International Trade

Trading with other countries is not the same as trading within one's own country. At home a company or a bank is familiar with its own people, laws and business practices. Abroad the picture becomes a complex one. Each country is different and therefore is said to carry different risks. Political risks, for example, relative to such varied factors as treaties, war, import quotas, and Foreign exchange restric­tions.

Commercial risks, also to be found at home, may increase abroad because business practices in the foreign country may differ or because the foreign country may be in a weaker economic position than of the exporter's country. Trading abroad is also a risk because the seller usually does not know the buyer. Time and distance are factors that may create problems in сcommunications and in the salability of goods, especially those which are perishable.

Language barriers, differences in laws, and exchange rate fluctuations all add to a company's problems. Banks that finance world trade are guided in the same way as exporters. They take a very close look at each country they become involved with. They rate each country according to its overall country risk, which incompasses all the factors mentioned above.

5. Выберите правильный ответ по содержанию текста.

Тест по тексту.

5.1 Why does international trade carry more risks than domestic trade?

a) each country is different

b) trading with all countries is the same

c) companies are familiar with the people

5.2 What are the political risks?

a) economic position

b) goods

c) treaties, war, import quotas

5.3 What are the commercial risks?

a) foreign exchange restrictions

b) war

c) economic position

5.4 What are the additional company’s problems?

a) differences in laws

b) customers

c) managers

5.5 What are the banks that finance world trade guided by?

a) buyers

b) exporters

c) sellers

II вариант

1. выберите правильный ответ в соответствии с видовременной формой глагола и залога. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.1 The buyer’s request for offers…as a basic for negotiations.

a) will serve

b) is served

c) serves

1.2 The buyer…whether he wishes to purchase with reference to a “flat price”

a) will state

b) stated

c) has stated

1.3 After buyer and seller…to the purchase, a detailed contract is issued usually by the seller.

a) are agreed

b) agreeds

c) have agreed

1.4 They ….the goods at a low price.

a) were offered

b) offered

c) had offered

1.5 The time of shipment…upon later.

a) will agree

b)will be agreed

c) agrees

2. Выберите соответствующий модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

2.1 The consumer….keep buying the goods that the manufacturers turn out.

a) could

b) must

c) may

2.2 Since the cragsmen…not always travel with their goods, the needed merchants who could sell the wares to strangers.

a) have to

b) could

c) was to

2.3 We shall…discuss the terms of the contract next week.

a) should

b) needs

c) be able to

2.4 We didn’t ….let the buyer know about the ship’s departure.

a) needs

b) ought to

c) had to

3.Вберите и переведите на русский язык предложения, содержащие неличные формы глагола: Participle I(причастие настоящего времени), Participle II(причастие прошедшего времени).

3.1 The accountant was asked to check the invoice.

3.2The fulfillment of the contract affected by different circumstances is very complex.

3.3 U.S. barley production normally exceeds total U.S. demand resulting in the availability of additional stocks for the export market.

3.4 Signing the agreement we were sure to obtain good results.

3.5Both seller and buyer try to protect themselves against possible risks by signing a contract.

4 . Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.

Draft

A draft or bill of exchange is a negotiable instrument containing an order to pay. The seller, who is requesting payment, is called the «drawer» and the buyer, who is responsible for paying the draft, is called the «drawee». In order to be negotiable, such instruments:

1. Must be in writing and signed by the drawer;

2. Must contain an unconditional promise or order to pay a certain sum of money;

3. Must be payable on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time;

4. Must be payable to order or to bearer;

5. Must name the drawee or otherwise indicate the drawee therein with reasonable certainty.

Drafts can be drawn payable upon demand and are called either г sight or demand draft. Drafts also- may be time drafts, which art payable at a later date. This date may be expressed as a number of days after sight (for example, 90 days after sight) or a number of day; after acceptance by the buyer (for example, 180 days after accept ance). Other possibilities are drafts drawn for payment after some document date (for example, 60 days after the bills of lading date), or at an agreed upon future date such as January 7, 1990, or in a fixed period such as 90 days after date of the draft. The draft covering the export of grain from the United States is generally expressed in U.S. dollars but may also be expressed in foreign currencies. The draf may be payable either to the. drawer or seller but more often it is; payable to the seller's bank.

5. Выберите правильный ответ по содержании текста.

Тест по тексту.

5.1 What is the draft used for?

a) negotiations

b)payment

c) selling

5.2 What are the instruments to be negotiable?

a) must be in writing and signed by the drawer

b) must contain a conditional promise

c) must be unpayble on demand

5.3 What are the types of drafts?

a) unpayable

b) payable

c)demand

5.4 Why is the draft generally expressed in U.S. dollars?

a)When the export from Russia

b) When the export from other countries

c) When the export from the U.S.A

5.5 Whom is the draft payable more often?

a) to the drawer

b) to the seller’s

c) to the seller

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