- •The participle
- •Grammatical categories of participle I
- •Participle I and gerund compared
- •Participle I as attribute
- •Participle I as an adverbial modifier
- •Verbs of motion: to come, to enter, to arrive, to turn, to leave
- •Verbs of sense perception: to see, to hear to find
- •Part 2
- •Participle I as part of complex object
- •Verbs of sense perception
- •2. Verbs of causative meaning (побудительное значение)
- •Verbs of wishes and emotions
- •To want to like
- •Participle I as predicative
- •Participle I as part of a compound verbal predicate (Complex Subject)
- •Participle II
- •Participle II as attribute
- •Participle II as an adverbial modifier
- •Attributive clauses
- •Adverbial clauses of time
- •Adverbial clauses of reason
- •Participle II as part of complex object
- •Participle II as part of a compound verbal predicate (Complex Subject)
- •Participle II as a predicative
- •Participles as parenthesis
- •Participial constructions
- •Misrelated participles
The participle
Piloting 2007-2008
PARTICIPLE
Participle I Participle II
verbal + adjectival + adverbial features verbal + adjectival features
Seeing Petra, David smiled. That was the main question asked.
PARTICIPLE I
Verbal features |
Adjectival features |
Adverbial features |
Having eaten (how?) hurriedly, John sat down to business. |
Function as an attribute,
|
Function as an adverbial modifier, Having parked his car, David looked at his watch. (adv. mod of time) |
Grammatical categories of participle I
Correlation/Voice |
Active |
Passive |
Non-Perfect |
|
|
Perfect |
|
|
Notes:
Though participle I and gerund coincide in form, they differ in functions.
Non-perfect participle may denote a second action that follows immediately after the first one, forming its part or being its result,
e.g. Steven fell from the stairs, hurting his knee. The secretary left, carefully closing the door behind her.
Participle I and gerund compared
CHARACTERISTICS |
PARTICIPLE I |
GERUND |
1. Grammatical categories of voice and correlation (coincide) |
taking / being taken having taken / having been taken |
taking / being taken having taken / having been taken |
2. The function of subject |
----- |
Seeing is believing |
3. Part of simple verbal predicate |
The managers are still discussing this problem. |
----- |
4. The function of predicative |
The story is amusing. She remained standing. |
Peter’s hobby is fishing. Their aim was winning at all costs. |
5. Part of a compound verbal aspect predicate |
------ |
As the teacher came into the classroom everybody stopped talking. |
6. The function of object |
------ |
I appreciate your helping me. |
7. The function of attribute |
Let sleeping dogs lie. |
There was a danger of catching a cold. (always preceded by a preposition) |
8. The function of an adverbial modifier |
|
|
9. Use of prepositions before the verbal |
------ |
|
10. Use of conjunctions (difficult to distinguish) |
When reading Stuart always uses glasses. |
For Sandra it was worse knowing the truth than being in the dark. |
11. Modified by a noun in the possessive case or a pronoun |
------ |
Do you mind my closing the window? Are there any objections to Peter’s seeing her? |
12. Modified by an adverb |
Reading hurriedly John didn’t notice several facts. |
John enjoys reading slowly and thoroughly. |
13. Part of Complex Object |
Jeff saw the girl skating in the rink. |
----- |
14. Part of Complex Subject |
She was heard playing the piano. |
----- |
15. Parenthesis |
|
----- |
TASK 1. Decide if the statements given below are true or false.
Participle I combines nominal, adjectival and verbal characteristics.
Participles have no category of mood.
Participle I and gerund coincide in form and in functions.
Participle I can be used as part of simple verbal predicate.
‘Being educated in Oxford, Brian had advantages over other candidates.’ The form of the Participle used in this sentence is perfect active.
Unlike gerund participle can be modified by an adverb.
‘Having been given the money the boy rushed to buy sweets.’ The form of the participle used in this sentence is perfect passive.
Like gerund participle I can be preceded and followed by prepositions.
Like gerund participle I can be used in the function of the subject.
‘Paul remembered posting the letter.’ The form of the participle used in this sentence is non-perfect active.
TASK 2. Define the form of the participle I in the sentences below. Use the following abbreviations:
NPA –non-perfect active
NPP – non-perfect passive
PA – perfect active
PP – perfect passive
Taking his place, Den looked at his watch and frowned.
Having eaten their cold breakfast, the Kellogans busied themselves with their errands.
Jane, having slammed the door of her bedroom, stood waiting for Tom to knock on it.
Patrick was not very good at gardening, having been brought up in the family of city dwellers.
Having accused Jill of lying Peter got ashamed of himself.
Grandpa got worse; he even did not grumble but lay in his bed, being read to, very often indifferent to all that was happening around.
Having heard the verdict, Mary Stuart didn’t shed a single tear in the presence of her judges.
Two little boys carrying kites stopped in front of the ice-cream vendor.
Josh always speaks like a man having his own opinion of everything and everyone.
Poirot and I behaved in the customary fashion of people being shown over houses.
Having got what he wanted, Stuart took his hat and went away.
Being asked what he thought about the merger negotiations, the president of the company called the development positive.
Having been examined by the family doctor, the child was taken to hospital.
Having known Dorothy since school, I have never heard anyone speak about her without respect.
The boat was found in the middle of the river having been carried away by the current.