23. Pronoun

Classification of the pronouns. is a part of speech which points out objects and their qualities without naming them. Therefore, the pronoun possesses a highly generalized meaning that seldom materializes outside of the context. The semantic classification of pronouns includes such subclasses as personal, possessive, demonstrative, interrogative, reciprocal, relative, indefinite, negative, conjunctive, defining and reflexive pronouns. The deictic, or indicatory, function of the pronoun is inherent in many subclasses except, maybe, interrogative, indefinite and negative. The anaphoric function, or the function of connecting with the preceding sentence or clause, is characteristic of relative and conjunctive pronouns though it may be occasionally performed by the other subclasses. Syntactic peculiarities of pronouns are accounted for by the fact that the pronoun is very close in its syntactic functions to those of the noun and the adjective. Hence, the main functions it performs are the ones of the subject, the predicative, the object, and the attribute. The pronoun seems to have the grammatical categories of person, gender (personal and possessive pronouns), case (personal, and the relative and interrogative WHO – the nominative and objective cases; indefinite, reciprocal and negative – the common and genitive cases) and number (demonstrative, and the defining OTHER).

24. Prepositions

General notion of the prepositions. is part of speech which denotes the relations between object and phenomena. It shows the relations between a verb, another noun, an adjective and sometimes an adverb. Usually the prepositions are not stressed and stands before the word it refers to. E g. Desert moved quickly to the windows. As to their morphological structure prepositions fall under following groups: To simple preposition consists of a single monosyllabic word, as a: in, on, at, with, for, from like, since, till, of, off, up. Derivative or compound preposition consists of two or more syllables and is usually made up of two or more words or is formed by prefixing and suffixing as: behind, below, across, along, around, inside, outside, within, without, into, despite, after, under, outside, except, over, until, upon, about. A participial preposition is a participial form used with the force of a preposition rather than with the force of an adjective, gerund, or verbal noun as: barring, concerning, during, saving, accepting, past, providing, respecting, notwithstanding, regarding, providing, touching. A phrasal preposition is a group of two or more words that may be used as a unit preposition and is at the same lime capable of being resolved into its constituent parts as: according to. as to, because of, by means of, for the sake of, in consequence of, in reference to, in regard to, in respect to with a view to, due to, laugh at and stand by. According to their meaning prepositions may be divided into prepositions of place and direction (in. on. below, under, between, etc), time (after, before, at, etc), prepositions expressing abstract relations (by. with, because of. with a view to, etc.).