Graphical rules (diphthongs)

Learn the following graphical rules:

• Vowel / eı / is represented in spelling by:

1. The letter “a” in open syllables (take)

2. The diagraphs “ai”, “ay”, “ea” (main, may, break)

3. “ei”, “ey” (veil, grey)

4. “ei”+g(h) (eight)

5. “a” followed by “ng(e), st(e)” (change, haste)

Irregular Readings: key/ki:/, height /haıt/

Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings. Learn them:

1. Make hay, while the sun shines.

2. Make haste slowly.

3. Haste makes waste.

4. No gains without some pains.

Learn the following graphical rules:

• Vowel / aı / is represented in spelling by:

1. The letters “i” and “y” in stressed open syllables. (tie, my)

2. The diagraph “igh” + “t” (light), “ign” (sign)

3. “i” + “ld, nd” (kind, child)

4. “uy” (buy)

Rare Spellings: either, neither, height.

Irregular Readings: wind /wind/, city, pity.

1. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings. Learn them:

1. Out of sight out of mind.

2. Neither here, nor there.

3. Great minds think alike.

Learn the following graphical rules:

• Vowel / oı / is represented in spelling by:

1. The diagraphs “oi”, “oy” (oil, toy)

2. Irregular Readings: tortoise

Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs. Learn them.

1.The voice of one man is the voice of no one.

2. Loyal is as loyal does.

Learn the following graphical rules:

• Vowel / aυ / is represented in spelling by:

The diagraphs “ou”, “ow” (out, town)

Rare Spellings: drought, bough, plough

Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings. Learn them:

1. A sound mind in a sound body.

2. Every cloud has a silver lining.

3. Actions speak louder than words.

4. To come out dry.

5. When angry, count a hundred.

Learn the following graphical rules:

• Vowel / әυ / is represented in spelling by:

1. The letter “o” in open syllables (go, home)

2. “o” followed by “ll, ld, st” (roll, old, most)

3. “o” in word-final unstressed syllables (hero)

4. The diagraph “ow” (low, tomorrow)

5. The diagraph “oa” (boat)

Irregular Readings: now, how, cow, row (галас), brow, bow - /au/

Rare Spellings: shoulder, poultry, soul, owe, brooch, mould

2. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings. Learn them:

1. As you sow, so shall mow.

2. True love never grows old.

3. When at Rome do as the Romans do.

Vowel «e»

Learn the following graphical rules:

• Vowel / α: / is represented in spelling by:

1. The digraph “ar” (part)

2. “a” followed by ”ss, st, sk, sp, ft, t, th, lf, lm” (after, past, ask, grasp, after, father, tomato, half, calm)

3. “ance”, “anch” in words of French origin (France, glance, ranch)

4. “and” when stressed (demand)

Rare Spellings: aunt, draught, laugh, clerk, sergeant, heart, hearth, bazaar, drama, aria, tomato, garage, moustache, vase

• Vowel / ۸ / is represented in spelling by:

1. The letter “u” in stressed closed syllables (uncle)

2. “o” followed by “m, n, v, th” (come, son, love, mother)

3. The diagraph “ou” followed by “gh, bl(e), pl(e)” (tough, trouble, couple)

To memorise: “ou” + other consonants (country, courage, cousin, touch, young, southern)

Rare Spellings: blood, flood, worry

Irregular reading: stove

Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings.Learn them:

/ α: /

1. He laughs best, who laughs last.

2. After a storm comes a calm.

3. Each dog barks in his own yard.

4. Art is long, life is short.

/ ۸ /

1. So many countries, so many customs.

2. Don’t trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.

3. Love me, love my dog.

4. When two Sundays come together.

5. A storm in a tea cup.

6. A man is known by the company he keeps.

7. As snug as a bug in a rug.

8. As hungry as a hunter.

Learn the following graphical rules:

• Vowel / e / is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter “e” in closed accented syllables (red)

2. the diagraphs “ea” before “d”, “th” (bread, weather), “s” /3/ (pleasure, measure);

in words: heavy, pleasant, peasant, health, wealth, meant, breakfast, weapon, any, many, says, said and some other such like.

“ie” (friend)

“ei” + /3/ (leisure)

letter “u” (bury)

• Vowel / æ / is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter “a” in closed syllables (bag, glad)

Note: A number of disyllabic words with the accented letter “a” in an open syllable fall under this rule (family, cavity, palate)

Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings, learn them:

/ e /

1. Many men, many minds.

2. Better to do well than to say well.

3. Better late than never, but better never late.

4. All is well that ends well.

5. Better an egg today, that a hen tomorrow.

/ æ /

2. No living man all things can.

3. Who chatters to you will chatter of you.

1. Learn the following graphical rules:

• Vowel / o: / is represented in spelling by:

1. “oor”, “our”, “oar” (door, your, board)

2. “or” /third syllable-type/ (port)

3. “a” followed by “ll” or “l” + consonant (all, salt, talk)

4. “au”, “aw” (autumn, law)

5. “ough”, “augh” + “t” (ought, thought, taught)

6. “war” (war, warm), “quar” (quarter)

Irregular Readings: our, flour, sour, poor

• Vowel / ס / is represented in spelling by:

1. The letter “o” in closed stressed syllables (not)

2. The digraph “wa” (was), EXCEPT: water /o: /, “wha” (what)

3. “qua” (quality), EXCEPT: quarter, quarrel /kwo:/

Rare Spellings: because, sausage, cough, knowledge

4. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings. Learn them:

/ o: /

6. All for one and one for all.

7. It never rains but it pours.

8. Trust me not all or all in all.

9. All roses have thorns.

/ ס /

1. Honesty is the best policy.

2. A little pot is soon hot.

3. Be slow to promise and quick to perform.

4. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.

1. Learn the following graphical rules:

Vowel / 3: / is represented in spelling by:

1. The letters “e, i, u, y” followed by “r” /third syllable –type/ (term, bird, fur)

2. “ear” + a consonant (earth, heard) BUT: heart, hearth /a: /

3. “wor” (work, word)

4. “our” (journal, journey)

2. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings. Learn them:

1. Murder will out.

2. It’s an early bird that catches the first worm.

3. First come, first served.

4. Live and learn.

5. As is the workman, so is the work.

1. Learn the following graphical rules:

Vowel / ә / is represented in spelling by:

1. The letter “a” in prefixes (about)

2. In suffixes “er, or, ar, our, ous” (teacher, doctor, cellar, neighbour, famous)

3. “a, o, u” when non-accented (sofa, atom, column)

XI. Learn the following graphical rules:

• Vowel / u: / is represented in spelling by:

1. The letter “u” in open syllables (tune)

Note: It sounds /u:/ preceded by “j, r, l” (June, blue)

2. The digraphs “eu” and “ew” - /ju:/ (neutral, few) BUT: Jew, crew, flew

3. “ui” (suit)

4. The digraph “ou” in words of French origin (group, wound)

5. “oo” (moon, root, pool), “you” (you, youth)

Rare Spellings: beauty, queue, who, whom, whose, do, to, too, two

• Vowel / υ / is represented in spelling by:

1. The diagraph “oo” followed by “k” (book)

2. The letter “u” after “p, b, f”, sometimes “s” (pull, bull, full; sugar)

Irregular Readings: but, bus, butter

Rare Spellings: could, should, would, bouquet, woman, wolf

XII. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings, learn them:

/ u: /

2. No news is good news.

3. Bad news has wings.

4. That’s where the shoe pinches.

/ υ /

1. A good beginning makes a good ending.

2. A good cook never cooks while looking into a cookery book.

3. Look before you leap.

3. Learn the following graphical rules:

• Vowel / i: / is represented in spelling by:

3. the letter “e” in open and historically open syllables (be, meter, these)

4. the digraphs “ee” (meet, see)

“ea” (meat, seat)

“ie” (piece, field)

“ei” (ceiling, receive)

“ey” (key)

“ay” (quay)

“eo” (people)

“i” (ski, machine)

• Vowel / ı / is represented in spelling by:

1. the letters “i” and “y” in stressed closed syllables (sit, window, myth, syllable)

2. “y”, “ey”, “ai”, “ay” when unstressed (city, money, mountain, Sunday)

3. the letter “e” in prefixes (before, decide)

4. the letters “e”, “a” and “u” when unstressed and sometimes stressed (alphabet, pretty; climate; minute, busy)

4. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings, learn them:

/ i: /

5. A friend in need is a friend indeed.

6. No sweet is without some sweat.

7. Extremes meet.

/ ı /

5. As fit as a fiddle.

6. As busy as a bee.

7. Little pitches have big ears.