculi).

extending

into the folia

from the

medullary

Part anterior (crus cerebri). It consists of the

body. C

previously mentioned cerebral crura. D

13 Cerebellar cortex. Cortex cerebellaris. Superfi-

Part posterior. Posterior part of cerebral

cial gray matter of the cerebellum, about 1 mm

peduncle or tegmentum. See p. 292.10 D

thick, that consists pirmarily of nerve cells. B C

31 Oculomotor sulcus. Sulcus oculomotorius. Fur-

Molecular

(plexiform)

layer.

Stratum

row on the medial surface of the cerebral crus,

moleculare (plexiforme). External cortical layer

exit site of the oculomotor nerve. D

rich in dendrites and axons, poor in cell bodies.

Interpeduncular fossa. Fossa interpeduncu-

The nuclei of the Purkinje cells are found at its

laris. Fossa situated between the cerebral crura.

border with the granular layer.

Purkinje cell layer. Stratum neurium piri-

Interpeduncular (posterior) perforated sub-

formium. The layer in which the perikarya of

stance. Substantia perforata interpeduncularis

the Purkinje cells are located. B

[posterior]. Perforated floor of interpeduncular

Stratum granulosum. Internal nuclear layer

fossa produced by openings for numerous ves-

containing numerous closely packed small

sels. D

neurons. B

2417 Nuclei of cerebellum. Nuclei cerebellaris.

18 Dentate nucleus. Nucleus dentatus. Large

25cerebellar nucleus located in the medullary body and resembling a folded pouch. C

Brain 291

A Cerebellum, schematic

	12		22 21
	12

13		11		20
13		11		20

19 18

15 13

B Layers of cerebellar cortex

		33
29	32		31

D Section through midbrain

C Horizontal section through cerebellum

E Cerebellum from below	4	F Cerebellar peduncles

292

Brain

Basis pedunculi cerebri. Synonymous with

Trigone of lemniscus. Trigonum lemnisci. Tri-

anterior part of cerebral peduncle, the cerebral

angular field located laterally between the tec-

crus. B

tal lamina, superior cerebellar peduncle and

Corticospinal

fibers. Fibrae corticospinales.

cerebral crus. A

Pedunculus

Fibers of the pyramidal tract leading into the

Superior

cerebellar

peduncle.

spinal cord. B C

cerebellaris superior. It transmits fibers mainly

Corticonuclear

(corticobulbar)

fibers. Fibrae

from the dentate nucleus to the red nucleus

and thalamus. A

corticonucleares. Pyramidal tract fibers for the

Mesencephalic (cerebral) aqueduct. Aquae-

cranial nerve nuclei. B C

4 Corticopontine fibers. Fibrae corticopontinae.

ductus mesencephali (cerebri). Narrow canal in

the midbrain between the 3rd and 4th ventricle.

Fibers of the cerebropontocerebellar tract.

B C D

Parietotemporopontine fibers. Fibrae parie-

Sections through the mesencephalon. Sec-

totemporopontinae. Fibers of the cerebropon-

tiones mesencephalici. B C D

tine tract which originate from the parietal and

Reticular

formation

(substance). Formatio

temporal lobes. They lie in the lateral part of

(substantia) reticularis. Mesencephalic portion

the cerebral crus. B C

of reticular formation extending up from the

Frontopontine

fibers. Fibrae frontopontinae.

spinal cord. It lies around the cerebral aque-

Fibers of the cerebropontine tract which arise

duct, and its scattered ganglion cells function in

from the frontal lobes and occupy the medial

the integration of muscular activities. B C D

sixth of the cerebral crus. B C

Corticoreticular fibers. Fibrae corticoreticu-

7 Substantia nigra. Black nucleus lying on the

lares. Nerve fibers extending from the cerebral

cerebral crus. Its name is derived from its con-

motor cortex to the ganglion cells of the reticu-

tent of numerous pigmented ganglion cells

lar formation.

rendering it visible with the naked eye. B C

Medial

longitudinal

fasciculus.

Fasciculus

Compact part. Pars compacta. Dense part of

longitudinalis medialis. Fiber bundle with con-

substantia nigra containing pigmented cells.

nections to the ocular muscles, neck muscles

Pars reticularis. Reticular (fibrous) part of sub-

and vestibular nuclei for coordination of move-

ments of the eyeball and head. B C D

stantia

nigra. It contains

disaggregated pig-

Posterior longitudinal

fasciculus. Fasciculus

mented fibers facing the cerebral crus. Its cells

longitudinalis posterior [[Schütz]]. Descending

are irregularly dispersed between the fibers of

and ascending fibers with projections to the

the cerebral crus.

Tegmentum

hypothalamus and cranial nerve nuclei III, V,

Mesencephalic

tegmentum.

VII, X, XII, as well as the nucleus ambiguus and

mesencephalicum. It extends from the sub-

the tractus solitarius and salivatorius. D

stantia nigra to an imaginary plane drawn

Mesencephalic tract of trigeminal nerve. Trac-

through the cerebral aqueduct. B C

tus

mesencephalicus

nervi trigeminalis.

11 Central

gray

matter.

Substantia grisea

Trigeminal fibers to the nucleus of the tract of

centralis. Gray matter around the cerebral

the trigeminal nerve located lateral to the cere-

aqueduct. B C

bral aqueduct and the 4th ventricle. D

Mesencephalic tectum. Tectum mesencephali-

Nucleus of mesencephalic tract of the trigemi-

cum. Part of the mesencephalon located dorsal

nal nerve. Nucleus tractus mesencephalici

to the previously mentioned transverse plane

nervi trigeminalis (n. mesencephalica trigemi-

through the cerebral aqueduct. B C

nalis). Upper sensory trigeminal nucleus ex-

Tectal lamina (quadrigeminal plate). Lamina

tending to below the tectal lamina. D

Nucleus of oculomotor nerve. Nucleus nervi

tectalis [[quadrigemina]]. A

Inferior colliculus. Colliculus inferior. Inferior

oculomotorii (nucleus oculomotorius). It is

found in front of the cerebral aqueduct. B

hillock of quadrigeminal plate connected to the

Accessory nucleus of oculomotor nerve. Nu-

auditory pathway. A

cleus

oculomotorius

accessorius

(autonomi-

Superior colliculus. Colliculus superior. Super-

cus). A parasymathetic portion of oculomotor

ior hillock of quadrigeminal plate connected to

nucleus. 96% supplies the ciliary muscle, the

the visual pathway. A

rest supplies sphincter pupillae muscle.

Brachium of inferior colliculus. Brachium col-

Nucleus of trochlear nerve. Nucleus nervi

liculi inferioris. Connecting arm between the

trochlearis (nucleus trochlearis). It is located in

inferior colliculus and the medial geniculate

the central gray matter caudal to the nucleus of

body. A

the oculomotor nerve. C

Brachium of superior colliculus. Brachium col-

Interpeduncular nucleus. Nucleus inter-

liculi superioris. Connecting arm between the

peduncularis. Located in the floor of the inter-

superior colliculus and the lateral geniculate

peduncular fossa and has projections to the ol-

body. A

factory tract. C

Brain 293

	12
28		20	10
	11

122

							5								24
															24

	17						2			7
							2			3

	15
	15									6
B				16		B				6
B				16	13	B
C						C
C	14					C
D	14					D
D	18					D			Section through superior colliculus
	18
								B
											20
	19											12
	19											11
												11

											10
										22				30
														30

							5				24
							5
							2			7			2
										3

													3
										6
										6	31
											31
									Section through inferior colliculus
								C	Section through inferior colliculus
			Midbrain and rhomboid fossa
		A	Midbrain and rhomboid fossa							20	25 27 26

D Section through level of exit of trochlear nerve

294

Brain

Interstitial nucleus of Cajal. Nucleus inter-

Lemniscus medialis. Decussating connection

stitialis [[Cajal]]. Group of cells located lateral to

between nuclei of posterior funiculus and

the nucleus of the oculomotor nerve, from

thalamus. B C D

which it is separated by the medial longitudinal

15 Spinal lemniscus. Lemniscus spinalis. Segment

fasciculus. It contains fibers from the vestibular

of spinothalamic tract lodging in the midbrain

nuclei, globus pallidus and stratum griseum of

adjacent to the medial lemniscus. D

the superior colliculus. B

16 Trigeminal lemniscus. Lemniscus trigeminalis.

Tegmental nuclei. Nuclei tegmenti (tegmen-

Crossing fiber tract between the sensory nuclei

tales). Nuclei in the reticular formation dorsal

of the trigeminal and the thalamus. It also lies

to the trochlear nucleus and ventral to the me-

in the vicinity of the medial lemniscus.

dial longitudinal fasciculus. C

17 Mesencephalic tectum. Tectum mesencephali-

3 Red nucleus. Nucleus ruber. Iron-rich nucleus

cum. Part of midbrain located dorsal to the

between the substantia nigra and central gray

above-mentioned plane through the cerebral

matter with tributaries from the cerebral cor-

aqueduct. B C

tex and thalamus. It is inserted in the tract from

Tectal lamina.

Lamina

tectalis

[[quad-

the cerebellum to the spinal cord. B

rigemina]]. Quadrigeminal plate. A

Parvicellular part. Pars parvocellularis. Group

19 Nucleus of inferior colliculus. Nucleus colliculi

of small cells forming the larger part of the red

inferioris. Nucleus connecting the

auditory

nucleus and part of the rubrospinal tract.

tract with the extrapyramidal system. C

Magnocellular

part.

Pars magnocellularis.

20 Brachium of inferior colliculus. Brachium col-

Group of large cells occupying the caudal part

liculi inferioris. Connecting arm between the

of the red nucleus; most of its fibers enter the

inferior colliculus and medial geniculate body.

rubrospinal tract.

Endopeduncular nucleus. Nucleus en-

21 Commissure of

inferior colliculus. Commis-

dopeduncularis. Cell group located medially in

sura colliculorum inferiorum. Connection be-

the cerebral crus directly after the site where it

tween the right and left inferior colliculi which

enters the base of the brain. It probably inserts

also receives fibers from the lateral lemniscus

in the tract between the globus pallidus and re-

of the opposite side. C

ticular formation.

22 Gray and white layers of superior colliculus.

Decussations

tegmentum. Decussationes

Strata [grisea et alba] colliculi superioris. Gray

tegmenti (tegmentales). Crossing of the ru-

matter and white matter surrounding the su-

brospinal, rubroreticular and tectospinal tracts.

perior colliculus. B

23 Brachium of superior colliculus. Brachium col-

8 Decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle.

liculi superioris. Connection between the su-

Decussatio pedunculorum cerebellarium su-

perior colliculus and lateral geniculate body. A

periorum. Crossing of the superior cerebellar

24 Commissure of superior colliculus. Commis-

peduncle below the inferior colliculus and

sura colliculorum superiorum. Connection be-

anterior to the medial longitudinal fasciculus. C

tween the right and left superior colliculi. B

9 Dentatorubral fibers. Fibrae dentatorubrales.

Decussation of

trochlear

nerve. Decussatio

Component of the superior cerebellar peduncle

trochlearis (d. nervorum trochlearium). Fibers

which passes into the red nucleus.

of trochlear nerve crossing in the white matter.

10 Rubrospinal

tract.

Tractus rubrospinalis

[[Monakow]]. From its origin in front of the

26 Central tegmental tract. Tractus tegmentalis

lateral pyramidal tract, this extrapyramidal

centralis. Tract passing to the olive, thought to

tract passes from the red nucleus to the ante-

partially arise from the thalamus. B D

rior horn cells.

11Tectobulbar tract. Tractus tectobulbaris. It extends from the posterior tegmental decussa-

21tion to the opposite side, anterior to the medial longitudinal fasciculus and then passes to the

22pontine nuclei, especially to the nuclei of the ocular muscles.

23	12	Tectospinal tract. Tractus tectospinalis. Ini-
		tially courses similar to the tectobulbar tract,
		then descends in the anterior funiculus of the
24		spinal cord.

13 Lateral lemniscus. Lemniscus lateralis. Partly

25crossing portion of auditory tract passing to the inferior colliculus. C D

Brain 295

							24
			22					17
								17

			14				26
20	23					1	3
						1


							7
B			B				7


		18
C			C
C			C
D			D
D			D
					Section through midbrain
				B	Section through midbrain
			19				21

C Section through midbrain

A Brain stem, dorsal view	25

D Section through midbrain

	296		Brain
		1	FOREBRAIN. Prosencephalon. Terminal portion			19 Subcommissural organ. Organum subcommis-
1		1	FOREBRAIN. Prosencephalon. Terminal portion			19 Subcommissural organ. Organum subcommis-
1			of neural tube situated anterior to the anterior			surale. Group of specialized ependymal cells
			margin of the mesencephalon. It comprises the			below the posterior commissure. They produce
2			telencephalon and diencephalon.			Reissner’s fiber. B
2	2		DIENCEPHALON. The part of the prosencephalon			20 Dorsal thalamus. Thalamus dorsalis. Portion of
						20 Dorsal thalamus. Thalamus dorsalis. Portion of
						thalamus located cranial to the hypothalamic sul-
			that extends from the anterior margin of the
3			that extends from the anterior margin of the
3			anterior colliculus to the interventricular fora-			cus.
			men.			21 Interthalamic adhesion (massa intermedia). Ad-
			men.			21 Interthalamic adhesion (massa intermedia). Ad-
4	3		Epithalamus. It consists mainly of the habenulae,			hesio interthalamica. Inconstant (70−85%) con-
	3		Epithalamus. It consists mainly of the habenulae,			nection between right and left thalami. B
			their accessories and the epiphysis.			nection between right and left thalami. B
	4		Habenula.	Dorsal continuation of	the stria	22 Anterior tubercle of thalamus. Tuberculum an-
5	4		Habenula.	Dorsal continuation of	the stria	terius thalamicum. Small protuberance dorsal to
			medullaris of the thalamus. A B			terius thalamicum. Small protuberance dorsal to
			medullaris of the thalamus. A B			the anterior end of the thalamus above the ante-
	5		Habenular	sulcus. Sulcus habenuale	(habenu-	rior nucleus of the thalamus. A

6laris). Shallow furrow between the habenular 23 Internal/external medullary laminae. Laminae

			trigone and the pulvinar. A				medullares interna/externa. Layers of white mat-
7		6 Trigone of habenula. Trigonum habenulae (t.					ter located partly lateral to the thalamus and
7			habenulare). Triangular field between the stria				partly in it. They incompletely separate the in-
			medullaris of the thalamus and the habenula. The				dividual thalamic nuclei. E
8			habenular nuclei lie beneath it. A			24	Medullary stria of thalamus. Stria medullaris
		7 Commissure of habenula. Commissura habenu-					thalamica. Bundle located at the medial side of
			larum (habenularis). Fibers of the habenulae				the thalamus below the thalamic tenia. It con-
9			larum (habenularis). Fibers of the habenulae				the thalamus below the thalamic tenia. It con-
9			crossing over the midline. The decussation lies				tinues dorsally into the habenula and receives
			superior to the pineal recess. B				fibers from the fornix of the stria terminalis and
			superior to the pineal recess. B				fibers from the fornix of the stria terminalis and
10		8 Posterior (epithalamic) commissure. Commis-					the precommissural septum. A B
		8 Posterior (epithalamic) commissure. Commis-				25	Pulvinar. Posterior part of thalamus projecting
			sura epithalamica (posterior). Commissure lo-			25	Pulvinar. Posterior part of thalamus projecting
			cated between the pineal recess and entrance				freely. A
11			cated between the pineal recess and entrance			26	Metathalamus. Appendage of thalamus below
11			into the cerebral aqueduct; its fibers cross from a			26	Metathalamus. Appendage of thalamus below
			nearby area. B				the pulvinar. A C
			nearby area. B			27 Medial geniculate body. Corpus geniculatum
12	9		Pineal gland (body), epiphysis. Corpus pineale			27 Medial geniculate body. Corpus geniculatum
12	9		Pineal gland (body), epiphysis. Corpus pineale				mediale. United with the inferior colliculus, it
			(glandula pinealis). Topographically speaking, it				forms a part of the auditory pathway. A C
			lies free on the quadrigeminal plate and is sus-				forms a part of the auditory pathway. A C
13			lies free on the quadrigeminal plate and is sus-			28 Lateral geniculate body. Corpus geniculatum
			pended from the habenula withouth a functional			28 Lateral geniculate body. Corpus geniculatum
			pended from the habenula withouth a functional				laterale. Connects	with the	superior colliculus
			connection. A B C				laterale. Connects	with the	superior colliculus
			connection. A B C				and visual cortex; it is the termination of most of
		10 Sections of epithalamus. Sectiones epithalamici.					and visual cortex; it is the termination of most of
14		10 Sections of epithalamus. Sectiones epithalamici.					the fibers of the optic tract. A C
14	11		Medial and lateral habenular nuclei. Nuclei				the fibers of the optic tract. A C
	11		Medial and lateral habenular nuclei. Nuclei			29	Ventral thalamus (subthalamus). Thalamus
			habenulares medialis et lateralis. Cell groups				ventralis (subthalamus). Part of the diencephalon
15			habenulares medialis et lateralis. Cell groups				ventralis (subthalamus). Part of the diencephalon
15			contained in the reflex tract of the rhinen-				situated basally with respect to the hypothalamic
			cephalon. D				sulcus.
			cephalon. D				sulcus.
16	12		Habenulointerpeduncular	tract.	Tractus	30	Hypothalamus. Basal part of the diencephalon. B
			habenulointerpeduncularis. Connection between			31	Preoptic area. Area preoptica. Area behind the
			habenulae and interpeduncular nucleus. D				lamina terminalis and in front of the paraventric-
17			habenulae and interpeduncular nucleus. D				lamina terminalis and in front of the paraventric-
17	13		Commissure of habenula. Commissura habenu-				ular nucleus, partly also in front of the supra-
			larum (habenularis). See p. 7 A B				optic nucleus. Its nuclei are probably inserted be-
			larum (habenularis). See p. 7 A B				optic nucleus. Its nuclei are probably inserted be-
18		14	Pretectal area. Area pretectalis. Region extend-				tween the olfactory tract and tuber cinereum. B
18		14	Pretectal area. Area pretectalis. Region extend-			32	Optic chiasma. Chiasma opticum. Decussation of
			ing from in front of the upper margin of superior				medial optic nerve fibers between the optic tract
			colliculus as far as the	commissure	of the		medial optic nerve fibers between the optic tract
19			colliculus as far as the	commissure	of the		and nerve. B C
			epithalamus. C				and nerve. B C
			epithalamus. C			33 Optic tract. Tractus opticus. Superficial part of
		15	Pretectal nuclei. Nuclei pretectales. From their			33 Optic tract. Tractus opticus. Superficial part of
		15	Pretectal nuclei. Nuclei pretectales. From their				the visual pathway between the optic chiasma
20			origin dorsolateral to the	commissure	of the		the visual pathway between the optic chiasma
			origin dorsolateral to the	commissure	of the		and lateral geniculate body visible at the base of
			epithalamus, they extend as far as the superior				and lateral geniculate body visible at the base of
			epithalamus, they extend as far as the superior				the brain. C
			colliculus. They receive fibers from the occipital			34	the brain. C
			colliculus. They receive fibers from the occipital				Lateral root. Radix lateralis. Fibers of optic tract
21			lobe and the area in front of it, as well as the optic				Lateral root. Radix lateralis. Fibers of optic tract
21			lobe and the area in front of it, as well as the optic				which end in the lateral geniculate body or su-
			tract and send fibers to the accessory nucleus of				perior colliculus. C
			the oculomotor nerve for the sphincter pupillae			35	perior colliculus. C
22			the oculomotor nerve for the sphincter pupillae				Medial root. Radix medialis. C
22			muscle.				Medial root. Radix medialis. C
		16	Posterior (epithalamic) commissure. Commis-			36	Mamillary body.	Corpus	mamillare. Paired,
		16	Posterior (epithalamic) commissure. Commis-				round elevation on the floor of the diencephalon
23			sura epithalamica (posterior). See p. 8 B				round elevation on the floor of the diencephalon
23			sura epithalamica (posterior). See p. 8 B				connected with the thalamus and midbrain. B
		17	Pineal gland (body). Corpus pineale (glandula			37	Tuber cinereum. Gray matter in the posterior
24			pinealis). See p. 9 A B C				wall of the infundibulum. B
24		18	Subfornical organ. Organum subfornicale. Organ			38	Infundibulum. Funnel-shaped passage to the
			in the interventricular foramen between right				posterior lobe of the hypophysis. B
25			and left fornix. It influences blood pressure and			39	Neurohypophysis. Posterior lobe of hypophysis
			water excretion. B				suspended by the infundibulum. B

								Brain	297
22
22										1


						24				2
						24
								4

			24							3

4		5			18	21			7;13


	6									4
14	6									4
9	25				31		9
9	25				31
13					30					5
					30

	27			28	32	8;16

										6
						19
						19
	26				38 37 36
	26									7




										8
					39					8
					39

A Brain stem, dorsal view B Brain stem, sagittal section 10

				26							12
33		34	28	27							12


										11	13
					9
					9
					14
					14					12	14


			35

											15
32											15


											16


											17


	Termination of optic tract										18
C								D	Oblique section through midbrain		18
C								D	Oblique section through midbrain

											19


											20


											21


											22


							23				23


							Section through				24
						E					24
						E

diencephalon

298

Brain

Third ventricle.

Ventriculus

tertius.

Dien-

Anteromedial

nucleus.

Nucleus anterome-

cephalic portion of the cerebral ventricular sys-

dialis. Degenerating nuclear remains situated

tem. It extends from the lamina terminalis to

medial and inferior to the anteroventral nu-

the beginning of the cerebral aqueduct. A C

cleus. B

Hypothalamic sulcus. Sulcus hypothalamicus.

Median nuclei of thalamus. Nuclei mediani

Furrow extending from the interventricular

[thalami]. Collective term for the nuclei located

medial and for the most part directly inferior to

foramen to the entrance into the cerebral aque-

duct. It separates the dorsal and ventral

the ependyma.

thalami. A

Anterior/posterior

paraventricular

nuclei.

Interventricular foramen. Foramen inter-

Nuclei

paraventriculares

anteriores/posteri-

ores. Cell groups in the wall of the third ven-

ventriculare. Opening between the lateral ven-

tricle and third ventricle behind the genu of the

tricle with neuronal function (among others,

vasopressin, angiotensin II, renin). C D E

fornix. A

Optic recess. Recessus opticus. Recess of third

Rhomboidal nucleus. Nucleus rhomboidalis. It

often forms the interthalamic adhesion. D

ventricle above the optic chiasm. A

Nucleus reuniens. Nucleus extending from the

Recess of infundibulum. Recessus infundibuli

end of

the

anterior tubercle to the

(infundibularis).

Recess

of third ventricle

middle of the interthalamic adhesion. It may be

within the infundibulum. A

6 Pineal recess. Recessus pinealis. Recess of third

concerned with the formation of the latter

when present. It is absent in 28% of males and

ventricle extending partially into the epiphysis.

14% of females. D

20 a

Paratenial nucleus of thalamus. Nucleus

Supraspinal recess. Recessus

supraspinalis.

parataenialis [thalami]. Located between the

Recess between the roof of the third ventricle

stria medullaris, tenia, anterodorsal and para-

and the epiphysis. A

ventricular nuclei of the thalamus; it is prob-

8 Tela choroidea. Forms the thin, narrow roof of

ably involved in the processing of

olfactory

stimuli.

third ventricle and its choroid plexus. B C

Medial nuclei of thalamus. Nuclei mediales

Tenia of thalamus. Taenia thalami. Lateral at-

[thalami]. Mass of nuclei medial to the internal

tachment line of the upper wall of the third

medullary lamina with projections

to other

ventricle along

the stria

medullaris

of the

thalamic nuclei and to the frontal lobe.

thalamus. B C

Dorsal

medial

nucleus. Nucleus

medialis

Choroid plexus. Plexus

choroideus.

Paired,

dorsalis. Principal nucleus of this group. C D

highly vascularized villous infolding which

Internal/external medullary lamina. Lamina

hangs down from the thin roof of the third ven-

tricle and is continuous anteriorly with the

medullaris interna/externa. Layer of white

choroid plexus of the 4th ventricle via the inter-

matter which, provided it is located internally,

ventricular foramen. B C

has Y-shaped sections and divides the thalamus

11 Sections of thalamus and metathalamus. Sec-

into anterior, medial and lateral regions. B

24 Reticular (intralaminar) nuclei of thalamus.

tiones thalamici et metathalamici. See p. 409.

Nuclei reticulares (intralaminares thalami). Nu-

12 Reticular nucleus of thalamus. Nucleus reticu-

clei located in

the

medullary lamina. They

latus [thalami]. Thin layer lying mainly laterally

correspond functionally to the reticular forma-

along the thalamus between the posterior limb

tion and thus are integrating nuclei.

of the internal capsule and external medullary

Centromedian nucleus. Nucleus centromedi-

lamina of the thalamus. It receives tributaries

from the entire cerebral cortex, globus pallidus

anus. It is the largest nucleus of this group and

and reticular formation of the brainstem and

has projections to the corpus striatum, hy-

gives off efferent fibers to the reticular forma-

pothalamus, and other structures. E

tion of the midbrain and thalamus. B

Paracentral nucleus. Nucleus paracentralis. It

Anterior nuclei of thalamus. Nuclei anteriores

lies in the internal medullary lamina lateral to

[thalami]. Cell group in the apex of the

the centromedian nucleus. CD

thalamus. They receive fibers from the mamil-

Parafascicular nucleus. Nucleus parafascicu-

lothalamic tract and have projections to the

laris. It lies medial to the occipital region of the

cingulate gyrus.

centromedian nucleus. E

Anterodorsal nucleus. Nucleus anterodorsalis

Lateral central nucleus. Nucleus centralis

(anterosuperior). Narrow cell plate anterosupe-

lateralis. It lies dorsolateral and medial to the

riorly. B

centromedian nucleus. E

Anteroventral nucleus. Nucleus anter-

Medial central nucleus. Nucleus centralis me-

oventralis (anteroinferior). Main nucleus of the

dialis. It lies at the lower medial end of the in-

anterior nuclei. B

ternal medullary lamina.

Brain 299

A Diencephalon, sagittal section

B Diencephalon, cross section

300.1

828

300.1

9
10	1	22
18	1


26
26

C Diencephalon, cross section

300.11

D Diencephalon, cross section

E Diencephalon, cross section

300

Brain

Nuclei ventrolaterales [thalami]. Ventrolateral

Lateral geniculate nucleus [ventral part]. Nu-

nuclei, the group of nuclei lateral to the internal

cleus corporis geniculati lateralis [pars

medullary lamina. B

ventralis]. Small group of cells with fibers from

Posterior lateral nucleus. Nucleus lateralis

the retina: part of a light reflex tract. C

posterior. Portion of the lateral nucleus situated

Medial geniculate nucleus [ventral part]. Nu-

between the pulvinar and dorsal lateral nu-

cleus corporis geniculati medialis [pars

cleus with connections to the parietal lobe. A

ventralis]. Possibly the true acoustic part of the

Dorsal lateral nucleus. Nucleus lateralis

geniculate nucleus. C

Subthalamic nucleus. Nucleus subthalamicus

dorsalis. Anterosuperior portion of the lateral

nucleus with projections to the region of the

[corpus Luysii]. It lies between the lower end of

the internal capsule and the zona incerta. Of

posterior cingulum segment and the lower part

clinical importance is its reciprocal connection

of the parietal lobe. A

with the globus pallidus. B

Anterior ventral nucleus. Nucleus ventralis

Reticular nuclei of thalamus. Nuclei reticulares

anterior. Anterior portion of the ventral nucleus

with

projections

to the

interlaminar

nuclei,

[thalami]. Disaggregated

cell

layer on

the

lateral surface of the thalamus between the ex-

globus pallidus and dentate nucleus and recip-

ternal medullary lamina and internal capsule. B

rocal connections to the precentral gyrus and

Zona incerta. Basal continuation of the reticu-

the area anterior to it. It plays a role in Parkin-

son’s disease. A

lar nucleus of the thalamus and other struc-

tures. It lies in the path of the globus pallidus to

Intermediate

ventral

nucleus.

Nucleus

the tegmentum of the diencephalon. B

ventralis intermedius. Portion of the ventral

Nuclear

regions

and

H2. Nuclei re-

nucleus situated behind the anterior

ventral

gionum H, H1 and H2. Dispersed neurons in the

nucleus; it is a synaptic station connecting the

corresponding Forel’s fields. Field H lies medial

cerebellum, red nucleus and motor cortex. A

to the zona incerta and in front of the red nu-

Medial ventral nucleus. Nucleus ventralis me-

cleus, H1 between the thalamus and zona in-

dialis. Poorly demarcated nuclear region sit-

certa, H2 between the zona incerta and sub-

uated anterior to the posterior ventral nuclei;

thalamic nucleus. B

its function is unclear. A

Thalamic

tract

and

fasciculi. Tractus

Posterior ventral nuclei. Nuclei ventrales

fasciculi thalamici.

posteriores. Collective term for the following

Lateral lemniscus. Lemniscus lateralis. Audi-

two nuclei.

tory pathway passing into the medial genicu-

8 Posterolateral ventral nucleus. Nucleus ventralis

late body. A

posterolateralis. The lateral part of the poste-

Medial lemniscus. Lemniscus

medialis. Con-

rior ventral nucleus that receives the medial

tinuation of the tract from the posterior

lemniscus and spinothalamic tract and relays

funiculus radiating into the posterolateral ven-

their impulses to the postcentral gyrus via the

tral nucleus. A

thalamocortical tract. A

Spinal lemniscus. Lemniscus spinalis. Pain

Posteromedial ventral nucleus. Nucleus ventralis

pathway extending into the posterolateral ven-

tral nucleus. A

posteromedialis. Part located between the cen-

tromedian and posterolateral nuclei. It receives

Trigeminal lemniscus. Lemniscus trigeminalis.

the trigeminal lemniscus. A

Fibers of the sensory trigeminal nucleus. They

10 Posterior nuclei of thalamus. Nuclei posteri-

pass into the posteromedial ventral nucleus. A

26 Brachium of inferior colliculus. Brachium col-

ores [thalami]. Collective term for the following

liculi inferioris. Outwardly visible connection

three parts of the thalamus.

Pulvinar nuclei. Nuclei pulvinares. Nuclei that

between the inferior colliculus and the medial

geniculate body. C

occupy the posterior portion of the thalamus;

Acoustic radiation. Radiatio acustica. Portion of

they begin at the habenulae, receive tributar-

auditory pathway extending from the medial

ies from the auditory and visual pathways as

geniculate body to the transverse temporal gyn.

well

from

other thalamic

nuclei

and are

It passes through the occipital part of the poste-

connected with the visual cortex, optic and

rior limb of the internal capsule. A

acoustic control centers, and other structures.

28 Brachium of superior colliculus. Brachium col-

liculi superioris. Externally visible connection

Lateral

geniculate nucleus

[dorsal

part].

between the superior colliculus and the lateral

Nucleus

[corporis geniculati]

lateralis [pars

geniculate body. Connection of the visual path-

dorsalis]. Part of the visual pathway. A

way with the extrapyramidal system. C

Medial geniculate nucleus [dorsal part]. Nu-

29 Optic radiation. Radiatio optica [[Gratiolet]].

cleus

[corporis

geniculati]

medialis

[pars

Portion of the visual pathway emanating from

dorsalis]. Part of medial geniculate body con-

the lateral geniculate body. It passes through the

taining small cells. A

occipital part of the posterior limb of the inter-

Sections of ventral thalamus. Sectiones

nal capsule and around the posterior horn of the

thalami ventralis.

lateral ventricle to the area striata. A

									Brain	301

								298.13			1
											2
				298.21				3			3
								4			3
								4
								2			4
								5
				9				6			5
				9							5
			11					8			6
			11								6
				27							7
				27
				24							8
13				24							9
13			12	23
				23
22				25							10
22

			29								11
											11
											12
		Thalamic nuclei and pathways
	A	Thalamic nuclei and pathways						28 16 15			13
				18
											14
											14
											15
											15
				26							16
			1								16
			1


											17
			H1

20					19						18
					19						18

			H2			17					19
		H
		H
20
20											20
											20


											21


											22


											23
	B	Subthalamic region					C	Geniculate body			23
	B	Subthalamic region					C	Geniculate body

302

Brain

Anterior thalamic radiations. Raditiones 13

Sections of the hypothalamus. Sectiones hy-

thalamicae anteriores. Fibers of the anterior nu-

pothalami.

cleus passing to and from the cingulate gyrus

Dorsal (posterior) hypothalamic region. Regio

and likewise reciprocal connections between

(area) hypothalamica dorsalis. Area of the hy-

the lateral nucleus and frontal lobe. The fibers

pothalamus next to the apex.

run in the anterior limb of the internal capsule. A

Nucleus of ansa lenticularis. Nucleus ansae

Central

thalamic

radiations.

Radiationes

lenticularis. Groups of cells dispersed in the

thalamicae centrales. Reciprocal fibers passing

ansa lenticularis.

fan-like through the posterior limb of the inter-

(ventral) region of

hypothalamus.

nal capsule from the posterior lateral, anterior

Regio hypothalamica anterior.

ventral, lateral ventral and posterior ventral nu-

Medial/lateral

preoptic

nucleus.

Nucleus

clei to the preand postcentral gyri in addition

to the connecting fields of the cortex. A

preopticus medialis/lateralis. Group of nuclei

located beneath the anterior commissure and

Posterior

thalamic

raditaions.

Radiationes

along the lamina terminalis with projections to

thalamicae posteriores. They lie in the occipital

the

stria terminalis,

medial

telencephalic

region of the posterior limb of the internal cap-

fasciculus and medial thalamic nuclei. D

sule and contain fibers from the lateral genicu-

Supraoptic

nucleus.

Nucleus supraopticus.

late body (optic radiation) and the pulvinar for

Nucleus lying above the optic chiasm with neu-

the occipital lobes and adjacent regions. A

rosecretory fibers (oxytocin and vasopressin)

Dentatothalamic

tract.

Tractus

denta-

projecting to the posterior pituitary. D

tothalamicus. It arises from the cerebellum and

Paraventricular nuclei. Nuclei paraventricu-

radiates into the thalamic fasciculus and to the

lateral ventral nucleus. C

lares. Group

autonomic nuclei

with neu-

rosecretory fibers (oxytocin and vasopressin)

Thalamic fasciculus. Fasciculus thalamicus. It

projecting to the posterior lobe of the hypophy-

lies below the thalamus, next to and above the

sis. They lie superiorly near the base of the hy-

zona incerta in field H1 and is composed of the

pothalamic sulcus and behind the anterior hy-

ventricular fasciculus, ansa

lenticularis

and

pothalamic nucleus. D

fibers from the cerebellum. It is a conveyor of

Anterior hypothalamic nucleus. Nucleus hy-

impulses for the anterior ventral and lateral

pothalamicus anterior. Located behind the pre-

ventral nuclei. C

Subthalamic fasciculus. Fasciculus subthalami-

optic nucleus with projections to the hemi-

spheres, stria terminalis and thalamus, its effer-

cus. Fiber bundle extending from the globus pal-

ent fibers communicate with motor and auton-

lidus to the subthalamic nucleus. C

omic nuclei. It influences heat regulation, glan-

7 Mamillothalamic fasciculus. Fasciculus mamil-

dular activity and circulation. D

lothalamicus. Fiber

tract extending

from the

21 Intermediate hypothalamic region. Regio hy-

mamillary body to the anterior nucleus of the

pothalamica intermedia. Area situated between

thalamus. D

Pedunculus

the

and posterior hypothalamic

re-

Inferior

thalamic

peduncle.

gions.

thalamicus inferior. Fibers between

the hy-

Arcuate

nucleus. [[Nucleus arcuatus]]. Mural

pothalamus and thalamus. According to some

nucleus situated in the entrance to the infun-

anatomists, it consists of fibers of the pulvinar

dibulum. It belongs to the tuberal nuclei, i. e., it

from and to the occipital lobes and its vicinity, as

regulates

the release

hormones from

the

well as fibers of the auditory tract.

anterior lobe by delivering an active substance

9 Ansa lenticularis and fasciculus lenticularis.

(neurohormone) to blood vessels of the hy-

Ansa et

fasciculus

lenticulares.

Two

fiber

pophysial stalk where its processes (axons) are

bundles from the lentiform nucleus to the ven-

found. D

tral nuclei of the thalamus. One part passes

Tuberal nuclei. Nuclei tuberales. Groups of nu-

around the anterior margin of the internal cap-

clei in the posterior wall of the infundibulum.

sule (ansa lenticularis); the other part passes

They function similar to the arcuate nucleus. D

through the internal capsule. Both tracts are

united in the thalamic fasciculus. C

Lateral

hypothalamic

region.

Regio

hy-

Ansa peduncularis and fasciculus peduncu-

pothalamica lateralis. Area separated from the

medial hypothalamus

the

fornix,

mamil-

laris. Ansa et fasciculus pedunculares. Fiber

lothalamic fasciculus and medial telencephalic

tract connecting the thalamus and claustrum,

fasciculus. It is occupied by the lateral preoptic

thereby extending between the lentiform nu-

cleus and the amygdaloid body. B C

nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus including its

lateral portion. D

Intrathalamic fibers. Fibrae

intrathalamicae.

Connections of individual thalamic nuclei.

12 Periventricular fibers. Fibrae periventriculares.

24Fibers coursing beneath the ependyma of the third ventricle between the medial nucleus and

25the hypothalamic nucleus to enter the posterior longitudinal fasciculus.

Brain 303

A Radiation of thalamus

5 6

B Ansa et fasciculus peduncularis

10 9

304.17

C Subthalamic pathways

24 7

19 17

D Nuclei of hypothalamus

304

Brain

Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. Nucleus

Posterior

(dorsal)

longitudinal

fasciculus.

hypothalamicus ventromedialis. Lies in and

Fasciculus

longitudinalis dorsalis

[[Schütz]].

above the entrance into the infundibulum. This

Cranial continuation of a large portion of the

nucleus belongs to the group of tuberal nuclei

ventricular fibers. In the midbrain they lie close

and, like them, controls the release of regulating

to the cerebral aqueduct and connect the hy-

hormones for the anterior lobe via the hypophy-

pothalamus with the rest of the brainstem. B

sial stalk. A

Mamillotegmental

fasciculus.

Fasciculus

Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus. Nucleus

mamillotegmentalis. Dissectible fiber bundle

hypothalamicus dorsomedialis. It lies near the

between the mamillary body and the tegmental

apex of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus

nuclei of the midbrain. It arises as a common

and has similar functions. A

trunk together with the mamillothalamic

Dorsal hypothalamic nucleus. Nucleus hy-

fasciculus and branches off into the mesen-

pothalamicus dorsalis. Group of cells located

cephalic tegmentum. B

below

the

dorsal

hypothalamic

area

(see

Mamillothalamic fasciculus. Fasciculus mamil-

p. 302.14). A

lothalamicus. It arises together with the mamil-

Posterior periventricular

nucleus. Nucleus

lotegmental fasciculus and passes to the ante-

periventricularis posterior. Cell group located

rior thalamic nuclei. B

below the ependyma in the posterior segment

17 Fornix. It conveys fibers from the hippocampal

of the 3rd ventricle. A

formation to the medial thalamic nuclei and hy-

Infundibular (arcuate) nucleus. Nucleus infun-

pothalamus, and projects fibers to the lateral

dibularis (arcuatus). It lies near the apex of the

nuclei of the mamillary body. B

funnel of the infundibulum and has functions

18 Fibers of stria terminalis. Fibrae striae termi-

similar to those of the tuberal nuclei. A

nalis. Fibers from the amygdaloid body which

Posterior hypothalamic area. Regio hy-

communicate with the stria terminalis in the

pothalamica posterior. It contains the lateral

hypothalamus. B

and medial nuclei of the mamillary body and

Medial prosencephalic fasciculus. Fasciculus

other structures.

prosencephalicus medialis. Fibers lying be-

7 Medial and lateral nuclei of mamillary body.

tween the medial and lateral hypothalamus.

Nuclei corporis mamillaris mediales/laterales.

They connect individual hypothalamic nuclei

The medial nucleus forms the mamillary body

with one another and continue toward the oc-

and is

the

origin

of the

mamillothalamic

ciput in the posterior longitudinal fasciculus. B

fasciculus. The lateral nucleus lies ventrolateral

Hypothalamohypophysial tract. Tractus hy-

and receives the fornix. A B

pothalamohypophysialis. Bundle of neu-

Posterior hypothalamic nucleus. Nucleus hy-

rosecretory fibers that arises after the union of

pothalamicus posterior. It lies occipital to the

the fiber groups from the supraoptic and para-

dorsomedial

and

ventromedial

nuclei

and

ventricular nuclei. B

above the mamillary body up to the hy-

Supraoptic fibers. Fibrae supraopticae. Fibers

pothalamic sulcus and influences circulation,

that arise in the supraoptic nucleus. B

peristalsis and the blood sugar level. A B

Paraventricular fibers. Fibrae paraventricu-

9 Neurohypophysis. In contrast to the two other

lares. Fibers that arise in the paraventricular nu-

posterior lobes of the hypophysis, it is of neuro-

cleus. B

genic origin; so is the continuation of the infun-

Supraopticohypophysial tract. Tractus su-

dibulum. B

praopticohypophysialis. Fibers that arise in the

Hypothalamic tract and fasciculi. Tractus et

supraoptic nucleus and form part of the hy-

fasciculi hypothalamici. Tracts and fiber

pothalamohypophysial tract.

bundles of the hypothalamus.

Paraventriculohypophysial tract. Tractus para-

Periventricular fibers. Fibrae periventriculares.

ventriculohypophysialis. Fibers that arise in the

Fiber tract directly under the ependyma of the

paraventricular nucleus and form part of the hy-

3rd ventricle. It is permeated by cells, connects

pothalamohypophysial tract.

the thalamus with the hypothalamus and con-

21tinues posteriorly into the posterior longitudinal fasciculus. B

	22	12 Dorsal supraoptic commissure. Commissura
	22	supraoptica dorsalis [[Meynert]]. Decussation
		lying directly above the chiasm. Passes to the
	23	other side and may connect the subthalamic nu-
		cleus with the contralateral globus pallidus.
		13 Ventral supraoptic commissure. Commissura
	24	13 Ventral supraoptic commissure. Commissura
	24	supraoptica ventralis [[Gudden]]. Crossing fibers
		lying partially in the chiasm. Among other
	25	things, it may connect the medial geniculate bo-
		dies with one another.
		Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme
		All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.

Brain 305

304.17	1

4	8	2
4

A Nuclei of hypothalamus

	17
18		16


		11	8
	14

		19

318.1

	Pathways of hypothalamus
B	Pathways of hypothalamus	23


		24


		25

	306			Brain
				ENDBRAIN. Telencephalon. The endbrain, which					19	Ascending ramus. Ramus ascendens. Short
1		1		ENDBRAIN. Telencephalon. The endbrain, which					19	Ascending ramus. Ramus ascendens. Short
1				is formed by invagination of the prosencephalon						branch of the lateral sulcus ascending into the
				(forebrain). It consists of the cerebral cortex to-						frontal lobe. A
2				gether with the corpus callosum, corpus stri-					20	Posterior ramus. Ramus posterior. Long poste-
				atum and olfactory brain.						rior branch of the lateral sulcus terminating
3			2 CEREBRUM. In the present context, it comprises							near the supramarginal gyrus. A
3				the two cerebral hemispheres and their con-					21	Interlobar sulci. Sulci interlobares. Furrows
				the two cerebral hemispheres and their con-
				tents.
4				tents.						which separate the cerebral lobes from one
		3		Cerebral cortex. Cortex cerebralis (pallium).						which separate the cerebral lobes from one
		3		Cerebral cortex. Cortex cerebralis (pallium).						another. They include the central and parieto-
				Paired portion of the hemispheres covering						occipital sulci and the lateral sulcus together
5				most of the brainstem.						with its posterior ramus.
		4		Cerebral gyri. Gyri cerebrales. Convolutions of					22	Frontal lobe. Lobus frontalis. Lobe extending
6				the cerebral hemispheres, about 1 cm wide.						from the frontal pole to the central sulcus. A
6		5		Cerebral sulci. Sulci cerebrales. Fissures be-					23	Frontal pole. Polus frontalis. Anterior end of the
		5		Cerebral sulci. Sulci cerebrales. Fissures be-					23	Frontal pole. Polus frontalis. Anterior end of the
7				tween gyri.						frontal lobe. A
7		6		Cerebral lobes. Lobi cerebrales. The four lobes					24	Precentral sulcus. Sulcus precentralis. Furrow
		6		Cerebral lobes. Lobi cerebrales. The four lobes					24	Precentral sulcus. Sulcus precentralis. Furrow
8				of the cerebrum: frontal, parietal, temporal and						in front of the precentral gyrus. A
8				occipital.					25 Precentral gyrus. Gyrus precentralis. Convolu-
		7		Longitudinal	fissure	of	cerebrum. Fissura		25 Precentral gyrus. Gyrus precentralis. Convolu-
9		7		Longitudinal	fissure	of	cerebrum. Fissura			tion of the frontal lobe lying in front of the cen-
				longitudinalis	cerebralis.		Deep	longitudinal		tion of the frontal lobe lying in front of the cen-
				longitudinalis	cerebralis.		Deep	longitudinal		tral sulcus. Motor area of the cerebral cortex. A
				groove between the		right and		left cerebral	26 Superior frontal gyrus. Gyrus frontalis superior
10				hemispheres. It lodges the falx cerebri. B					26 Superior frontal gyrus. Gyrus frontalis superior
				hemispheres. It lodges the falx cerebri. B						(primary motor area ???). A
			8 Transverse fissure of cerebrum. Fissura trans-							(primary motor area ???). A
			8 Transverse fissure of cerebrum. Fissura trans-						27	Superior frontal sulcus. Sulcus frontalis super-
11				versa cerebralis [[fissura			telodiencephalica]].		27	Superior frontal sulcus. Sulcus frontalis super-
11				Fissure beneath the corpus callosum and fornix						ior. Furrow below the superior frontal gyrus. A
				as well as above the thalamus and roof of the 3rd					28	Middle frontal gyrus. Gyrus frontalis medius. A
12				ventricle. B					29	Inferior frontal sulcus. Sulcus frontalis inferior.
12			9 Lateral fossa of cerebrum. Fossa lateralis cere-						29	Inferior frontal sulcus. Sulcus frontalis inferior.
			9 Lateral fossa of cerebrum. Fossa lateralis cere-							Furrow lying between the middle and inferior
13				bralis. Space deep within the lateral sulcus. B						frontal gyri. A
13		10 Superior (superomedial) margin. Margo su-							30 Inferior frontal gyrus. Gyrus frontalis inferior.
		10 Superior (superomedial) margin. Margo su-
				perior (superomedialis). Superior border of a
14				perior (superomedialis). Superior border of a					31	Opercular part (frontal operculum). Pars
14				hemisphere between the superolateral and me-					31	Opercular part (frontal operculum). Pars
				dial surface. B						opercularis [operculum frontale]. Part of infe-
15		11		Inferior (inferolateral) margin. Margo inferior						rior frontal gyrus lying behind the ascending
15		11		Inferior (inferolateral) margin. Margo inferior						ramus and covering the insula. A
				(inferolateralis). Inferolateral border of a hemi-					32	Orbital part. Pars orbitalis. Part of the inferior
16				sphere between the superolateral and inferior					32	Orbital part. Pars orbitalis. Part of the inferior
16				surfaces. B						frontal gyrus located below the anterior ramus
		12 Medial (inferomedial) margin. Margo medialis								of the lateral sulcus. A
										of the lateral sulcus. A
17									33	Triangular part. Pars triangularis. Portion of
17				(inferomedialis). Inferomedial border of either					33	Triangular part. Pars triangularis. Portion of
				hemisphere between the inferior and medial						the inferior frontal gyrus located between the
				hemisphere between the inferior and medial						the inferior frontal gyrus located between the
18				surfaces. B						anterior and descending rami of the lateral sul-
18	13			[[Fissura limitans]]. Fissure between the insula						cus. Region of the motor speech center of Broca.
	13			[[Fissura limitans]]. Fissure between the insula						A
19				and opercula. The floor of this cleft, the sulcus						A
				and opercula. The floor of this cleft, the sulcus
				limitans, receives the insula.
	14			Cerebral hemisphere. Hemispharium (cere-
20	14			Cerebral hemisphere. Hemispharium (cere-
20				bralis). Half of the telencephalon. B

15 Superolateral surface of hemisphere. Facies

21superolateralis hemispherii. Upper and lateral surface of the hemisphere. B

2216 Central sulcus. Sulcus centralis. Furrow located between the preand postcentral gyri and between the frontal and parietal lobes. A

2317 Lateral sulcus. Sulcus lateralis. Deep cleft passing superiorly between the temporal and frontal

24lobes and inferiorly between the temporal and parietal lobes.

2518 Anterior ramus. Ramus anterior. Short anteriorly directed branch of the lateral sulcus. A

Brain 307

27	25
28	24
22
30	19

29 18 31

33 20

A Brain, lateral view

10 7

8 9

B Brain, frontal section

	308			Brain
				Parietal lobe. Lobus parietalis. It is bounded			17	Transverse temporal sulci. Sulci temporales
1		1		Parietal lobe. Lobus parietalis. It is bounded			17	Transverse temporal sulci. Sulci temporales
1				anteriorly by the central sulcus, posteriorly by				transversi. Transverse furrows between the
				the parieto-occipital sulcus. A				transverse temporal gyri in the floor of the post-
2		2		Postcentral sulcus. Sulcus postcentralis. Poste-				erior ramus of the lateral sulcus. C
2		2		Postcentral sulcus. Sulcus postcentralis. Poste-			18	Transverse temporal gyri. Gyri temporales
				rior boundary of the postcentral gyrus. A			18	Transverse temporal gyri. Gyri temporales
3		3		Postcentral	gyrus. Gyrus	postcentralis. Pre-		transversi [Heschl’s transverse convolutions].
3		3		Postcentral	gyrus. Gyrus	postcentralis. Pre-		2−4 transverse convolutions in the floor of the
				dominantly sensory area of the parietal lobe				2−4 transverse convolutions in the floor of the
				dominantly sensory area of the parietal lobe				posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus. Acoustic
4				that lies between the central and postcentral				posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus. Acoustic
				that lies between the central and postcentral				center. C
				sulci. A				center. C
5		4		Superior parietal lobule. Lobulus parietalis su-			19	Superior temporal gyrus. Gyrus temporalis su-
5				perior. Upper half of parietal lobe situated be-				perior. A C
				hind the postcentral gyrus and above the intra-			20	Temporal operculum. Operculum temporale.
6				parietal sulcus. A				Part of superior temporal gyrus which covers
6			5 Intraparietal sulcus. Sulcus intraparietalis. In-					the insula. A
								the insula. A
							21	Superior temporal sulcus. Sulcus temporalis
7				constant sagittal furrow between the superior			21	Superior temporal sulcus. Sulcus temporalis
7				and inferior parietal lobulus. A				superior. Cleft between the superior and middle
				and inferior parietal lobulus. A				superior. Cleft between the superior and middle
8			6 Inferior parietal lobue. Lobulus parietalis infe-					temporal gyri. A
			6 Inferior parietal lobue. Lobulus parietalis infe-				22	Middle temporal gyrus. Gyrus temporalis me-
				rior. Lower half of parietal lobe situated behind			22	Middle temporal gyrus. Gyrus temporalis me-
				the postcentral gyrus and below the intra-				dius. A C
9				parietal sulcus. A			23	Inferior temporal sulcus. Sulcus temporalis in-
		7		Frontoparietal operculum. Operculum fron-				ferior. Cleft between the middle and inferior
10				toparietale. Part of the cerebral segment located				temporal gyri. A
10				above the posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus			24	Inferior temporal gyrus. Gyrus temporalis in-
				above the posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus			24	Inferior temporal gyrus. Gyrus temporalis in-
11				and covering the insula. It extends toward the				ferior. A
11				occiput and approaches the site where the post-			25 Insula (insular lobe). Lobus insularis (insula).
				erior ramus turns upward. A			25 Insula (insular lobe). Lobus insularis (insula).
				erior ramus turns upward. A				Originally exposed cerebral cortex overlapped
12		8		Supramarginal gyrus. Gyrus supramarginalis.				Originally exposed cerebral cortex overlapped
12		8		Supramarginal gyrus. Gyrus supramarginalis.				during ontogenesis. It lies on the floor of the
				Convolution curving around the posterior end of				lateral cerebral fossa. B
13				the posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus. A			26	Insular gyri. Gyri insulae. Gyri on the surface of
13		9		Angular gyrus. Gyrus angularis. Convolution			26	Insular gyri. Gyri insulae. Gyri on the surface of
		9		Angular gyrus. Gyrus angularis. Convolution				the insula.
14				curving around the posterior end of the superior			27	Short gyri of insula Gyri breves insulae.
14				temporal sulcus. A			27	Short gyri of insula Gyri breves insulae.
		10		Occipital lobe. Lobus occipitalis. It is in-				Short gyri located in the upper portion of the in-
15		10		Occipital lobe. Lobus occipitalis. It is in-				sula. B
15				completely	bounded by	the parietal and	28	Long gyrus of insula. Gyrus longus insulae.
				parieto-occipital sulci and the pre-occipital in-			28	Long gyrus of insula. Gyrus longus insulae.
				parieto-occipital sulci and the pre-occipital in-				Long horizontal convolution located below the
16				cisure. A				Long horizontal convolution located below the
				cisure. A				short gyri. B
		11 Occipital pole. Polus occipitalis. Posterior end of						short gyri. B
		11 Occipital pole. Polus occipitalis. Posterior end of					29 Limen insulae. Terminal portion of the insular
				occipital lobe. A			29 Limen insulae. Terminal portion of the insular
17				occipital lobe. A				directed anteroinferiorly toward the anterior
17	12			Transverse occipital sulcus. Sulcus occipitalis				directed anteroinferiorly toward the anterior
	12			Transverse occipital sulcus. Sulcus occipitalis				perforated substance. It is covered by the middle
				transversus. Continuation of the intraparietalis				cerebral artery. B
18				transversus. Continuation of the intraparietalis				cerebral artery. B
18				sulcus on the occipital lobe. A			30 Central sulcus of insula. Sulcus centralis in-
	13			Lunate sulcus. Sulcus lunatus. Sometimes con-			30 Central sulcus of insula. Sulcus centralis in-
								sulae. Cleft between the long and short gyri of
19								sulae. Cleft between the long and short gyri of
19				spicuous semilunar furrow that forms the ante-				the insula. B
				rior boundary of the visual cortex. It lies on the			31 Circular sulcus of insula. Sulcus circularis in-
				rior boundary of the visual cortex. It lies on the			31 Circular sulcus of insula. Sulcus circularis in-
20				superolateral surface of the cerebrum near the				sulae. Limiting furrow of the insula. It is inter-
20				occipital pole of the hemisphere at the posterior				sulae. Limiting furrow of the insula. It is inter-
				occipital pole of the hemisphere at the posterior				rupted by the limen insulae. B
				end of the calcarine fissure. A				rupted by the limen insulae. B
				end of the calcarine fissure. A

2114 Preoccipital incisure. Incisura preoccipitalis. Notch near the inferolateral edge of the cerebral

22hemisphere that marks the boundary between the occipital and temporal lobes. On the bony skull it is marked by the site where the petrous

23ridge enters the lateral wall of the skull. A

15 Temporal lobe. Lobus temporalis. It is bounded

24superiorly by the posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus. A

2516 Temporal pole. Polus temporalis. Anterior end of temporal lobe. A

Brain 309

						2		1			2
											2
				3				4
				3				4
								5			3
											3
						8		6

											4
								9			4
				7


								12			5
								12			5
		20

				19							6
								10		11	6
							21	10		11
				15

									13		7

		16		22				14



											8


				23		24


											9
											9


											10
			17

											11
18		19



		22				Cerebrum, lateral view					12
					A

											13
											13
	Heschl
C
C											14
	convolutions										14

											15
		27		31

											16


											17
											17


											18

30 28 31

B Insula

	310			Brain
				Medial and inferior surfaces of a cerebral		18	Collateral sulcus. Sulcus collateralis. Furrow
1		1		Medial and inferior surfaces of a cerebral		18	Collateral sulcus. Sulcus collateralis. Furrow
1				hemisphere. Facies medialis et inferior			between the parahippocampal and medial oc-
				hemispherii cerebri.			cipitotemporal gyri extending into the occipital
2		2		Sulcus of corpus callosum. Sulcus corporis cal-			lobe. A B
				losi. Cleft between the corpus callosum and the		19	Rhinal sulcus. Sulcus rhinalis. Continuation of
3				cingulate gyrus. A			the collateral sulcus occasionally present lateral
3		3		Cingulate gyrus. Gyrus cinguli (cingulatum).			to the uncus. A B
		3		Cingulate gyrus. Gyrus cinguli (cingulatum).			to the uncus. A B
4				Convolution between the cingulate sulcus and		20	Medial occipitotemporal gyrus. Gyrus occipi-
4				sulcus of the corpus callosum coursing parallel			totemporalis medialis. Basal convolution be-
				to the corpus callosum. It is part of the limbic			tween the collateral and occipitotemporal sulci.
5				cortex. A			A B
5		4		Isthmus of cingulate gyrus. Isthmus gyri cin-		21	Occipitotemporal sulcus. Sulcus occipitotem-
		4		Isthmus of cingulate gyrus. Isthmus gyri cin-		21	Occipitotemporal sulcus. Sulcus occipitotem-
6				guli (cingulatus). Constricted area where the			poralis. Cleft between the medial and lateral oc-
6				cingulate gyrus connects with the parahippo-			cipitotemporal gyri located on the inferior sur-
				campal gyrus posterior and inferior to the			face of the brain lateral to the collateral sulcus. A
7				splenium of the corpus callosum. A			B
7		5		Cingulate sulcus. Sulcus cinguli (cingulatus).			B
		5		Cingulate sulcus. Sulcus cinguli (cingulatus).		22	Lateral occipitotemporal gyrus. Gyrus occipi-
8				Furrow bounding the anterior portion of cingu-			totemporalis lateralis. Convolution adjoining
8				late gyrus anteriorly and superiorly. A			the occipitotemporal sulcus laterally. At the in-
				late gyrus anteriorly and superiorly. A			the occipitotemporal sulcus laterally. At the in-
9		6		Subparietal sulcus. Sulcus subparietalis. Fur-			ferior margin of the temporal lobe it becomes
9				row bounding the posterior portion of the cin-			continuous with the inferior temporal gyrus
				gulate gyrus superiorly and posteriorly. A			without interruption. A B
10		7		Medial frontal gyrus. Gyrus frontalis medialis.		23	Gyrus rectus. Elongated convolution located
				Convolution superior to the medial surface of			above the orbit at its medial margin. B
11				the frontal lobe, bounded inferiorly by the cin-		24 Olfactory sulcus. Sulcus olfactorius. Groove for
				gulate sulcus. A		24 Olfactory sulcus. Sulcus olfactorius. Groove for
				gulate sulcus. A			the olfactory tract on the inferior surface of the
		8		Paracentral lobule. Lobulus	paracentralis.		the olfactory tract on the inferior surface of the
		8		Paracentral lobule. Lobulus	paracentralis.		frontal lobe. B
12				Hooklike connection between the preand		25	Orbital gyri. Gyri orbitales. Frontal convolu-
				postcentral gyri on the medial surface. A			tions located lateral to the gyrus rectus.
			9 Precuneus. Precuneus.3 Area in front of the				tions located lateral to the gyrus rectus.
13			9 Precuneus. Precuneus.3 Area in front of the			26	Orbital sulci. Sulci orbitales. Furrows between
13				parieto-occipital sulcus. Anteriorly; it is partly		26	Orbital sulci. Sulci orbitales. Furrows between
				parieto-occipital sulcus. Anteriorly; it is partly			the oribtal gyri. B
				bounded by the subparietal sulcus. A			the oribtal gyri. B
14				bounded by the subparietal sulcus. A		26 a Olfactory brain. Rhinencephalon.
14		10		Parieto-occipital sulcus. Sulcus parieto-occipi-		26 a Olfactory brain. Rhinencephalon.
				talis. Deep cleft in front of the cuneus separating		27	Olfactory bulb. Bulbus olfactorius. Knob-like
15				the occipital and parietal lobes. A			enlargement containing dendrite-rich mitral
15		11 Cuneus. Portion of the brain located between					cells at the beginning of the olfactory tract. B
							cells at the beginning of the olfactory tract. B
						28	Olfactory tract. Tractus olfactorius. Connec-
16				the calcarine and parieto-occipital sulci. A		28	Olfactory tract. Tractus olfactorius. Connec-
16		12		Calcarine sulcus. Sulcus calcarinus. Deep fur-			tion between the olfactory bulb and trigone on
		12		Calcarine sulcus. Sulcus calcarinus. Deep fur-			the inferior surface of the frontal lobe. B
				row below the cuneus near the primary visual

17

				area. Anteriorly, it meets the parieto-occipital		29	Olfactory trigone. Trigonum olfactorium. Tri-
				sulcus at an acute angle. A			angular widening at the end of the olfactory
				sulcus at an acute angle. A			angular widening at the end of the olfactory
18	13			Dentate gyrus. Gyrus dentatus. Curved convo-			tract. B
18	13			Dentate gyrus. Gyrus dentatus. Curved convo-
				lution of gray matter with a serrated appearance		30	Medial and lateral olfactory striae. Striae ol-
				due to numerous indentations. It forms the infe-			factoriae medialis et lateralis. Diverging fiber
19				due to numerous indentations. It forms the infe-			factoriae medialis et lateralis. Diverging fiber
19				rior continuation of the fasciolar gyrus, reaches			bundles of the olfactory tract radiating fanlike at
				up to the medial surface of the uncus and lies be-			the olfactory trigone. B
20				tween the hippocampus and parahippocampal		31	Medial and lateral olfactory gyri. Gyri olfac-
20				gyrus. A		31	Medial and lateral olfactory gyri. Gyri olfac-
				gyrus. A			torii medialis et lateralis. Cellular continuations
	14			Hippocampal sulcus. Sulcus hippocampi (hip-			torii medialis et lateralis. Cellular continuations
21	14			Hippocampal sulcus. Sulcus hippocampi (hip-			of the corresponding olfactory striae.
21				pocampalis). Furrow situated between the para-
				hippocampal and dentate gyri. It joins the uncus
22				anteriorly. A
	15			Parahippocampal gyrus. Gyrus	hippocampi
	15			Parahippocampal gyrus. Gyrus	hippocampi
23				(parahippocampalis). Thick convolution located
23				below the hippocampal sulcus. A B

16Uncus. Hooklike structure on the anterior end 24 of the parahippocampal gyrus. A B

17Lingual gyrus. Gyrus lingualis. Occipitally

25directed continuation of the parahippocampal gyrus. A B

			Brain 311

				1


5				2


7		8		3
7

2		3

				4
		9		4

				5
	2	6	10	5
		6	10

16	15	18
	15	20
		20

	4	11
14		11
14		7
17		12
17		8

		22				9
						9


						10
19		21				10
A	Cerebrum, medial view
A	Cerebrum, medial view					11
						11


		26				12


		24		27		13


		23				14
		25			28

						15
		29	30			15
		19
		19				16
						16


		16				17

21		18				18
21

		15				19
22		20

						20
						20


						21


		17				22

						23

		24
B	Base of brain

	312			Brain
				Olfactory brain. Its comprised of the substantia				18	Gyrus fasciolaris. Convolution that passes
1		1		Olfactory brain. Its comprised of the substantia				18	Gyrus fasciolaris. Convolution that passes
1				perforata anterior, stria diagonalis, area subcal-					around the splenium of the corpus callosum and
				losa and gyrus paraterminalis.					forms a connection between the longitudinal
2		2		Anterior	perforated		substance. Substantia		striae, including the indusium griseum and den-
				perforata anterior. Area posterior to the ol-					tate gyrus. B
				perforata anterior. Area posterior to the ol-				19	Lamina terminalis. Thin walled, anterior border
3				factory trigone with perforations for the passage				19	Lamina terminalis. Thin walled, anterior border
3				of cerebral vessels. A					of the 3rd ventricle. A B
4			3 Diagonal stria (band) of Broca. Stria diagonalis					20	Anterior commissure. Commissura anterior.
4				[Broca]. Bundle of myelinated fibers often					Anterior, transverse connection between the
				coursing obliquely over the anterior perforated					right and left halves of the cerebrum. It lies be-
5				substance. It connects the precommissural sep-					hind the lamina terminalis and is visible in the
				tum with the uncus. A					most anterior segment of the 3rd ventricle. A
6		4		Subcallosal area. Area subcallosa. Area on the				21 Fornix. Curved bundle of fibers that pass in both
6				medial surface of the frontal lobe situated below					directions between the mamillary body and
				medial surface of the frontal lobe situated below					directions between the mamillary body and
7				the genu and rostrum of the corpus callosum. A					hippocampus. B
7		5		Paraterminal		gyrus.	Gyrus paraterminalis.	22	Crus of fornix. Crus. The posterior limb of the
				Convolution on the medial surface below the					fornix that arises from the hippocampus as the
8				rostrum and in front of the laminal terminalis. A					hippocampal fimbria, circles around the pulvi-
8				rostrum and in front of the laminal terminalis. A					nar and unites with the contralateral limb to
		6		Corpus	callosum. Massive transverse fibers				nar and unites with the contralateral limb to
		6		Corpus	callosum. Massive transverse fibers				form the body of the fornix. B
9				connecting the right and left hemispheres at the					form the body of the fornix. B
				connecting the right and left hemispheres at the				23	Body of fornix. Corpus. Unparied middle part of
				base of the longitudinal fissure of the cerebrum.				23	Body of fornix. Corpus. Unparied middle part of
				base of the longitudinal fissure of the cerebrum.					fornix situated below the corpus callosum and
				A B C					fornix situated below the corpus callosum and
10				A B C					formed by the union of both crura. B
10			7 Splenium. Thick, free posterior end of the cor-						formed by the union of both crura. B
			7 Splenium. Thick, free posterior end of the cor-					24 Tenia. Taenia. Thin, lateral margin of the fornix
				pus callosum. B				24 Tenia. Taenia. Thin, lateral margin of the fornix
11				pus callosum. B					that gives attachment to the choroid plexus of
			8 Trunk. Truncus. Portion of corpus callosum be-						that gives attachment to the choroid plexus of
									the lateral ventricle. B
									the lateral ventricle. B
12				tween the splenium and genu. B				25 Column. Columna. Anterior part of the fornix lo-
		9		Genu. Bend in the corpus callosum located ante-				25 Column. Columna. Anterior part of the fornix lo-
		9		Genu. Bend in the corpus callosum located ante-					cated partly in the lateral wall of the 3rd ven-
13				riorly above the rostrum. B					tricle. It extends as far as the mamillary body. B
13		10		Rostrum. Anterior end of corpus callosum that				26 Commissure. Commissura. Triangular connect-
				tapers inferiorly to a point where it joins the					ing plate situated between the crura of the for-
14				lamina terminalis. B					nix below the posterior part of the corpus callo-
14		11		Radiation of		corpus	callosum. Radiatio cor-		sum. It contains fibers crossing from the hippo-
		11		Radiation of		corpus	callosum. Radiatio cor-		sum. It contains fibers crossing from the hippo-
15				poris callosi. Fibers radiating from the corpus					campal fimbriae of both sides. B
				poris callosi. Fibers radiating from the corpus
				callosum to the cerebral cortex. A D				27	Septum pellucidum (lucidum). Bilayered, thin
		12		Forceps	minor. Forceps frontalis (minor). U-				plate extending between the corpus callosum
16		12		Forceps	minor. Forceps frontalis (minor). U-				and fornix. It separates the anterior horns of the
				shaped fibers passing through the genu of the					and fornix. It separates the anterior horns of the
				shaped fibers passing through the genu of the					lateral ventricles from one another. B
				corpus callosum and connecting the frontal					lateral ventricles from one another. B
								28 Cavity of septum pellucidum. Cavum septi pel-

17				lobes. D
17	13			Forceps major. Forceps occipitalis (major). U-					lucidi. Enclosed cavity of variable size between
									lucidi. Enclosed cavity of variable size between
									the two laminae of the septum pellucidum. B
				shaped fibers passing through the splenium of
18
								29	Lamina of septum pellucidum. Lamina septi
				the corpus callosum and connecting the poste-				29	Lamina of septum pellucidum. Lamina septi
				rior parts of the occipital lobes. D					pellucidi. Paired sheet forming the septum pel-
19	14			Tapetum. Continuous layer of fibers arching					lucidum and the lateral wall of its cavity. B
19	14			Tapetum. Continuous layer of fibers arching				30	Precommissural septum. Septum precommis-
				laterally and inferiorly from the corpus callosum
				laterally and inferiorly from the corpus callosum
20				and forming the lateral wall of the inferior and					surale. Area on the free medial surface of the
20				posterior horns of the lateral ventricle as well as					frontal lobe in front of the lamina terminalis.
				posterior horns of the lateral ventricle as well as					frontal lobe in front of the lamina terminalis.
				the roof of the posterior horn. C

2115 Indusium griseum. Thin layer of gray matter on the superior surface of the corpus callosum. B C

2216 Medial longitudinal stria. Stria longitudinalis medialis. A medial longitudinal band of white

23fibers in the indusium griseum. It is part of the olfactory brain. B C

17 Lateral longitudinal stria. Stria longitudinalis

24lateralis. Paired longitudinal stripe embedded in the indusium griseum and covered laterally

25by the cingulate gyrus. It is part of the olfactory brain. B C

Brain 313

		11
11
	6
	20
4		6
4
4	5	19
2	4	11
	3	11
	3

ARadiation of corpus callosum and cingulum

929

C Tapetum

BFornix with crura and pellucid septum, obliquely from behind

D Major and minor forceps

314

Brain

Lateral ventricle. Ventriculus lateralis. Paired

Collateral trigone. Trigonum collaterale.

ventricle which communicates with the third

Broadened triangular area near the beginning of

ventricle via the interventricular foramen. It

the collateral eminence at the border between

consists of the pars centralis and three horns

the inferior and posterior horns. C

(anterior, posterior, inferior). A

Hippocampus. Enlongated elevation in the infe-

Central part. Pars centralis. Middle portion of

rior horn formed by the hippocampal sulcus. It is

lateral ventricle located above the thalamus and

a specifically structured part of the rhinen-

below the corpus callosum. It contains a part of

cephalon. C

the choroid plexus. A

Pes. Foot like elevation at the anterior end of the

3 Interventricular

foramen.

Foramen inter-

hippocampus. C

ventriculare. Passage behind

and

below

the

Alveus. Thin layer of white matter on the hippo-

genu of the fornix through which the lateral and

campus. C

third ventricles communicate. D

Fimbria. Bundle of white fibers emanating from

Anterior horn. Cornu frontale (anterius). Part of

the alveus and passing medially and upward on

the lateral ventricle that extends forward from

the hippocampus to continue into the fornix as

the interventricular foramen. It is bounded me-

its crus. C

dially by the septum pellucidum, laterally by the

19 a

Sections of the telencephalon. Sectiones telen-

head of the caudate nucleus, superiorly by the

cephalici.

trunk of the corpus callosum, anteriorly and in-

Archicortex (archipallium). Archaecortex. Phy-

feriorly by the genu and rostrum of the corpus

callosum. A

logenetically speaking, this is an older part of

the cerebral cortex. Unlike the neocortex, it has

Posterior

horn. Cornu

occipitale

(posterius).

three instead of six layers and is formed by the

Part of the lateral ventricle that extends into the

hippocampus and dentate gyrus.

occipital lobe. A

Paleocortex. Palaeocortex. Oldest part of cere-

Inferior horn. Cornu temporale (inferius). Part

bral cortex originally derived from the piriform

of the lateral ventricle that accompanies the

lobe.

hippocampus laterally and contains a part of the

22 Neocortex. The largest part of the cerebral cor-

choroid plexus. A

tex comprised of six layers.

Stria terminalis. Longitudinal band of myeli-

22 a Mesocortex. Incompletely differentiated zone

nated fibers located in the angle between the

in the region of the insular cortex with visceral

thalamus

and

caudate

nucleus

above

the

functions.

thalamostriate vein. It arises from the amyg-

daloid body. B

148 Lamina affixa. Floor of lateral ventricle between the stria terminalis and tenia choroidea. B

159 Choroid fissure. Fissura choroidea. Cleft between the thalamus and fornix for passage of the choroid plexus into the lateral ventricle. In

16the inferior horn it lies between the fimbria of the hippocampus and the stria terminalis. B

1710 Tenia choroidea. Taenia choroidea. Line of attachment of the lateral choroid plexus to the thalamus. It becomes visible after removal of the

18choroid plexus. B

		11 Choroid plexus of lateral ventricle. Plexus
	19	choroideus ventriculi lateralis. Highly vascu-
		larized, fringelike villous folds that protrude
		into the lateral ventricle through the choroid fis-
	20	into the lateral ventricle through the choroid fis-
	20	sure. They extend anteriorly to the interventric-
		ular foramen and posteriorly into the inferior
		ular foramen and posteriorly into the inferior
	21	horn. B
	21	12 Bulb of posterior horn. Bulbus cornus occipi-

talis (posterioris). Enlargement on the medial

22side of the posterior horn caused by fibers of the splenium of the corpus callosum. C

2313 Calcar avis. Enlargement on the medial side of the posterior horn produced by the calcarine fissure. C

2414 Collateral eminence. Eminentia collateralis. Elevation in the lateral floor of the inferior horn

25near the hippocampus. It is caused by the collateral sulcus. C

									Brain 315

		1								1
		1
		2								2
										3
4										4
4										5
										5
										6
										7
						5				8
		6								9
										9
						Right and left lateral ventricles
					A	Right and left lateral ventricles				10
						with left caudate nucleus				10
						with left caudate nucleus				11
										11
7			9							12
7			9							12
8		11
				10		3				13
				10


										14
										15
								Interventricular foramen
			Thalamus with fornix				D	Interventricular foramen		16
										16

	B

										17
										17


										18


		12								19

		13								20
		15
		15								21
										21
		14

						19			16	22
						19			16	22
		16
		16								23
		17								23

			Left hippocampus						18	24
	C		Left hippocampus						18	24

316

Brain

Sections through telencephalon. Sectiones tel-

Superior

longitudinal

fasciculus. Fasciculus

encephali.

longitudinalis superior. Largest bundle of asso-

2 Cerebral cortex. Cortex cerebralis (pallium).

ciation fibers in the cerebrum, extending from

the frontal lobe to the temporal lobe via the

Gray

matter,

1.5−4.5 mm

thick,

consisting

mainly of the following six layers. A

occipital lobe. E

Inferior

longitudinal

fasciculus.

Fasciculus

Molecular (plexiform) layer. 1st layer. Lamina

longitudinalis inferior. Bundle of

association

molecularis (plexiformis). It contains a few tan-

fibers connecting the temporal and occipital

gential cells and a thick network of tangential

lobes. E

fibers from dendrites of pyramidal cells and

Uncinate fasciculus. Fasciculus uncinatus. As-

axons of other cells. None of its projections ex-

sociation fibers connecting the inferior surface

tend beyond the cerebral cortex. A

of the frontal lobe and the anterior part of the

External granular layer. 2nd layer. Lamina

temporal lobe. E

granularis externa. A layer of small cells in a fine

Radiation of corpus callosum. Radiatio cor-

fiber network. A

poris callosi. Fibers connecting the right and left

External

pyramidal

layer

(pyramidal

cell

cerebral cortices. See also p. 312.11−14. C

layer). 3rd layer. Lamina pyramidalis externa. It

Basal nuclei. Nuclei basales. Basal ganglion.

contains medium-sized pyramidal cells which

21 Corpus striatum. The striate body, which is

do not form long tracts. A

comprised of basal ganglia (caudate nucleus and

Internal granular layer. 4th layer. Lamina granu-

putamen) united by bundles of gray matter.

laris interna. It consists predominantly of

Central synaptic station of the extrapyramidal

closely packed stellate cells and receives im-

system. D

pulses primarily from thalamocortical fibers. Its

Caudate nucleus. Nucleus caudatus. Elongated,

stria is comprised of densely stratified tangen-

arched nucleus that arises from the ganglionic

tial fibers. A

mass of the telencephalon and curves around

Internal pyramidal (ganglionic) layer. 5th layer.

the thalamus.

Lamina pyramidalis interna (ganglionaris). It

Head of caudate nucleus. Caput [[nuclei cau-

contains larger pyramidal cells and is the exit of

dati]]. Anteriorly situated structure that forms

the corticonuclear and corticospinal tracts in

the lateral wall of the anterior horn of the lateral

the corresponding regions of areas 4 and 6. A

ventricle. B D

Multiform (fusiform) layer. 6th

layer. Lamina

Body of caudate nucleus. Corpus [[nuclei cau-

multiformis. Poorly defined layer made up of

dati]]. Middle part of caudate nucleus lying on

the thalamus. B D

many, mostly small, fusiform cells extending

Tail of caudate nucleus. Cauda [[nuclei cau-

into the white matter. A

Tangential fibers. Neurofibrae tangentiales. Su-

dati]]. It accompanies the inferior horn and

forms the tapering posterior and inferior seg-

perficial fiber complex comprised of the follow-

ments of the caudate nucleus. D

ing four layers.

26 Lentiform nucleus. Nucleus lentiformis (lentic-

Stria of molecular layer. Stria laminae

ularis). Part of the corpus striatum that arises

molecularis (plexiformis). Band of tangential

from the telencephalon and diencephalon. D

fibers in the 1st layer of the cerebral cortex. A

Putamen. Lateral, telencephalic portion of the

Stria of external granular layer. Stria laminae

lentiform nucleus. B

granularis externa. Thinner band of tangential

Lateral medullary lamina. Lamina medullaris

fibers in the 2nd layer of the cerebral cortex. A

lateralis. Medullary layer of the corpus striatum

Stria of internal granular layer. Stria laminae

situated between the globus pallidus and puta-

men. B

granularis interna. Band of tangential fibers in

Lateral globus pallidus. Globus pallidus later-

the 4th layer of the cerebral cortex [[outer stripe

of Baillarger]]. A

alis. Part of the diencephalic globus pallidus lo-

Stria

internal

pyramidal

layer.

Stria

cated between the lateral and medial medullary

laminae. B

laminae pyramidalis interna (ganglionaris).

Medial medullary lamina. Lamina medullaris

Band of tangential fibers in the 5th layer of the

cerebral cortex [[inner stripe of Baillarger]]. A

medialis. Medullary layer between the medial

and lateral parts of the globus pallidus. B

14 Arcuate fibers of cerebrum. Fibrae arcuatae

Medial globus pallidus. Globus pallidus medi-

cerebri. Arcuate fibers connecting the adjacent

alis. Part of the globus pallidus located medial to

cerebral gyri. F

the medial medullary lamina. B

Cingulum. Fiber bundle lying in the medulla of

Claustrum. Layer of gray matter between the

the cingulate gyrus. It arises from the area sub-

lentiform nucleus and the insular cortex. B

callosa, arches

around the

corpus

callosum,

25passes the splenium and extends anteriorly up to the uncus. C

Brain 317

310

4		3
11		3
11
	23

5	32	27	2931
	32	27

24	4
24
312927	5
312927	32
	6

		6	12				30	28
							30	28	7


					Horizontal and frontal
		7		B
				B					8
			13		sections of the brain				8

									9
									9


							19		10
							19
		8
		8			15				11
					15				11
					19

								19	12
									12


									13


									14


									15
A	Cerebral cortex			C	Radiation of corpus				15


	Cells at left				callosum and cingulum				16
	Medullary sheaths at right								16
	Medullary sheaths at right
								16
								16	17


									18


		24							19
					18

23		21						17	20
								17	20

		26
									21
						E	Association pathways
						E	Association pathways


			25						22


							14		23


									24
D	Lateral ventricle					F	Arcuate fibers		24
D	Lateral ventricle
	with left striate body

318 Brain

1	Amygdaloid body (amygdala). Corpus amyg-
1	daloideum. Ovoid group of nuclei in front of the in-

ferior horn of the lateral ventricle that communi-

2cates with the medial cerebral cortex. It forms part of the rhinencephalon, has some autonomic functions, and influences emotional behavior. D

32 Anterior amygdaloid area. Area amygdaloidea

anterior. Anterior group of cells directed toward the anterior perforated substance. It receives 4 fibers from the lateral olfactory tract. The diago-

nal band of Broca arises from this area. D

53 Basolateral part. Pars basolateralis. In humans,

it contains the largest group of nuclei of the amygdala complex. It receives no olfactory fibers 6 but has projections to the hypothalamus, hippocampus and other parts of the brain, as well as

	7	with the stria terminalis. D
	7	Corticomedial part. Pars corticomedialis [olfac-
	4	Corticomedial part. Pars corticomedialis [olfac-

toria]. Smaller superomedially directed group of

8nuclei that receives fibers from the olfactory tract and is involved in the formation of the stria ter-

9		minalis. D
9	5 Extreme capsule. Capsula extrema. White matter
	5 Extreme capsule. Capsula extrema. White matter
		between the cortex of the insula and the
10		between the cortex of the insula and the
10		claustrum. A B
	6 External capsule. Capsula externa. White matter
	6 External capsule. Capsula externa. White matter
11		between the claustrum and lentiform nucleus. A B
11	7 Internal capsule. Capsula interna. Very important
	7 Internal capsule. Capsula interna. Very important
		conduction band lying medial to the lentiform nu-
12		conduction band lying medial to the lentiform nu-
12		cleus and lateral to the thalamus and caudate nu-
		cleus. A
		cleus. A
13	8 Anterior limb of internal capsule. Crus anterius
13		capsulae internae. Structure lying between the
		capsulae internae. Structure lying between the
		lentiform nucleus and the head of the caudate nu-
14	9	cleus. A
		Anterior thalamic radiations. Radiationes
		Anterior thalamic radiations. Radiationes
15		thalamicae anteriores. It contains fibers that con-
15		nect the frontal lobe and the medial nucleus of the
		thalamus, as well as the anterior nucleus of the
16		thalamus and the anterior region of the cingulate
		gyrus. B

10 Frontopontine tract. Tractus frontopontinus.

17Fibers extending from the frontal lobe to the nuclei of the pons. B

1811 Genu of internal capsule. Genu capsulae internae.

It lies between the anterior and posterior limbs of the internal capsule and forms part of the lateral wall of the ventricular system. A B

12 Corticonuclear tract. Tractus corticonuclearis.

20Part of the pyramidal tract passing into the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves. B

13 Posterior limb of internal capsule. Crus posterius

21capsulae internae. The part of the internal capsule that separates the lentiform nucleus from the

2214 thalamus and body of caudate nucleus. AThalamolentiform part. Pars thalamolenti-

formis. Portion of the posterior limb of the internal

23capsule that extends up to the posterior margin of the lentiform nucleus. B

15 Corticospinal fibers. Fibrae corticospinales. Part of

24the pyramidal tract that is organized somatotopically in such a way that the fibers for the most

25caudal region of the body lie farthest toward the occiput. B

16Corticorubral fibers. Fibrae corticorubrales. Fibers extending from the frontal lobe to the red nucleus. B

17Corticoreticular fibers. Fibrae corticoreticulares. Fibers passing from the region in front of and behind the central sulcus to the reticular formation. B

18Corticothalamic fibers. Fibrae corticothalamicae. Part of the thalamic radiation in the thalamus. B

19Thalamoparietal fibers. Fibrae thalamoparietales. Nerve fibers that project from the cerebral cortex to the thalamus. B

20Central thalamic radiations. Radiationes thalamicae centrales. Nerve fibers that radiate from the superior portion of the cerebral cortex to the thalamus. B See also p. 302.2.

21Sublentiform part. Pars sublentiformis. Portion of internal capsule lying below the posterior part of the lentiform nucleus. A B

22Optic radiation [[Gratioleti]]. Radiatio optica. Fiber tract that radiates from the lateral geniculate body to the area striata in the occipital lobe. A B

23Acoustic radiation. Radiatio acustica. Auditory tract that radiates from the medial geniculate body to the transverse temporal gyrus [[Heschl]]. A B

24Corticotectal fibers. Fibrae corticotectales. Connecting fibers between the cerebral cortex and the tectum. B

25Temporopontine fibers. Fibrae temporopontinae. Fibers of the cerebropontocerebellar tract that arise from the temporal lobe. B

26Retrolentiform part. Pars retrolentiformis. Portion of internal capsule situated occipital to the lentiform nucleus. A B

27Posterior thalamic radiations. Radiationes thalamicae posteriores. B

28Parieto-occipitopontine fasciculus. Fasciculus parieto-occipitopontinus. Portion of cerebropontocerebellar tract arising from the parietal and occipital lobes. B

29Corona radiata. Fibers of the internal capsule radiating fanlike in all directions toward the cerebral cortex. A

30Anterior commissure. Commisura anterior. It lies in front of the column of the fornix and is readily visible in the anterior wall of the third ventricle. A C

31Anterior part. Pars anterior. It radiates into the area subcallosa and is part of the phylogenetic rhinencephalon. C

32Posterior part. Pars posterior. Larger portion of anterior commisure that connects the two temporal lobes. C

33Association neurofibers. Neurofibrae associationes. Association fibers connecting adjacent or distant parts of the same side of the cerebrum. They form some of the above-named tracts, e. g., cingulum, superior longitudinal fasciculus, etc.

34Commissural neurofibers. Neurofibrae commissurales. They connect equivalent structures of contralateral hemispheres.

35Projecting neurofibers. Neurofibrae projectiones. They form the longer tracts, e. g., pyramidal tract, optic and acoustic radiations, thalamic radiation.

Brain 319

AFrontal and stepped horizontal cut through cerebrum

910

		12
5
	15	11
16;17
6
21	18
	19	14
23	20	14
23	20
24
25
28	26
27	B	Internal capsule
22	B	Internal capsule
22

	30		3
			3
6	8

		29	4
	11		4
	11

	13	7	5
23 26		6

			6
		5	6

22			7

		21


			8
			8


			9


			10


			11


			12
30

			13


31			14
31

	32	15
	32

		16


		17
C	Fornix with anterior commissure of cerebrum	17
C	Fornix with anterior commissure of cerebrum

		18


		19

4	2	20
4		20

		21

D Amygdaloid body

<<< < Предыдущая 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1213 / 1913 14 15 16 17 18 19 > Следующая >>>

Соседние файлы в предмете Нормальная анатомия

#
15.02.201628.34 Кб37anatomiya.docx
#
15.02.201639.53 Mб67Anatomiya_Matischuk-Vatseba.Doc
#
15.02.201612.18 Mб323ATLAS Feneis, Daubner - Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy.pdf