2. The Articulatory Classification of English Consonants.

An indispensable constituent of a cons in noise is an obstruction .There are the following types of obstruction in the production of consonants:1. complete occlusion /closure/,/преграда/ 2. constriction /norrowing/- щель- constrictive –щелевый 3.occlusion- constriction –смычка-щель (clause immediately followed by a constriction).

The noise produced by the removed of closure is that of a plosion , the noise resulting from the movement of the air stream in the narrowing is that of friction (шум,трения, фрикация). The two effects are combined when closure is followed by a narrowing.

1. According to the type of obstruction and the manner of the production of noise, English Consonants are classified in the following way:

1. Occlusives - (cмычные) : stops (plosives) /p,b,t,d,k,g,/ and nasal sonants / m,n,n,/

2. Constrictives –(щелевые ) fricatives and oral sonants : Fricatives : unicentral and bicentral. Unicentral: /f,v,Ө,s,z/ and bicentral /3, Ϩ/. Oral sonants: medial and laterial. Medial /j,r,w/ and Larerial /1/.

3. Occlusive –Constrictive /Affricates/ ,/tϨ, d3 /

Obstructions may be formed either by 2 active speech organs or by one active speech organ (articulator) and passive organ of speech (point or place of articulation).

2. According to the active speech organ which forms an obstruction , English consonants are classed into:

a) Labial : bilabial and labio-dental, . Bilabial: /p,b,m,w/ and Labio-dental:/v,f/

b) Lingual: forelingual,medio-lingual and backlingual. Forelingual: apical and cacuminal. Apical:/t,d,n,s,z, Ө / and Cocuminal /r/. Medio-lingual /j/. Backlingual /k,g,n/.

c) Phatyngeal /h/ фаринкс – жуткыншакта пайда болатын дыбыс

3. According to the place of obstruction , consonants are classified into dental / Ө ,Ϡ/ alveolar /t,d,n,1,s,z/, post—alveolar /r/ , palatal /j/, palato- alveolar /3,Ϩ, tϨ, d3 / velar /n,k,g/

4.According to the presence or absence of voice ,English Consonants are subdivided into voiced /b,d,g,v,z,3, d3 / and voiceless /p,t,k,f,s, tϨ, Ө/.

5. According to the force of articulation English Consonants are classified as lenis and fortis . In the articulation of English voiced consonants the muscular tension is weak-lenis articulation. In the articulation of English voiceless consonants the muscular tension is strong-fortis articulation.

6.According to the position of the soft palate ,English Consonants are subdivided into oral /p,b,t,d,k,g,f,v,s,z, Ө ,Ϡ, tϨ, d3,w,l,r,j / and nasal /n,n,m / .

References:

1 Г.П.Торсуев .Фонетика английского языка. м 1950

2. А.Л. Трахтеров. Лекции по теоретическому курсу фонетики английского языка м. 1955

3. V.A.Vassiliyev. English Phonetics. Moscow ,1970

4. Г.П.Торсуев. Указ.раб.

5.D.Jones. An Outline of English Phonetics. Cambridge/1960

38