Unit 9- Money

Money is always looking for places where it will be most profitable and a earn the greatest return on investment . As an individual you can put your money on deposit in a bank you will get interest .Your money is lent out to people, business and governments who need it to finance their own projects and the bank will make its money on the difference between what it pays out in interest on deposits and what it gets in interest from its loans. If you want to live more dangerously you could buy some bonds and you will get your interest payments . The dividends will be more than what you would get from bonds , and the shares themselves will increase in value , giving you a capital again if you sell them. But if the company goes bankrupt , you will lose your money . Most investors are not private individuals but institutions like banks , insurance companies , mutual funds and pension funds who may be investing the money of private individuals indirectly . The markets they invest in include the money and currency markets , stock markets for shares , commodities markets for anything from gold to park bellies and property.As a store of value, money acts as a way to maintain the value of accumulated wealth until it is needed to purchase good or services .Money must be acceptable , divisible , durable , portable , stable in value , and difficult to counterfeit . All money has these characteristics:1)Acceptability is probably the most important characteristic of money . Money mush be readily acceptable as payment for goods and services and for the settlement of debts .2) Divisibility . Money must be easily divisible into small units of value in order to facilitate exchange .3)Portability . It must be possible to carry money easily for it to function as a medium of exchange . 4)Durability . Money must be durable . Because of continuous use , money must be able to retain its original qualities over a long period of time and through much handling.

5) Stability . Money much be stable and maintain its declared face value . 6)Difficult to counterfeit . Money must be difficult to counterfeit , or duplicate illegally. People will lose confidence in and stop using a currency if it can be counterfeited easily .Every country takes some steps to make counterfeiting difficult .Some countries use highly colored money ;others use specially watermarked paper that is difficult to duplicate . For paper money can uses special paper containing silk threads or metallic filament .

Unit 11- Change

OC is about this whole process, from defining the change through to making it happen. Main questions are why do we need? Who is or should be involved? What needs to change?How are we going to change? There are many popular methods of organizational changing. Downsizing the most frequently met. Downs-g is reduction of the size of the company by making stuff redundant. Another trend is re-engineering, the idea that an organisation should not change incrementally, but should start again from scratch. This process is named business process re-engineering or BPR.OC is one of the most important fields in management today. The key points are that only people can initiate change and that change can only happen through people. People are at the heart of organization and of the change. But any time people resist change. Resistance to change is the most natural of human reactions and is based on uncertainty and it`s based on fear-fear of loosing your job, fear of perhaps not being able to cope with a new situation. All of those are very natural reactions and the way to manage resistance is not to completely ignore it but actually to manage it as if it were natural