- •1. Stylistic resources of English and Ukrainian Word-building
- •Conclusion
- •2. Morphological Expressive means and stylistic devices
- •3. The Noun
- •3.1. Transposition of lexico-grammatical classes of nouns as stylistic device
- •3.2. Stylistic devices based on the meaning of the category of number
- •3.3. Stylistic devices based on the meaning of the category of case
- •3.4. Stylistic potential of the category of gender.
- •4. The Article. Stylistic functions of English articles
- •5. The Adjective. Degrees of comparison of adjectives as stylistic device
- •6. The pronoun. Stylistic functions of pronoun
- •7. The Verb.
- •7.1. Stylistic resources of tense and aspect in English and Ukrainian
- •7.2. Stylistic potential of the category of mood
- •Conclusion
Conclusion
Each sphere of communication is characterized by the employment of words created according to certain word-building patterns. For example the Ukrainian folk discourse is the domain of the prolific usage of most of the above-mentioned word-building patterns, which mirrors the slightest subtleties of human emotions. Due to its rich expressive potential word-building when applied in belle-letters style is an indispensable tool to impact the reader, to evoke his/her aesthetic associations, to amplify the imagery structure of the text. Emotional and expressive word-building patterns are widely used in every day speech and have become the characteristic feature of colloquial style.
2. Morphological Expressive means and stylistic devices
Numerous grammatical categories of English and Ukrainian have only denotative meaning; they are devoid of any connotations. Thus out of context they cannot be qualified as stylistically marked, they do not possess any emotional or expressive value. Stylistic potential of morphological units (i.e. their ability to perform certain stylistic function, to create certain emotional effect, to obtain expressive value) depends on their categorical meaning, distribution in texts of different styles and genres and contextual environment.
Different grammatical categories can acquire stylistic value in case of intentional violation of the rules of morphemic valency and distribution or grammatical transposition of parts of speech belonging to different lexico-grammatical classes.
3. The Noun
3.1. Transposition of lexico-grammatical classes of nouns as stylistic device
Noun is characterized in English and Ukrainian by a common lexico-grammatical nature of substantivity. This meaning finds its realization in two main paradigmatic classes: concrete nouns and proper names. Each of these two main classes of nouns is subcategorized in English and Ukrainian into several minor groups, such as concrete, abstract, collective nouns, names of materials, class nouns, names, nicknames, family names, geographical names, etc.
A specific stylistic effect can be achieved by repetition of one and the same word within the stylistically neutral syntactic structure “N be N” or when one member of this structure is substituted for a word that belongs to different lexico-semantic class:
e.g. Let’s compare
(1) After all three hundred pounds is three hundred pounds (A. Christie).
(2)Phyllis was the key to the problem (G. Cary).
Various expressive connotations occur as a result of transposition of adjectives into nouns (a), transposition of abstract nouns into common one or into nouns that denote person (b), transposition of proper nouns into common ones (c):
(1) listen, my sweet; (2) come on, lovely; (3) The devil artist who had staggered it (the battle) was a master in comparison with what all the other artists of sublime and terrible were babies (J. Aldington); (4) троянди й виноград – красиве і корисне
(1) the chubby little eccentricity – the chubby little child; (2) he is the disgrace to his family - he is a disgraceful son; (3) the old oddity – an odd old person; (4) you are a little horror – a little horrid girl; (5) сама доброта; (6) міс чарівність тощо.
(1)У її творчості живе напружений сучасний світ, Схід і Захід, і тому вона може сказати про себе:”Я стою між Ньютоном і Калідасою (з журн.).
The structures under consideration are always charged with emotiveness and expressiveness and reflect speaker’s positive or negative attitude towards the object described.
Specific stylistic function resides in Ukrainian proper nouns created at the beginning of XXth century to name children Поема, Ера, Революція even Анархія and Утопія. These names are an authentic source for humour and satire. Similar stylistic effect can be achieved as a result of transference of abstract Ukrainian nouns ending on –ство, -ння, - ість which are common in scientific writing into other functional styles:
Колеги, ні для кого не секрет, що наша перукарня на сьогоднішній день плану не виконує. У нас дуже відстає пострижуваність, кульгає поголюваність, різко знижується одеколонна обприскуваність. То ж з’ясуймо, колеги, чому у нас така відставаність ( з газети).
Underlined coinages not only create humoristic effect of the utterance but they also reflect speaker’s disability to use live and natural language forms instead of substituting them with clichés.
Besides general lexico-grammatical meaning, nouns possess grammatical category of number and case. These meanings can also be used for stylistic objectives.