Кириченко Порівняльне конституційне право

ɋɒȺ). ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɱ. 4 ɫɬ. 48 Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿʀ ȱɬɚɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɢ 1947 ɪ. ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɿ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɞɥɹ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ «… ɜɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ ɧɟɝɿɞɧɨʀ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɢ…». Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨ ɲɬɚɬɿɜ Ⱥɥɚɛɚɦɚ, Ʉɨɧɧɟɤɬɢɤɭɬ ɿ Ʌɭʀɡɿɚɧɚ(ɋɒȺ) ɜɢɦɚɝɚɸɬɶɜɿɞɜɢɛɨɪɰɹ, ɳɨɛɜɿɧɦɚɜ «ɝɚɪɧɢɣɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ».

ɋɥɭɠɛɨɜɢɣ (ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɣ) ɰɟɧɡ — ɨɛɦɟɠɭɽ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɝɪɨɦɚ-

ɞɹɧ ɡɚ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɸ ɡɚɣɦɚɧɨʀ ɩɨɫɚɞɢ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɚɛɨ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɧɭ. ɇɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɰɟɣ ɰɟɧɡ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɜɿɣɫɶɤɨɜɨɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɿɜ, ɩɨɥɿɰɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɬɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɿɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ. Ɂɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ ɧɟ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɭ ɦɚɣɠɟ ɜ ɭɫɿɯ ɥɚɬɢɧɨɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɿ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ, ɚ ɜ Ɇɟɤɫɢɰɿ, ɉɚɪɚɝɜɚʀ, Ɍɚʀɥɚɧɞɿ ɬɚ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɩɨɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɿ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɟɥɿ. ȼɜɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ, ɳɨ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɰɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɿ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɪɚɬɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɭɱɚɫɬɿ ɜ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɠɢɬɬɿ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɚ.

Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɣɧɿɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɰɿ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧ ɜɿɞɨɦɨ ɩɨɧɚɞ 50 ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɰɟɧɡɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɿɞɤɨ ɚɛɨ ɡɨɜɫɿɦ ɧɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɢ ɦɚɣɧɨɜɢɣ ɰɟɧɡ (Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɿɹ, Ʉɨɥɭɦɛɿɹ, ɄɨɫɬɚɊɿɤɚ, Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ, ɇɨɜɚ Ɂɟɥɚɧɞɿɹ), ɫɬɚɬɟɜɢɣ ɰɟɧɡ (Ʉɭɜɟɣɬ), ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿɣ ɰɟɧɡ (Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɿɹ, ȿɤɜɚɞɨɪ, ȯɝɢɩɟɬ, Ʉɟɧɿɹ, Ɇɚɥɚɣɡɿɹ) ɬɚɪɟɥɿɝɿɣɧɢɣɰɟɧɡ(ȱɪɚɧ).

Ɂɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɿ ɿɧɲɿ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ. Ɍɚɤ, ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɢɯ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ, ɯɬɨ ɜɱɢɧɢɜ ɡɥɨɱɢɧ ɿ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɽ ɩɨɤɚɪɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɿ ɩɨɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɨɥɿ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɱ. 1 ɫɬ. 3 Ɂɚɤɨɧɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿʀ «Ⱥɤɬ ɩɪɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ» ɜɿɞ 8 ɥɸɬɨɝɨ 1983 ɪ. «ɨɫɨɛɚ, ɹɤɚ ɽ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɨɸ, ɹɤɟ ɜɨɧɚ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɽ

ɭɜɢɩɪɚɜɧɿɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɿ ɧɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɪɨɤɭ, ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɚɯ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ ɚɛɨ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ ɞɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ».

2)ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɜɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɽ, ɳɨ ɤɨɠɟɧ ɜɢɛɨɪɟɰɶ ɫɚɦ ɜɢɪɿɲɭɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɦɿɪɭ ɫɜɨɽʀ ɭɱɚɫɬɿ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ. Ɂɚ ɰɢɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ ɧɟ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɽ ɜɿɞɫɨɬɨɤ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɜɡɹɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɿ. ȼɿɧ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɤɪɚʀɧ ɡ ɚɧɝɥɨɫɚɤɫɨɧɫɶɤɨɸ (ɚɧɝɥɨ-ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɨɸ) ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ.

ɉɪɨɬɟ ɰɟɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɩɨɪɨɞɠɭɽ ɚɛɫɟɧɬɟʀɡɦ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɤɨɥɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɟɰɶ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɿɥɶɧɨ ɭɯɢɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞ ɭɱɚɫɬɿ ɜ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ, ɳɨ ɩɪɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɨ ɨɛɪɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɶɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɱɢ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɨʀ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɨɸ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɨɸ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɚɛɨ ɞɨ ɛɟɡɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ. Ɍɨɦɭ ɜ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ (Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɿɹ, Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿɹ, Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɚ, Ȼɟɥɶɝɿɹ, Ƚɪɟɰɿɹ, ȱɬɚɥɿɹ, Ʌɸɤɫɟɦɛɭɪɝ, Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ, ɇɿɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɢ, ɉɚɤɢɫɬɚɧ, Ɍɭɪɟɱɱɢɧɚ) ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɣ ɜɨɬɭɦ — ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɢɣ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɭɫɿɯ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɛɪɚɬɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ

ɭɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɱ. 2 ɫɬ. 48 Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿʀ ȱɬɚɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɢ 1947 ɪ. ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɳɨ «ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɽ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɢɦ ɿ ɪɿɜɧɢɦ, ɜɿɥɶɧɢɦ ɿ ɬɚɽɦɧɢɦ. Ƀɨɝɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɽ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɦ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɦ», ɭ ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 49 Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿʀ ɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥɶɫɶɤɨʀ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɢ 1976 ɪ. ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ, ɳɨ «ɜɢɛɨɪɱɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɠɧɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨ, ɣɨɝɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɽ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɦ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɦ». Ɂɚ ɭɯɢɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ ɭɱɚɫɬɿ ɜ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚ-

ɋɒȺ). ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɱ. 4 ɫɬ. 48 Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿʀ ȱɬɚɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɢ 1947 ɪ. ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɿ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɞɥɹ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ «… ɜɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ ɧɟɝɿɞɧɨʀ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɢ…». Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨ ɲɬɚɬɿɜ Ⱥɥɚɛɚɦɚ, Ʉɨɧɧɟɤɬɢɤɭɬ ɿ Ʌɭʀɡɿɚɧɚ(ɋɒȺ) ɜɢɦɚɝɚɸɬɶɜɿɞɜɢɛɨɪɰɹ, ɳɨɛɜɿɧɦɚɜ «ɝɚɪɧɢɣɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ».

ɋɥɭɠɛɨɜɢɣ (ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɣ) ɰɟɧɡ — ɨɛɦɟɠɭɽ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɝɪɨɦɚ-

ɞɹɧ ɡɚ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɸ ɡɚɣɦɚɧɨʀ ɩɨɫɚɞɢ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɚɛɨ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɧɭ. ɇɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɰɟɣ ɰɟɧɡ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɜɿɣɫɶɤɨɜɨɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɿɜ, ɩɨɥɿɰɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɬɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɿɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ. Ɂɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ ɧɟ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɭ ɦɚɣɠɟ ɜ ɭɫɿɯ ɥɚɬɢɧɨɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɿ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ, ɚ ɜ Ɇɟɤɫɢɰɿ, ɉɚɪɚɝɜɚʀ, Ɍɚʀɥɚɧɞɿ ɬɚ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɩɨɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɿ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɟɥɿ. ȼɜɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ, ɳɨ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɰɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɿ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɪɚɬɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɭɱɚɫɬɿ ɜ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɠɢɬɬɿ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɚ.

Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɣɧɿɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɰɿ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧ ɜɿɞɨɦɨ ɩɨɧɚɞ 50 ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɰɟɧɡɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɿɞɤɨ ɚɛɨ ɡɨɜɫɿɦ ɧɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɢ ɦɚɣɧɨɜɢɣ ɰɟɧɡ (Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɿɹ, Ʉɨɥɭɦɛɿɹ, ɄɨɫɬɚɊɿɤɚ, Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ, ɇɨɜɚ Ɂɟɥɚɧɞɿɹ), ɫɬɚɬɟɜɢɣ ɰɟɧɡ (Ʉɭɜɟɣɬ), ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿɣ ɰɟɧɡ (Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɿɹ, ȿɤɜɚɞɨɪ, ȯɝɢɩɟɬ, Ʉɟɧɿɹ, Ɇɚɥɚɣɡɿɹ) ɬɚɪɟɥɿɝɿɣɧɢɣɰɟɧɡ(ȱɪɚɧ).

Ɂɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɿ ɿɧɲɿ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ. Ɍɚɤ, ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɢɯ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ, ɯɬɨ ɜɱɢɧɢɜ ɡɥɨɱɢɧ ɿ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɽ ɩɨɤɚɪɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɿ ɩɨɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɨɥɿ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɱ. 1 ɫɬ. 3 Ɂɚɤɨɧɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿʀ «Ⱥɤɬ ɩɪɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ» ɜɿɞ 8 ɥɸɬɨɝɨ 1983 ɪ. «ɨɫɨɛɚ, ɹɤɚ ɽ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɨɸ, ɹɤɟ ɜɨɧɚ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɽ

ɭɜɢɩɪɚɜɧɿɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɿ ɧɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɪɨɤɭ, ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɚɯ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ ɚɛɨ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ ɞɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ».

2)ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɜɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɽ, ɳɨ ɤɨɠɟɧ ɜɢɛɨɪɟɰɶ ɫɚɦ ɜɢɪɿɲɭɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɦɿɪɭ ɫɜɨɽʀ ɭɱɚɫɬɿ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ. Ɂɚ ɰɢɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ ɧɟ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɽ ɜɿɞɫɨɬɨɤ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɜɡɹɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɿ. ȼɿɧ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɤɪɚʀɧ ɡ ɚɧɝɥɨɫɚɤɫɨɧɫɶɤɨɸ (ɚɧɝɥɨ-ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɨɸ) ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ.

ɉɪɨɬɟ ɰɟɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɩɨɪɨɞɠɭɽ ɚɛɫɟɧɬɟʀɡɦ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɤɨɥɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɟɰɶ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɿɥɶɧɨ ɭɯɢɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞ ɭɱɚɫɬɿ ɜ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ, ɳɨ ɩɪɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɨ ɨɛɪɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɶɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɱɢ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɨʀ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɨɸ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɨɸ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɚɛɨ ɞɨ ɛɟɡɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ. Ɍɨɦɭ ɜ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ (Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɿɹ, Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿɹ, Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɚ, Ȼɟɥɶɝɿɹ, Ƚɪɟɰɿɹ, ȱɬɚɥɿɹ, Ʌɸɤɫɟɦɛɭɪɝ, Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ, ɇɿɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɢ, ɉɚɤɢɫɬɚɧ, Ɍɭɪɟɱɱɢɧɚ) ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɣ ɜɨɬɭɦ — ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɢɣ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɭɫɿɯ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɛɪɚɬɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ

ɭɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɱ. 2 ɫɬ. 48 Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿʀ ȱɬɚɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɢ 1947 ɪ. ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɳɨ «ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɽ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɢɦ ɿ ɪɿɜɧɢɦ, ɜɿɥɶɧɢɦ ɿ ɬɚɽɦɧɢɦ. Ƀɨɝɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɽ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɦ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɦ», ɭ ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 49 Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿʀ ɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥɶɫɶɤɨʀ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɢ 1976 ɪ. ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ, ɳɨ «ɜɢɛɨɪɱɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɠɧɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨ, ɣɨɝɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɽ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɦ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɦ». Ɂɚ ɭɯɢɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ ɭɱɚɫɬɿ ɜ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚ-

ɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɿ ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɤɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɜ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿʀ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɢɧ, ɹɤɢɣ ɭɯɢɥɢɜɫɹ ɜɿɞ ɭɱɚɫɬɿ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ, ɩɿɞɥɹɝɚɽ ɲɬɪɚɮɭ ɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿ 1 ɬɢɫ. ɲɢɥɿɧɝɿɜ, ɜ Ƚɪɟɰɿʀ, Ɍɭɪɟɱɱɢɧɿ — ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɚɪɟɲɬɭ, ɜ Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɿ — ɩɨɡɛɚɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɿɣɦɚɬɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɭ ɱɢ ɦɭɧɿɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɭ ɩɨɫɚɞɭ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ, ɚ ɜ ɉɚɤɢɫɬɚɧɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɨ ɤɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɿ ɩɨɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɨɥɿ ɧɚ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɦɿɫɹɰɿɜ. ɉɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɢɯ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɚɧɤɰɿɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɜ ȱɬɚɥɿʀ ɦɟɪ ɤɨɦɭɧɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɢɜɿɫɢɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɫɩɢɫɤɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɜɚɠɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɿ ɭ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɿ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɩɭɛɥɿɱɧɨ ɜɢɫɥɨɜɢɬɢ ʀɦ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɣ ɨɫɭɞ.

Ɉɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɣ ɜɨɬɭɦ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɲɬɭɱɧɟ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɿ ɫɭɩɟɪɟɱɢɬɶ ɿɞɟʀ ɜɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɟɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ, ɫɟɧɫɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɹɤ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ.

3)ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɪɿɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɠ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɹ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɨɞɧɚɤɨɜɿ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɧɢɦ. ɐɟɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɞɨɫɹɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ, ɩɨ-ɩɟɪɲɟ, ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹɦ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɸ ɨɞɧɚɤɨɜɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ; ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɟ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɽɞɢɧɨʀ ɧɨɪɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɶɤɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɱɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɧɭ ɩɨɫɚɞɭ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɬɢ ɨɞɧɚɤɨɜɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɨɤɪɭɝɚɯ; ɩɨ-ɬɪɟɬɽ, ɜɫɿ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɢ ɛɟɪɭɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ ɧɚ ɪɿɜɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɚɯ.

ɍ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ (Ȼɨɬɫɜɚɧɚ, Ƚɚɦɛɿɹ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ, ɋɶɽɪɪɚ-Ʌɟɨɧɟ) ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɥɸɪɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɜɨɬɭɦ (ɦɧɨɠɢɧɧɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ) ɱɢ ɤɭɪɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɢ (ɩɨɞɿɥ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɸ, ɪɟɥɿɝɿɣɧɨɸ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɨɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ).

4)ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɢ-

ɧɚ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɨɛɢɪɚɬɢ ɬɚ ɨɛɢɪɚɬɢɫɹ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɶɤɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɱɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɧɭ ɩɨɫɚɞɭ. ɐɟɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɞɿɽ ɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɤɪɚʀɧ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ ɨɞɧɨɩɚɥɚɬɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɿɜ, ɧɢɠɧɿɯ ɩɚɥɚɬ ɞɜɨɩɚɥɚɬɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɿɜ, ɿɧɨɞɿ ɜɟɪɯɧɿɯ ɩɚɥɚɬ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɿɜ (ȱɬɚɥɿɹ, ɉɨɥɶɳɚ, ɋɒȺ), ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɿɜ (Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿɹ, Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɿɹ, Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ) ɿ ɦɚɣɠɟ ɩɨɜɫɸɞɧɨ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ.

5)ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɬɚɽɦɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɜ ɭɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɥɟɧɧɿ ɡɨ-

ɜɧɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɬɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɜɨɥɟɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɱ. 3 ɫɬ. 15 Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿʀ əɩɨɧɿʀ 1946 ɪ. ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ, ɳɨ «… ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɿ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɯ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ ɬɚɽɦɧɢɰɹ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɩɨɪɭɲɭɜɚɬɢɫɹ».

Ɂɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɽɦɧɢɰɹ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɜ ɦɿɫɰɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɡɨɥɶɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ (ɜɢɛɨɪɱɿɣ ɤɚɛɿɧɢ) ɞɥɹ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɛɸɥɟɬɟɧɹ. ɍ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɿ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɢ, ɞɨ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɿ ɛɸɥɟɬɟɧɿ, ɚɛɨ ɦɚɲɢɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ (ɇɿɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɢ, ɋɒȺ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɿɹ), ɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿʀ, Ⱦɚɧɿʀ, ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɿ, ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɿʀ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɲɬɭ, ɚ ɭ Ȼɟɥɶɝɿʀ, ɇɿɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ ɡɚ ɞɨɜɿɪɟɧɿɫɬɸ, ɳɨ ɞɚɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢ, ɹɤ ɩɪɨɝɨ-

ɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɿ ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɤɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɜ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿʀ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɢɧ, ɹɤɢɣ ɭɯɢɥɢɜɫɹ ɜɿɞ ɭɱɚɫɬɿ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ, ɩɿɞɥɹɝɚɽ ɲɬɪɚɮɭ ɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿ 1 ɬɢɫ. ɲɢɥɿɧɝɿɜ, ɜ Ƚɪɟɰɿʀ, Ɍɭɪɟɱɱɢɧɿ — ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɚɪɟɲɬɭ, ɜ Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɿ — ɩɨɡɛɚɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɿɣɦɚɬɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɭ ɱɢ ɦɭɧɿɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɭ ɩɨɫɚɞɭ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ, ɚ ɜ ɉɚɤɢɫɬɚɧɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɨ ɤɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɿ ɩɨɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɨɥɿ ɧɚ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɦɿɫɹɰɿɜ. ɉɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɢɯ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɚɧɤɰɿɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɜ ȱɬɚɥɿʀ ɦɟɪ ɤɨɦɭɧɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɢɜɿɫɢɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɫɩɢɫɤɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɜɚɠɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɿ ɭ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɿ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɩɭɛɥɿɱɧɨ ɜɢɫɥɨɜɢɬɢ ʀɦ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɣ ɨɫɭɞ.

Ɉɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɣ ɜɨɬɭɦ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɲɬɭɱɧɟ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɿ ɫɭɩɟɪɟɱɢɬɶ ɿɞɟʀ ɜɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɟɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ, ɫɟɧɫɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɹɤ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ.

3)ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɪɿɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɠ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɹ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɨɞɧɚɤɨɜɿ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɧɢɦ. ɐɟɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɞɨɫɹɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ, ɩɨ-ɩɟɪɲɟ, ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹɦ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɸ ɨɞɧɚɤɨɜɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ; ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɟ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɽɞɢɧɨʀ ɧɨɪɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɶɤɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɱɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɧɭ ɩɨɫɚɞɭ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɬɢ ɨɞɧɚɤɨɜɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɨɤɪɭɝɚɯ; ɩɨ-ɬɪɟɬɽ, ɜɫɿ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɢ ɛɟɪɭɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ ɧɚ ɪɿɜɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɚɯ.

ɍ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ (Ȼɨɬɫɜɚɧɚ, Ƚɚɦɛɿɹ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ, ɋɶɽɪɪɚ-Ʌɟɨɧɟ) ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɥɸɪɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɜɨɬɭɦ (ɦɧɨɠɢɧɧɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ) ɱɢ ɤɭɪɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɢ (ɩɨɞɿɥ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɸ, ɪɟɥɿɝɿɣɧɨɸ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɨɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ).

4)ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɢ-

ɧɚ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɨɛɢɪɚɬɢ ɬɚ ɨɛɢɪɚɬɢɫɹ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɶɤɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɱɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɧɭ ɩɨɫɚɞɭ. ɐɟɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɞɿɽ ɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɤɪɚʀɧ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ ɨɞɧɨɩɚɥɚɬɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɿɜ, ɧɢɠɧɿɯ ɩɚɥɚɬ ɞɜɨɩɚɥɚɬɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɿɜ, ɿɧɨɞɿ ɜɟɪɯɧɿɯ ɩɚɥɚɬ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɿɜ (ȱɬɚɥɿɹ, ɉɨɥɶɳɚ, ɋɒȺ), ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɿɜ (Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿɹ, Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɿɹ, Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ) ɿ ɦɚɣɠɟ ɩɨɜɫɸɞɧɨ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ.

5)ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɬɚɽɦɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɜ ɭɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɥɟɧɧɿ ɡɨ-

ɜɧɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɬɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɜɨɥɟɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɱ. 3 ɫɬ. 15 Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿʀ əɩɨɧɿʀ 1946 ɪ. ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ, ɳɨ «… ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɿ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɯ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ ɬɚɽɦɧɢɰɹ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɩɨɪɭɲɭɜɚɬɢɫɹ».

Ɂɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɽɦɧɢɰɹ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɜ ɦɿɫɰɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɡɨɥɶɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ (ɜɢɛɨɪɱɿɣ ɤɚɛɿɧɢ) ɞɥɹ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɛɸɥɟɬɟɧɹ. ɍ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɿ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɢ, ɞɨ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɿ ɛɸɥɟɬɟɧɿ, ɚɛɨ ɦɚɲɢɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ (ɇɿɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɢ, ɋɒȺ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɿɹ), ɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿʀ, Ⱦɚɧɿʀ, ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɿ, ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɿʀ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɲɬɭ, ɚ ɭ Ȼɟɥɶɝɿʀ, ɇɿɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ ɡɚ ɞɨɜɿɪɟɧɿɫɬɸ, ɳɨ ɞɚɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢ, ɹɤ ɩɪɨɝɨ-

ɥɨɫɭɜɚɜ ɜɢɛɨɪɟɰɶ. Ɂɚ ɬɚɤɨɸ ɮɨɪɦɨɸ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɬɚɽɦɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɢɣ.

Ɏɨɪɦɨɸ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɿ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɽ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ, ɹɤɢɣ, ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ.

ȼɢɛɨɪɱɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ — ɰɟ ɜɪɟɝɭɥɶɨɜɚɧɚ ɱɢɧɧɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɢɯ ɨɫɿɛ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ, ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɿɣ ɿ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣ ɡ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɿ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ ɞɨ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ.

ȼɢɛɨɪɱɿɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ ɬɚɤɿ ɟɬɚɩɢ:

1)ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ, ɹɤɟ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɡɜɢɱɚɣ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɚɬɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ (ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ). ɉɪɚɜɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɚɬɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɢ ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɝɥɚɜɿ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ ɱɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɨɦɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ. Ⱦɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɚɛɨ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɡɚɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɽɸ ɱɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ. Ⱦɧɟɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɤɪɚʀɧ ɽ ɧɟɪɨɛɨɱɿɣ ɞɟɧɶ, ɯɨɱɚ ɿɫɧɭɸɬɶ ɿ ɜɢɧɹɬɤɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɋɒȺ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ, ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɜɢɛɿɪɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡ ɧɚ ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɪɨɤɢ ɭ ɩɟɪɲɢɣ ɜɿɜɬɨɪɨɤ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɩɟɪɲɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɟɞɿɥɤɚ ɥɢɫɬɨɩɚɞɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɫɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɤɭ;

2)ɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɨɤɪɭɝɿɜ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɶ, ɜɿɞ ɹɤɢɯ ɨɛɢɪɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɱɥɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɶɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ȼɢɛɨɪɱɿ ɨɤɪɭɝɢ ɭɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ, ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ (ɒɜɟɰɿɹ), ɿɧɤɨɥɢ ɡɚ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ (Ɏɪɚɧɰɿɹ). Ɇɟɠɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɨɤɪɭɝɿɜ ɚɛɨ ɡɛɿɝɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɦɟɠɚɦɢ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɶ (ȱɬɚɥɿɹ), ɚɛɨ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɱɢɫɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ, ɚɛɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ (Ʉɢɬɚɣ), ɚɛɨ ɟɬɧɿɱɧɨɸ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɸ (Ɏɿɞɠɿ). ɑɢɫɟɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɨɤɪɭɝɚɯ ɡɚ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɦɚɽ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɞɧɚɤɨɜɨɸ. ɉɪɨɬɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧ ɩɪɢɩɭɫɤɚɽ ɜɿɞɯɢɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɫɨɬɤɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿʀ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɯɢɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɨ 25%, ɚ ɜ ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɿ — ɞɨ 33%.

Ɂɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɨɛɢɪɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞ ɨɤɪɭɝɭ, ɨɤɪɭɝɢ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦɚɧɞɚɬɧɿ (ȱɧɞɿɹ, Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ, ɋɒȺ), ɛɚɝɚɬɨɦɚɧɞɚɬɧɿ (ɇɨɪɜɟɝɿɹ, Ɏɿɧɥɹɧɞɿɹ, ɒɜɟɰɿɹ) ɬɚ ɽɞɢɧɢɣ (ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɣ, ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ) ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɣ ɨɤɪɭɝ (ȱɡɪɚʀɥɶ, ɉȺɊ).

Ɉɞɧɨɦɚɧɞɚɬɧɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɿ ɨɤɪɭɝɢ ɩɪɢɬɚɦɚɧɧɿ ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɿɣ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɿɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ, ɚ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɦɚɧɞɚɬɧɿ — ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɿɣ.

ȼɢɛɨɪɱɿ ɨɤɪɭɝɢ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɿ ɞɿɥɶɧɢɰɿ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɿ, ɳɨ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɭɸɬɶ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɦ ɦɿɫɰɟɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɇɟɠɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨʀ ɞɿɥɶɧɢɰɿ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɢɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɦɟɠɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɨɤɪɭɝɭ. Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɧɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɧɿɽɸ ɞɿɥɶɧɢɰɟɸ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ §3 Ɂɚɤɨɧɭ Ʉɨɪɨɥɿɜɫɬɜɚ ɒɜɟɰɿʀ «ɉɪɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɢ» 1972 ɪ. ɭ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɿʀ 1975 ɿ 1977 ɪɪ. ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɨ, ɳɨ «ɜɢɛɨɪɱɿɣ ɞɿɥɶɧɢɰɿ ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɜɚɬɢ 1200 — 1500 ɩɿɞɞɚɧɢɯ, ɹɤɿ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɪɚ-

ɥɨɫɭɜɚɜ ɜɢɛɨɪɟɰɶ. Ɂɚ ɬɚɤɨɸ ɮɨɪɦɨɸ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɬɚɽɦɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɢɣ.

Ɏɨɪɦɨɸ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɿ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɽ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ, ɹɤɢɣ, ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ.

ȼɢɛɨɪɱɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ — ɰɟ ɜɪɟɝɭɥɶɨɜɚɧɚ ɱɢɧɧɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɢɯ ɨɫɿɛ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ, ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɿɣ ɿ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣ ɡ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɿ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ ɞɨ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ.

ȼɢɛɨɪɱɿɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ ɬɚɤɿ ɟɬɚɩɢ:

1)ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ, ɹɤɟ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɡɜɢɱɚɣ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɚɬɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ (ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ). ɉɪɚɜɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɚɬɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɢ ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɝɥɚɜɿ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ ɱɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɨɦɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ. Ⱦɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɚɛɨ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɡɚɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɽɸ ɱɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ. Ⱦɧɟɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɤɪɚʀɧ ɽ ɧɟɪɨɛɨɱɿɣ ɞɟɧɶ, ɯɨɱɚ ɿɫɧɭɸɬɶ ɿ ɜɢɧɹɬɤɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɋɒȺ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ, ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɜɢɛɿɪɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡ ɧɚ ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɪɨɤɢ ɭ ɩɟɪɲɢɣ ɜɿɜɬɨɪɨɤ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɩɟɪɲɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɟɞɿɥɤɚ ɥɢɫɬɨɩɚɞɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɫɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɤɭ;

2)ɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɨɤɪɭɝɿɜ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɶ, ɜɿɞ ɹɤɢɯ ɨɛɢɪɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɱɥɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɶɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ȼɢɛɨɪɱɿ ɨɤɪɭɝɢ ɭɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ, ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ (ɒɜɟɰɿɹ), ɿɧɤɨɥɢ ɡɚ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ (Ɏɪɚɧɰɿɹ). Ɇɟɠɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɨɤɪɭɝɿɜ ɚɛɨ ɡɛɿɝɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɦɟɠɚɦɢ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɶ (ȱɬɚɥɿɹ), ɚɛɨ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɱɢɫɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ, ɚɛɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ (Ʉɢɬɚɣ), ɚɛɨ ɟɬɧɿɱɧɨɸ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɸ (Ɏɿɞɠɿ). ɑɢɫɟɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɨɤɪɭɝɚɯ ɡɚ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɦɚɽ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɞɧɚɤɨɜɨɸ. ɉɪɨɬɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧ ɩɪɢɩɭɫɤɚɽ ɜɿɞɯɢɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɫɨɬɤɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿʀ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɯɢɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɨ 25%, ɚ ɜ ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɿ — ɞɨ 33%.

Ɂɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɨɛɢɪɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞ ɨɤɪɭɝɭ, ɨɤɪɭɝɢ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦɚɧɞɚɬɧɿ (ȱɧɞɿɹ, Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ, ɋɒȺ), ɛɚɝɚɬɨɦɚɧɞɚɬɧɿ (ɇɨɪɜɟɝɿɹ, Ɏɿɧɥɹɧɞɿɹ, ɒɜɟɰɿɹ) ɬɚ ɽɞɢɧɢɣ (ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɣ, ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ) ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɣ ɨɤɪɭɝ (ȱɡɪɚʀɥɶ, ɉȺɊ).

Ɉɞɧɨɦɚɧɞɚɬɧɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɿ ɨɤɪɭɝɢ ɩɪɢɬɚɦɚɧɧɿ ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɿɣ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɿɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ, ɚ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɦɚɧɞɚɬɧɿ — ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɿɣ.

ȼɢɛɨɪɱɿ ɨɤɪɭɝɢ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɿ ɞɿɥɶɧɢɰɿ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɿ, ɳɨ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɭɸɬɶ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɦ ɦɿɫɰɟɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɇɟɠɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨʀ ɞɿɥɶɧɢɰɿ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɢɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɦɟɠɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɨɤɪɭɝɭ. Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɧɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɧɿɽɸ ɞɿɥɶɧɢɰɟɸ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ §3 Ɂɚɤɨɧɭ Ʉɨɪɨɥɿɜɫɬɜɚ ɒɜɟɰɿʀ «ɉɪɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɢ» 1972 ɪ. ɭ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɿʀ 1975 ɿ 1977 ɪɪ. ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɨ, ɳɨ «ɜɢɛɨɪɱɿɣ ɞɿɥɶɧɢɰɿ ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɜɚɬɢ 1200 — 1500 ɩɿɞɞɚɧɢɯ, ɹɤɿ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɪɚ-

ɜɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɭ. Ʌɢɲɟ ɭ ɜɢɤɥɸɱɧɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɞɿɥɶɧɢɰɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɧɚɞ1800 ɚɛɨ ɧɟɦɟɧɲɟ300 ɩɿɞɞɚɧɢɯ, ɳɨɦɚɸɬɶɩɪɚɜɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɭ»;

3)ɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɤɨɦɿɫɿɣ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɣɦɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɿ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹɦ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹɦ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɿ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɰɢɯ ɤɨɦɿɫɿɣ ɜ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɧɟɨɞɧɚɤɨɜɿ. Ɂɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ, ɧɚ ɹɤɭ ɩɨɲɢɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ʀɯɧɿ ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɧɹ, ɪɨɡɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɿ, ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɚɥɶɧɿ, ɨɤɪɭɠɧɿ ɬɚ ɞɿɥɶɧɢɱɧɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɿ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ.

ɉɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨʀ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ, ɹɤɚ ɽ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɞɿɸɱɢɦ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ (ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɪɚɞɚ — ɜ ȱɫɩɚɧɿʀ), ɩɨɲɢɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɸ ɤɪɚʀɧɭ. ɍ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɦɿɧɿɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɯ ɫɩɪɚɜ (ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿɹ, ȱɬɚɥɿɹ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɿɹ), ɚ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɜɨɧɚ ɜ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɜɡɚɝɚɥɿ ɧɟ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ (ɿɫɧɭɸɬɶ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɧɚ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɿʀ).

Ɍɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɿ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɭɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɹɯ.

Ɉɤɪɭɠɧɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɿ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɭɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɨɤɪɭɝɚɯ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ, ɤɨɥɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɣ ɨɤɪɭɝ ɧɟ ɫɩɿɜɩɚɞɚɽ ɡ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɟɪɢɬɨ- ɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɟɸ. ȼɨɧɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɚɪɬɿɣ, ɚɥɟ ɨɱɨɥɸɽ ʀɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤ (Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿɹ, ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɚ), ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɿ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ (ȱɬɚɥɿɹ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɿɹ) ɚɛɨ ɡɨɜɫɿɦ ɧɟ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ (ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿɹ, ȱɧɞɿɹ, ɇɨɜɚ Ɂɟɥɚɧɞɿɹ). ȼ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɯ ʀɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɚ — ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɡ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ (ɦɟɪ ɦɿɫɬɚ, ɲɟɪɢɮ ɝɪɚɮɫɬɜɚ).

Ⱦɿɥɶɧɢɱɧɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɿ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ, ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɳɢɦɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɚɛɨ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ⱦɨ ʀɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɜɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɿ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨʀ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɿ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɤɪɚʀɧ ɚɧɝɥɨɫɚɤɫɨɧɫɶɤɨʀ (ɚɧɝɥɨɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɨʀ) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɿ ɬɨɦɭ ʀɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɢ — ɪɟɝɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɢ (ɞɿɥɶɧɢɱɧɿ ɿɧɫɩɟɤɬɨɪɚ). ɉɪɨɬɟ, ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɿɞɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ ɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɞɿɥɶɧɢɰɹɯ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɿ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ, ɫɩɨɫɬɟɪɿɝɚɱɿ ɜɿɞ ɩɚɪɬɿɣ, ɩɪɟɫɢ ɬɨɳɨ;

4)ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ (ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɢɫɤɿɜ) ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɽ ɧɟɨɞɦɿɧɧɨɸ ɭɦɨ-

ɜɨɸ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɢɧɨɦ ɫɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɝɨɥɨɫɭ ɿ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɱɨɝɨ ɜɿɧ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ⱦɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɜɧɨɫɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɬɿ ɨɫɨɛɢ, ɹɤɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɦ ɰɟɧɡɚɦ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ. Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨ, ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɪɟɝɭɥɸɽ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɿ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢɱɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɫɩɢɫɤɿɜ, ʀɯ ɪɟɤɜɿɡɢɬɢ, ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɨɡɧɚɣɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɧɢɦɢ ɬɚ ɤɨɥɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɫɿɛ. Ɂɚ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨɦ, ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɬɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɨɫɨɛɢ, ɜɧɟɫɟɧɿ ɞɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ. Ʌɢɲɟ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ (ɋɢɪɿɹ) ɜɢɛɨɪɱɿ ɫɩɢɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶɫɹ, ɚ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞ’ɹɜɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɨɫɜɿɞɱɟɧɧɹ ɨɫɨɛɢ.

ɜɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɭ. Ʌɢɲɟ ɭ ɜɢɤɥɸɱɧɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɞɿɥɶɧɢɰɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɧɚɞ1800 ɚɛɨ ɧɟɦɟɧɲɟ300 ɩɿɞɞɚɧɢɯ, ɳɨɦɚɸɬɶɩɪɚɜɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɭ»;

3)ɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɤɨɦɿɫɿɣ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɣɦɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɿ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹɦ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹɦ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɿ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɰɢɯ ɤɨɦɿɫɿɣ ɜ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɧɟɨɞɧɚɤɨɜɿ. Ɂɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ, ɧɚ ɹɤɭ ɩɨɲɢɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ʀɯɧɿ ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɧɹ, ɪɨɡɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɿ, ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɚɥɶɧɿ, ɨɤɪɭɠɧɿ ɬɚ ɞɿɥɶɧɢɱɧɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɿ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ.

ɉɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨʀ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ, ɹɤɚ ɽ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɞɿɸɱɢɦ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ (ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɪɚɞɚ — ɜ ȱɫɩɚɧɿʀ), ɩɨɲɢɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɸ ɤɪɚʀɧɭ. ɍ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɦɿɧɿɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɯ ɫɩɪɚɜ (ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿɹ, ȱɬɚɥɿɹ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɿɹ), ɚ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɜɨɧɚ ɜ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɜɡɚɝɚɥɿ ɧɟ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ (ɿɫɧɭɸɬɶ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɧɚ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɿʀ).

Ɍɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɿ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɭɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɹɯ.

Ɉɤɪɭɠɧɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɿ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɭɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɨɤɪɭɝɚɯ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ, ɤɨɥɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɣ ɨɤɪɭɝ ɧɟ ɫɩɿɜɩɚɞɚɽ ɡ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɟɪɢɬɨ- ɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɟɸ. ȼɨɧɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɚɪɬɿɣ, ɚɥɟ ɨɱɨɥɸɽ ʀɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤ (Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿɹ, ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɚ), ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɿ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ (ȱɬɚɥɿɹ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɿɹ) ɚɛɨ ɡɨɜɫɿɦ ɧɟ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ (ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿɹ, ȱɧɞɿɹ, ɇɨɜɚ Ɂɟɥɚɧɞɿɹ). ȼ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɯ ʀɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɚ — ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɡ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ (ɦɟɪ ɦɿɫɬɚ, ɲɟɪɢɮ ɝɪɚɮɫɬɜɚ).

Ⱦɿɥɶɧɢɱɧɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɿ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ, ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɳɢɦɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɚɛɨ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ⱦɨ ʀɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɜɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɿ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨʀ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɿ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɤɪɚʀɧ ɚɧɝɥɨɫɚɤɫɨɧɫɶɤɨʀ (ɚɧɝɥɨɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɨʀ) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɿ ɬɨɦɭ ʀɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɢ — ɪɟɝɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɢ (ɞɿɥɶɧɢɱɧɿ ɿɧɫɩɟɤɬɨɪɚ). ɉɪɨɬɟ, ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɿɞɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ ɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɞɿɥɶɧɢɰɹɯ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɿ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ, ɫɩɨɫɬɟɪɿɝɚɱɿ ɜɿɞ ɩɚɪɬɿɣ, ɩɪɟɫɢ ɬɨɳɨ;

4)ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ (ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɢɫɤɿɜ) ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɽ ɧɟɨɞɦɿɧɧɨɸ ɭɦɨ-

ɜɨɸ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɢɧɨɦ ɫɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɝɨɥɨɫɭ ɿ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɱɨɝɨ ɜɿɧ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ⱦɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɜɧɨɫɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɬɿ ɨɫɨɛɢ, ɹɤɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɦ ɰɟɧɡɚɦ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ. Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨ, ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɪɟɝɭɥɸɽ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɿ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢɱɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɫɩɢɫɤɿɜ, ʀɯ ɪɟɤɜɿɡɢɬɢ, ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɨɡɧɚɣɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɧɢɦɢ ɬɚ ɤɨɥɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɫɿɛ. Ɂɚ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨɦ, ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɬɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɨɫɨɛɢ, ɜɧɟɫɟɧɿ ɞɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ. Ʌɢɲɟ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ (ɋɢɪɿɹ) ɜɢɛɨɪɱɿ ɫɩɢɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶɫɹ, ɚ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞ’ɹɜɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɨɫɜɿɞɱɟɧɧɹ ɨɫɨɛɢ.

Ɂɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɬɨɝɨ, ɯɬɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɸ, ɜɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɭɛɥɿɱɧɨɸ (ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨɸ) ɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨɸ (ɞɨɛɪɨɜɿɥɶɧɨɸ).

ɉɭɛɥɿɱɧɚ (ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɚ) ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɜɨɦɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ: ɚ) ɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ, ɞɟ ɜɟɞɟɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɥɿɤ ɦɿɝɪɚɰɿʀ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ, ɫɩɢɫɤɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ, ɹɤɟ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɽ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨʀ ɞɿɥɶɧɢɰɿ (Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɿɹ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ, Ʉɭɛɚ, ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɚ, Ɋɨɫɿɹ, ɒɜɟɰɿɹ, ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɿɹ); ɛ) ɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ, ɞɟ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɭɫɨɜɚ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɦɿɝɪɚɰɿʀ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ, ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨɸ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɨɸ ɨɫɨɛɨɸ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ʀɯ ɨɛɯɨɞɭ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɨɠɧɢɦɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɦɢ (ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿɹ, Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ).

Ɉɫɨɛɢɫɬɚ (ɞɨɛɪɨɜɿɥɶɧɚ) ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɢɣ ɩɪɢɯɿɞ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɹ ɞɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨʀ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɫɜɨɽʀ ɭɱɚɫɬɿ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ (ȱɫɩɚɧɿɹ, ɋɒȺ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɿɹ), ɩɿɫɥɹ ɱɨɝɨ ɜɿɧ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɭ ɤɚɪɬɤɭ, ɳɨ ɽ ɩɨɫɜɿɞɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ;

5) ɜɢɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ — ɰɟ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɥɚ ɨɫɿɛ,

ɳɨ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɞɭɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɶɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɱɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɧɿ ɩɨɫɚɞɢ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ʉɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚɦɢ ɜɢɫɭɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɢ, ɧɚɞɿɥɟɧɿ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɢɦ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɜɢɦɨɝ, ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɩɨɫɚɞɢ ɚɛɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɚ. ɐɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɢ:

ɚ) ɫɚɦɨɜɢɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɜ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɨɫɨɛɚ ɫɚɦɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɢɫɭɜɚɽ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɨɦ, ɩɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ʀɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɢ ɞɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɭ ɡɚɹɜɭ, ɧɟɸ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɚɧɭ (Ɋɨɫɿɹ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɿɹ), ɿɧɨɞɿ ɬɚɤɚ ɡɚɹɜɚ ɦɚɽ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɨ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɚɧɚ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɸ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ (ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿɹ, Ⱦɚɧɿɹ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ). ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɥɚɫɧɨʀ ɡɚɹɜɢ, ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɨ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɚɧɨʀ ɞɟɫɹɬɶɦɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɹɦɢ;

ɛ) ɜɢɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ ɝɪɭɩɚɦɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ, ɳɨɛ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɛɭɥɢ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɚɧɿ ɩɟɜɧɨɸ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɩɨ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɨɤɪɭɝɭ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ Ⱦɚɧɿʀ ɨɫɨɛɿ, ɹɤɚ ɛɚɠɚɽ ɫɬɚɬɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɨɦ ɭ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɢ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɭ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɿɛɪɚɬɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 25 ɩɿɞɩɢɫɿɜ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ, ɭ ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɿ — 200, ɜ ȱɬɚɥɿʀ — 350, ɭ ɉɨɥɶɳɿ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɭ ɭ ɫɟɧɚɬɨɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɤɭ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 3 ɬɢɫ. ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ;

ɜ) ɜɢɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɬɿɹɦɢ ɜ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ (Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿɹ, Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɿɹ, ȯɝɢɩɟɬ, ȱɬɚɥɿɹ, ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɚ, ɉɨɥɶɳɚ, ɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥɿɹ, Ɋɨɫɿɹ, ɍɝɨɪɳɢɧɚ, ɍɤɪɚʀɧɚ, Ɏɿɧɥɹɧɞɿɹ, ɒɜɟɰɿɹ, əɩɨɧɿɹ). ɐɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɿɛ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɨɸ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɜɢɫɭɧɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɢɫɤɿɜ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ;

ɝ) ɜɢɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹɦɢ ɿ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɢɦɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɚɦɢ (ȼ’ɽɬɧɚɦ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ, Ʉɭɛɚ, Ɋɨɫɿɹ);

ɞ) ɜɢɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ ɡɚ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɸ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɨɸ «ɩɪɚɣɦɟɪɿɡ», ɬɨɛɬɨ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ (ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɢɯ) ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ. ɐɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɿɛ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɿ ɦɚɽ ɡɚɤɪɢɬɢɣ, ɫɭɬɨ ɩɚɪɬɿɣɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɤɨɥɢ ɤɨɠɧɚ ɩɚɪɬɿɹ (ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɚ ɱɢ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɧɫɶɤɚ) ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɨ ɿ ɡɚɥɭɱɚɽ ɞɨ ɧɶɨɝɨ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɩɪɢɯɢɥɶɧɢɤɿɜ. ɉɟɪɟ-

Ɂɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɬɨɝɨ, ɯɬɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɸ, ɜɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɭɛɥɿɱɧɨɸ (ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨɸ) ɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨɸ (ɞɨɛɪɨɜɿɥɶɧɨɸ).

ɉɭɛɥɿɱɧɚ (ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɚ) ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɜɨɦɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ: ɚ) ɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ, ɞɟ ɜɟɞɟɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɥɿɤ ɦɿɝɪɚɰɿʀ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ, ɫɩɢɫɤɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ, ɹɤɟ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɽ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨʀ ɞɿɥɶɧɢɰɿ (Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɿɹ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ, Ʉɭɛɚ, ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɚ, Ɋɨɫɿɹ, ɒɜɟɰɿɹ, ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɿɹ); ɛ) ɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ, ɞɟ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɭɫɨɜɚ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɦɿɝɪɚɰɿʀ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ, ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨɸ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɨɸ ɨɫɨɛɨɸ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ʀɯ ɨɛɯɨɞɭ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɨɠɧɢɦɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɦɢ (ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿɹ, Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ).

Ɉɫɨɛɢɫɬɚ (ɞɨɛɪɨɜɿɥɶɧɚ) ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɢɣ ɩɪɢɯɿɞ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɹ ɞɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨʀ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɫɜɨɽʀ ɭɱɚɫɬɿ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ (ȱɫɩɚɧɿɹ, ɋɒȺ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɿɹ), ɩɿɫɥɹ ɱɨɝɨ ɜɿɧ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɭ ɤɚɪɬɤɭ, ɳɨ ɽ ɩɨɫɜɿɞɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ;

5) ɜɢɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ — ɰɟ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɥɚ ɨɫɿɛ,

ɳɨ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɞɭɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɶɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɱɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɧɿ ɩɨɫɚɞɢ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ʉɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚɦɢ ɜɢɫɭɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɢ, ɧɚɞɿɥɟɧɿ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɢɦ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɜɢɦɨɝ, ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɩɨɫɚɞɢ ɚɛɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɚ. ɐɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɢ:

ɚ) ɫɚɦɨɜɢɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɜ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɨɫɨɛɚ ɫɚɦɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɢɫɭɜɚɽ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɨɦ, ɩɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ʀɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɢ ɞɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɭ ɡɚɹɜɭ, ɧɟɸ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɚɧɭ (Ɋɨɫɿɹ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɿɹ), ɿɧɨɞɿ ɬɚɤɚ ɡɚɹɜɚ ɦɚɽ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɨ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɚɧɚ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɸ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ (ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿɹ, Ⱦɚɧɿɹ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ). ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɥɚɫɧɨʀ ɡɚɹɜɢ, ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɨ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɚɧɨʀ ɞɟɫɹɬɶɦɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɹɦɢ;

ɛ) ɜɢɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ ɝɪɭɩɚɦɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ, ɳɨɛ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɛɭɥɢ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɚɧɿ ɩɟɜɧɨɸ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɩɨ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɨɤɪɭɝɭ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ Ⱦɚɧɿʀ ɨɫɨɛɿ, ɹɤɚ ɛɚɠɚɽ ɫɬɚɬɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɨɦ ɭ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɢ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɭ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɿɛɪɚɬɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 25 ɩɿɞɩɢɫɿɜ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ, ɭ ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɿ — 200, ɜ ȱɬɚɥɿʀ — 350, ɭ ɉɨɥɶɳɿ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɭ ɭ ɫɟɧɚɬɨɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɤɭ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 3 ɬɢɫ. ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ;

ɜ) ɜɢɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɬɿɹɦɢ ɜ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ (Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿɹ, Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɿɹ, ȯɝɢɩɟɬ, ȱɬɚɥɿɹ, ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɚ, ɉɨɥɶɳɚ, ɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥɿɹ, Ɋɨɫɿɹ, ɍɝɨɪɳɢɧɚ, ɍɤɪɚʀɧɚ, Ɏɿɧɥɹɧɞɿɹ, ɒɜɟɰɿɹ, əɩɨɧɿɹ). ɐɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɿɛ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɨɸ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɜɢɫɭɧɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɢɫɤɿɜ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ;

ɝ) ɜɢɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹɦɢ ɿ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɢɦɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɚɦɢ (ȼ’ɽɬɧɚɦ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ, Ʉɭɛɚ, Ɋɨɫɿɹ);

ɞ) ɜɢɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ ɡɚ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɸ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɨɸ «ɩɪɚɣɦɟɪɿɡ», ɬɨɛɬɨ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ (ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɢɯ) ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ. ɐɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɿɛ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɿ ɦɚɽ ɡɚɤɪɢɬɢɣ, ɫɭɬɨ ɩɚɪɬɿɣɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɤɨɥɢ ɤɨɠɧɚ ɩɚɪɬɿɹ (ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɚ ɱɢ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɧɫɶɤɚ) ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɨ ɿ ɡɚɥɭɱɚɽ ɞɨ ɧɶɨɝɨ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɩɪɢɯɢɥɶɧɢɤɿɜ. ɉɟɪɟ-

ɦɨɠɰɿ ɩɪɚɣɦɟɪɿɡ ɜɢɫɭɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɩɚɪɬɿʀ. ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɢɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ, ɩɨɞɿɛɧɢɣ ɩɪɚɣɦɟɪɿɡɭ, ɿɫɧɭɽ ɿ ɜ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɯ (Ȼɟɥɶɝɿɹ).

Ʉɪɿɦ ɰɶɨɝɨ, ɭ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ (Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɿɹ, Ȼɟɥɶɝɿɹ, ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿɹ, ȱɪɥɚɧɞɿɹ, Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ, ɇɿɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɢ, ɍɤɪɚʀɧɚ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɿɹ, əɩɨɧɿɹ) ɞɥɹ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɨɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɭ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɭ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɩɟɜɧɭ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɭ ɫɭɦɭ, ɹɤɭ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɹɤɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɬɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɣɨɦɭ ɥɢɲɟ ɡɚ ɭɦɨɜɢ, ɹɤɳɨ ɜɿɧ ɧɚɛɪɚɜ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɡɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ (ɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿʀ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ — 5%, ɜ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɿʀ — 4%). ɉɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɿ ɫɭɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɭ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɢ, ɧɚɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɢɳɭɸɬɶ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ ɭ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɢ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɭ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɢ ɜ 2010 ɪ. ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ 2,5 ɦɥɧ. ɝɪɧ. ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ, ɳɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚ — ɰɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɚɣɧɨɜɢɣ ɰɟɧɡ, ɳɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɟɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ.

ɉɿɫɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɹɤ ɨɫɨɛɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɥɚ ɜɫɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ, ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɜɨɧɚ ɧɚɛɭɜɚɽ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ ɿ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɟ ɩɨɫɜɿɞɱɟɧɧɹ;

6)ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɛɨɪɧɚ ɚɝɿɬɚɰɿɹ ɩɨɱɢɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ ɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɳɨɛ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɢ ɡɦɨɝɥɢ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɤɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ. əɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɜɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɛɨɪɧɨʀ ɚɝɿɬɚɰɿʀ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɜɚɧɿ ɬɚɤɿ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ: ɩɨɱɚɬɨɤ ɿ ɩɪɢɩɢɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɛɨɪɧɨʀ ɚɝɿɬɚɰɿʀ, ɱɚɫ ɿ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɁɆȱ, ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɞɪɭɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɜɢɞɚɧɶ ɬɨɳɨ. ɉɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɚ ɭɜɚɝɚ ɩɪɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɸ ɪɿɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ.

Ⱦɨɫɢɬɶ ɠɨɪɫɬɤɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɟ ɡ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɹɤ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɛɨɪɧɨʀ ɚɝɿɬɚɰɿʀ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɜ ɰɿɥɨɦɭ. əɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɮɿɤɫɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɭɦɚ ɤɨɲɬɿɜ, ɳɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɢɬɪɚɱɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɛɨɪɧɭ ɚɝɿɬɚɰɿɸ. ɍ Ȼɟɥɶɝɿʀ, Ⱦɚɧɿʀ, Ʌɸɤɫɟɦɛɭɪɡɿ, ɇɿɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ ɬɚ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɿ ɧɟɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ, ɭ ɧɢɡɰɿ ɤɪɚʀɧ (ȱɬɚɥɿɹ, Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ, ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɚ, ɍɤɪɚʀɧɚ, Ɏɿɧɥɹɧɞɿɹ, ɑɟɯɿɹ, ɒɜɟɰɿɹ) ɿɡ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɭ ɜɢɩɥɚɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɜɧɚ ɫɭɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɿɞɲɤɨɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ.

Ɂɚɤɿɧɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɛɨɪɧɚ ɚɝɿɬɚɰɿɹ ɡɚ ɞɨɛɭ ɞɨ ɞɧɹ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ.

7)ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɽ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɸ ɫɬɚɞɿɽɸ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ, ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɹɤɨʀ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɜɨɥɟɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ, ɜɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ, ɳɨ ɛɚɥɨɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ, ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɧɢɣ ɦɚɧɞɚɬ. ɉɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɦɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ ɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ: ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɹ, ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɛɸɥɟɬɟɧɹ, ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɛɸɥɟɬɟɧɹ ɬɚ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɧɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨʀ ɫɤɪɢɧɶɤɢ. Ⱦɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿ, ɹɤɿ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɿ ɞɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɿ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɸɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɫɨɛɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɦ ɩɨɫɜɿɞɱɟɧɧɹɦ. Ƚɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ

ɦɨɠɰɿ ɩɪɚɣɦɟɪɿɡ ɜɢɫɭɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɩɚɪɬɿʀ. ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɢɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ, ɩɨɞɿɛɧɢɣ ɩɪɚɣɦɟɪɿɡɭ, ɿɫɧɭɽ ɿ ɜ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɯ (Ȼɟɥɶɝɿɹ).

Ʉɪɿɦ ɰɶɨɝɨ, ɭ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ (Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɿɹ, Ȼɟɥɶɝɿɹ, ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿɹ, ȱɪɥɚɧɞɿɹ, Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ, ɇɿɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɢ, ɍɤɪɚʀɧɚ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɿɹ, əɩɨɧɿɹ) ɞɥɹ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɨɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɭ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɭ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɩɟɜɧɭ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɭ ɫɭɦɭ, ɹɤɭ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɹɤɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɬɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɣɨɦɭ ɥɢɲɟ ɡɚ ɭɦɨɜɢ, ɹɤɳɨ ɜɿɧ ɧɚɛɪɚɜ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɡɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ (ɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿʀ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ — 5%, ɜ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɿʀ — 4%). ɉɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɿ ɫɭɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɭ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɢ, ɧɚɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɢɳɭɸɬɶ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ ɭ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɢ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɭ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɢ ɜ 2010 ɪ. ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ 2,5 ɦɥɧ. ɝɪɧ. ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ, ɳɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚ — ɰɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɚɣɧɨɜɢɣ ɰɟɧɡ, ɳɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɟɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ.

ɉɿɫɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɹɤ ɨɫɨɛɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɥɚ ɜɫɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ, ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɜɨɧɚ ɧɚɛɭɜɚɽ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ ɿ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɟ ɩɨɫɜɿɞɱɟɧɧɹ;

6)ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɛɨɪɧɚ ɚɝɿɬɚɰɿɹ ɩɨɱɢɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ ɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɳɨɛ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɢ ɡɦɨɝɥɢ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɤɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ. əɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɜɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɛɨɪɧɨʀ ɚɝɿɬɚɰɿʀ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɜɚɧɿ ɬɚɤɿ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ: ɩɨɱɚɬɨɤ ɿ ɩɪɢɩɢɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɛɨɪɧɨʀ ɚɝɿɬɚɰɿʀ, ɱɚɫ ɿ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɁɆȱ, ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɞɪɭɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɜɢɞɚɧɶ ɬɨɳɨ. ɉɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɚ ɭɜɚɝɚ ɩɪɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɸ ɪɿɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ.

Ⱦɨɫɢɬɶ ɠɨɪɫɬɤɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɟ ɡ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɹɤ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɛɨɪɧɨʀ ɚɝɿɬɚɰɿʀ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɜ ɰɿɥɨɦɭ. əɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɮɿɤɫɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɭɦɚ ɤɨɲɬɿɜ, ɳɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɢɬɪɚɱɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɛɨɪɧɭ ɚɝɿɬɚɰɿɸ. ɍ Ȼɟɥɶɝɿʀ, Ⱦɚɧɿʀ, Ʌɸɤɫɟɦɛɭɪɡɿ, ɇɿɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ ɬɚ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɿ ɧɟɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ, ɭ ɧɢɡɰɿ ɤɪɚʀɧ (ȱɬɚɥɿɹ, Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ, ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɚ, ɍɤɪɚʀɧɚ, Ɏɿɧɥɹɧɞɿɹ, ɑɟɯɿɹ, ɒɜɟɰɿɹ) ɿɡ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɭ ɜɢɩɥɚɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɜɧɚ ɫɭɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɿɞɲɤɨɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ.

Ɂɚɤɿɧɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɛɨɪɧɚ ɚɝɿɬɚɰɿɹ ɡɚ ɞɨɛɭ ɞɨ ɞɧɹ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ.

7)ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɽ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɸ ɫɬɚɞɿɽɸ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ, ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɹɤɨʀ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɜɨɥɟɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ, ɜɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ, ɳɨ ɛɚɥɨɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ, ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɧɢɣ ɦɚɧɞɚɬ. ɉɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɦɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ ɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ: ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɹ, ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɛɸɥɟɬɟɧɹ, ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɛɸɥɟɬɟɧɹ ɬɚ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɧɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨʀ ɫɤɪɢɧɶɤɢ. Ⱦɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿ, ɹɤɿ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɿ ɞɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɿ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɸɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɫɨɛɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɦ ɩɨɫɜɿɞɱɟɧɧɹɦ. Ƚɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ

ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ, ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɭ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɬɚɽɦɧɨ ɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɛɸɥɟɬɟɧɿɜ, ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɩɨɲɬɨɸ (ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿɹ, Ⱦɚɧɿɹ, ȱɪɥɚɧɞɿɹ, ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɚ) ɬɚ ɡɚ ɞɨɪɭɱɟɧɧɹɦ (Ȼɟɥɶɝɿɹ, ɇɿɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɢ, ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɚ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɿɹ, əɩɨɧɿɹ);

8) ɩɿɞɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ ɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ ɽ ɡɚɜɟɪ-

ɲɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɫɬɚɞɿɽɸ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ. ɉɿɞɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɞɿɥɶɧɢɰɹɯ, ɞɟ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ, ɳɨ ɜɡɹɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɿ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɞɿɣɫɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɧɟɞɿɣɫɧɢɯ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ. ɉɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɿ ɫɩɨɫɬɟɪɿɝɚɱɿ ɜɿɞ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɿɣ, ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɿ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɩɿɞɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɞɿɥɶɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɳɢɦ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ, ɹɤɿ ʀɯ ɩɿɞɫɭɦɨɜɭɸɬɶ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɢɦɢ, ɚ ɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ (ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ) ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ. Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɿ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɣ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨ ɨɩɪɢɥɸɞɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ (ɩɭɛɥɿɤɭɸɬɶɫɹ) ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ.

əɤɳɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɢ ɜɢɹɜɢɥɢɫɹ ɛɟɡɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɧɢɦɢ ɚɛɨ ʀɯ ɜɢɡɧɚɥɢ ɧɟɞɿɣɫɧɢɦɢ, ɬɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɧɨɜɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɢ.

ȼɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɦɞɥɹɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢɜɢɛɨɪɿɜɽɩɨɧɹɬɬɹɜɢɛɨɪɱɨʀɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ.

ȼɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ — ɰɟ ɫɭɤɭɩɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ, ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ.

Ɂɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɞɜɨɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɯ:

1)ɭ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ — ɰɟ ɫɭɤɭɩɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ;

2)ɭ ɜɭɡɶɤɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ — ɰɟ ɫɩɨɫɿɛ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ɿ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɭ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɿɜ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ.

Ȼɭɞɶ-ɹɤɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɧɢɦɢ (ɛɟɡ ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɢɤɿɜ) ɞɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ — ɡɧɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ ɜɨɧɢ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɸɬɶ.

ȼɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ: ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɭ, ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɭ ɬɚ ɡɦɿɲɚɧɭ.

1)Ɇɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɰɿɽʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ, ɬɨɛɬɨ, ɨɛɪɚɧɢɦ ɩɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɦɭ ɨɤɪɭɝɭ ɜɜɚɠɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɣ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɚɛɨ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ, ɯɬɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɜ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɛɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ.

Ɂɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɞɨ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨʀ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɨɝɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ, ɪɨɡɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɪɿɡɧɨɜɢɞɢ ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɨʀ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ: ɜɿɞɧɨɫɧɨʀ, ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨʀ ɿ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ.

ɚ) ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ — ɰɟ ɪɿɡ-

ɧɨɜɢɞ ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɨʀ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ, ɡɚ ɹɤɨɸ ɨɛɪɚɧɢɦ ɜɜɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɣ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɱɢ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ, ɳɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɥɢ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɦɭ ɨɤɪɭɡɿ ɩɪɨɫɬɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ, ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɯ ɞɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɫɩɢɫɤɿɜ, ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɹɤɳɨ ɰɹ ɛɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɛɭɥɚ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ ɩɨɞɚɧɢɯ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ. Ɂɚɡɧɚ-

ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ, ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɭ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɬɚɽɦɧɨ ɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɛɸɥɟɬɟɧɿɜ, ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɩɨɲɬɨɸ (ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿɹ, Ⱦɚɧɿɹ, ȱɪɥɚɧɞɿɹ, ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɚ) ɬɚ ɡɚ ɞɨɪɭɱɟɧɧɹɦ (Ȼɟɥɶɝɿɹ, ɇɿɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɢ, ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɚ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɿɹ, əɩɨɧɿɹ);

8) ɩɿɞɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ ɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ ɽ ɡɚɜɟɪ-

ɲɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɫɬɚɞɿɽɸ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ. ɉɿɞɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɞɿɥɶɧɢɰɹɯ, ɞɟ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ, ɳɨ ɜɡɹɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɿ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɞɿɣɫɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɧɟɞɿɣɫɧɢɯ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ. ɉɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɿ ɫɩɨɫɬɟɪɿɝɚɱɿ ɜɿɞ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɿɣ, ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɿ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɩɿɞɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɞɿɥɶɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɳɢɦ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ, ɹɤɿ ʀɯ ɩɿɞɫɭɦɨɜɭɸɬɶ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɢɦɢ, ɚ ɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ (ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ) ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ. Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɿ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɣ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨ ɨɩɪɢɥɸɞɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ (ɩɭɛɥɿɤɭɸɬɶɫɹ) ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ.

əɤɳɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɢ ɜɢɹɜɢɥɢɫɹ ɛɟɡɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɧɢɦɢ ɚɛɨ ʀɯ ɜɢɡɧɚɥɢ ɧɟɞɿɣɫɧɢɦɢ, ɬɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɧɨɜɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɢ.

ȼɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɦɞɥɹɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢɜɢɛɨɪɿɜɽɩɨɧɹɬɬɹɜɢɛɨɪɱɨʀɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ.

ȼɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ — ɰɟ ɫɭɤɭɩɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ, ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ.

Ɂɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɞɜɨɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɯ:

1)ɭ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ — ɰɟ ɫɭɤɭɩɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ;

2)ɭ ɜɭɡɶɤɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ — ɰɟ ɫɩɨɫɿɛ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ɿ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɭ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɿɜ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ.

Ȼɭɞɶ-ɹɤɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɧɢɦɢ (ɛɟɡ ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɢɤɿɜ) ɞɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ — ɡɧɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ ɜɨɧɢ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɸɬɶ.

ȼɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ: ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɭ, ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɭ ɬɚ ɡɦɿɲɚɧɭ.

1)Ɇɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɰɿɽʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ, ɬɨɛɬɨ, ɨɛɪɚɧɢɦ ɩɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɦɭ ɨɤɪɭɝɭ ɜɜɚɠɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɣ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɚɛɨ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ, ɯɬɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɜ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɛɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ.

Ɂɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɞɨ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨʀ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɨɝɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ, ɪɨɡɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɪɿɡɧɨɜɢɞɢ ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɨʀ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ: ɜɿɞɧɨɫɧɨʀ, ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨʀ ɿ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ.

ɚ) ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ — ɰɟ ɪɿɡ-

ɧɨɜɢɞ ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɨʀ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ, ɡɚ ɹɤɨɸ ɨɛɪɚɧɢɦ ɜɜɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɣ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɱɢ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ, ɳɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɥɢ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɦɭ ɨɤɪɭɡɿ ɩɪɨɫɬɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ, ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɯ ɞɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɫɩɢɫɤɿɜ, ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɹɤɳɨ ɰɹ ɛɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɛɭɥɚ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ ɩɨɞɚɧɢɯ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ. Ɂɚɡɧɚ-

ɱɟɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɚ, ɚɥɟ ɜɨɧɚ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɨ ɫɩɨɬɜɨɪɸɽ ɜɨɥɸ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ. ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɥɭɝɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɜɢɛɿɪɧɢɤɿɜ ɭ ɋɒȺ. Ɇɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɚ ɜ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɿʀ, ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿʀ, ȱɧɞɿʀ, Ʉɚɧɚɞɿ, ɇɨɜɨʀ Ɂɟɥɚɧɞɿʀ, ɋɒȺ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ, əɩɨɧɿʀ.

ɛ) ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ — ɰɟ ɪɿ-

ɡɧɨɜɢɞ ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɨʀ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ, ɡɚ ɹɤɨɸ ɨɛɪɚɧɢɦ ɜɢɡɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɣ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɱɢ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ, ɳɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɥɢ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɦɭ ɨɤɪɭɡɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ ɜɿɞ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɞɚɧɢɯ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ (50%+ ɨɞɢɧ ɝɨɥɨɫ), ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɯ ɞɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɫɩɢɫɤɿɜ. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɿɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɢɠɧɹ ɦɟɠɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɿ. əɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɣ ɜɿɞɫɨɬɨɤ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽ 50% (ɜɢɛɨɪɢ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ), ɿɧɤɨɥɢ — 25% ɚɛɨ ɿɧɲɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ. ɍ ɪɚɡɿ ɹɤɳɨ ɠɨɞɟɧ ɿɡ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɪɚɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ, ɬɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɞɿɣɫɧɢɦɢ ɚɛɨ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ, ɳɨ ɧɟ ɜɿɞɛɭɥɢɫɹ. Ʉɪɿɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɝɨɥɨɫɢ, ɩɨɞɚɧɿ ɡɚ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɡɧɚɥɢ ɩɨɪɚɡɤɢ, ɩɪɨɩɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿ, ɳɨ ɩɪɨɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɰɢɯ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ, ɫɜɨʀɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɭ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɿ ɧɟ ɦɚɬɢɦɭɬɶ. Ɂɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɽ ɧɟɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɸ ɿ ɬɨɦɭ ɞɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɣ ɬɭɪ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ Ɋɨɫɿʀ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɬɭɪɿ ɛɟɪɭɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɥɢɲɟ ɬɿ ɞɜɚ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ, ɳɨ ɧɚɛɪɚɥɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɲɨɦɭ ɬɭɪɿ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ, ɭ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ — ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɬɿ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɢ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚɛɪɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 12,5% ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ, ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ. ȼ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɿʀ, ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɭɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɭ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɧɢɠɧɶɨʀ ɩɚɥɚɬɢ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɭ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɟɰɶ ɭ ɛɸɥɟɬɟɧɿ ɰɢɮɪɚɦɢ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɫɜɨʀ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢ ɩɪɿɡɜɢɳɚ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɡ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ.

Ɂɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɬɭɪɿ ɩɟɪɟɦɨɠɟɰɶ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɨʀ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ.

Ɂɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚɡɜɢɱɚɣ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɫɶɤɿɣ ɬɚ ɡɦɿɲɚɧɿɣ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɯ.

ɜ) ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ —

ɰɟ ɪɿɡɧɨɜɢɞ ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɨʀ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ, ɡɚ ɹɤɨɸ ɨɛɪɚɧɢɦ ɜɜɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɱɢ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ, ɳɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɜɿɞ ɡɚɡɞɚɥɟɝɿɞɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨʀ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ. Ʉɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɚ ɛɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɡɜɢɱɚɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɢɳɭɽ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ, ɚɥɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɣ ɿɧɲɨɸ (ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, 3/5, 2/3, 40%, 30% ɬɨɳɨ ɜɫɿɯ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ). Ɂɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɳɟ ɦɟɧɲ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɚ, ɧɿɠ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɧɚ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɭɠɟ ɪɿɞɤɨ. ɇɚ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɬɚɤɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɿɫɧɭɽ ɜ ɑɢɥɿ (ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ 2/3 ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ).

2) ɉɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɤɥɸɱɧɨ ɳɨɞɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɶɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɜɥɚɞɢ, ɜɨɧɚ ɽ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɨɸ ɬɚ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɨɸ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɹɯ ɪɹɞɭ ɤɪɚʀɧ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɱ. 2 ɫɬ. 62 Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿʀ Ʉɨɪɨɥɿɜɫɬɜɚ Ȼɟɥɶɝɿɹ 1831 ɪ. ɭ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɿʀ

ɱɟɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɚ, ɚɥɟ ɜɨɧɚ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɨ ɫɩɨɬɜɨɪɸɽ ɜɨɥɸ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ. ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɥɭɝɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɜɢɛɿɪɧɢɤɿɜ ɭ ɋɒȺ. Ɇɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɚ ɜ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɿʀ, ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿʀ, ȱɧɞɿʀ, Ʉɚɧɚɞɿ, ɇɨɜɨʀ Ɂɟɥɚɧɞɿʀ, ɋɒȺ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ, əɩɨɧɿʀ.

ɛ) ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ — ɰɟ ɪɿ-

ɡɧɨɜɢɞ ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɨʀ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ, ɡɚ ɹɤɨɸ ɨɛɪɚɧɢɦ ɜɢɡɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɣ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɱɢ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ, ɳɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɥɢ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɦɭ ɨɤɪɭɡɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ ɜɿɞ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɞɚɧɢɯ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ (50%+ ɨɞɢɧ ɝɨɥɨɫ), ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɯ ɞɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɫɩɢɫɤɿɜ. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɿɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɢɠɧɹ ɦɟɠɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɿ. əɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɣ ɜɿɞɫɨɬɨɤ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽ 50% (ɜɢɛɨɪɢ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ), ɿɧɤɨɥɢ — 25% ɚɛɨ ɿɧɲɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ. ɍ ɪɚɡɿ ɹɤɳɨ ɠɨɞɟɧ ɿɡ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɪɚɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ, ɬɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɞɿɣɫɧɢɦɢ ɚɛɨ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ, ɳɨ ɧɟ ɜɿɞɛɭɥɢɫɹ. Ʉɪɿɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɝɨɥɨɫɢ, ɩɨɞɚɧɿ ɡɚ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɡɧɚɥɢ ɩɨɪɚɡɤɢ, ɩɪɨɩɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿ, ɳɨ ɩɪɨɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɰɢɯ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ, ɫɜɨʀɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɭ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɿ ɧɟ ɦɚɬɢɦɭɬɶ. Ɂɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɽ ɧɟɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɸ ɿ ɬɨɦɭ ɞɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɣ ɬɭɪ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ Ɋɨɫɿʀ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɬɭɪɿ ɛɟɪɭɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɥɢɲɟ ɬɿ ɞɜɚ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ, ɳɨ ɧɚɛɪɚɥɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɲɨɦɭ ɬɭɪɿ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ, ɭ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ — ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɬɿ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɢ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚɛɪɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 12,5% ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ, ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ. ȼ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɿʀ, ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɭɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɭ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɧɢɠɧɶɨʀ ɩɚɥɚɬɢ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɭ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɟɰɶ ɭ ɛɸɥɟɬɟɧɿ ɰɢɮɪɚɦɢ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɫɜɨʀ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢ ɩɪɿɡɜɢɳɚ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɡ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ.

Ɂɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɬɭɪɿ ɩɟɪɟɦɨɠɟɰɶ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɨʀ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ.

Ɂɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚɡɜɢɱɚɣ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɫɶɤɿɣ ɬɚ ɡɦɿɲɚɧɿɣ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɯ.

ɜ) ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ —

ɰɟ ɪɿɡɧɨɜɢɞ ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɨʀ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ, ɡɚ ɹɤɨɸ ɨɛɪɚɧɢɦ ɜɜɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɱɢ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ, ɳɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɜɿɞ ɡɚɡɞɚɥɟɝɿɞɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨʀ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ. Ʉɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɚ ɛɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɡɜɢɱɚɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɢɳɭɽ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ, ɚɥɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɣ ɿɧɲɨɸ (ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, 3/5, 2/3, 40%, 30% ɬɨɳɨ ɜɫɿɯ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ). Ɂɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɳɟ ɦɟɧɲ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɚ, ɧɿɠ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɧɚ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɭɠɟ ɪɿɞɤɨ. ɇɚ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɬɚɤɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɿɫɧɭɽ ɜ ɑɢɥɿ (ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ 2/3 ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ).

2) ɉɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɤɥɸɱɧɨ ɳɨɞɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɶɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɜɥɚɞɢ, ɜɨɧɚ ɽ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɨɸ ɬɚ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɨɸ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɹɯ ɪɹɞɭ ɤɪɚʀɧ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɱ. 2 ɫɬ. 62 Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿʀ Ʉɨɪɨɥɿɜɫɬɜɚ Ȼɟɥɶɝɿɹ 1831 ɪ. ɭ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɿʀ

1994 ɪ. ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ, ɳɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɢ ɞɨ ɉɚɥɚɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɿɜ «…ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ». ɉɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɭ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɫɜɿɬɭ: Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿʀ, Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɿ, Ȼɟɥɶɝɿʀ, Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɿʀ, Ⱦɚɧɿʀ, ȱɡɪɚʀɥɿ, ȱɫɩɚɧɿʀ, ȱɬɚɥɿʀ, Ʌɚɬɜɿʀ, ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɿ, ɇɨɪɜɟɝɿʀ, ɉɨɥɶɳɿ, ɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥɿʀ, ɍɝɨɪɳɢɧɿ, Ɏɿɧɥɹɧɞɿʀ, ɑɟɯɿʀ, ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɿʀ, ɒɜɟɰɿʀ.

ȼɢɛɨɪɢ ɿɡ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɰɿɽʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɦɚɧɞɚɬɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɦɭ ɨɤɪɭɡɿ, ɿ ɛɚɥɨɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ ɧɟ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɢ, ɚ ɫɩɢɫɤɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ ɭ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɢ ɜɿɞ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɿɣ. ɉɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ, ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɫɶɤɿ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɢ ɩɨ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɦɭ ɨɤɪɭɝɭ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɨ ɞɨ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɞɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɧɢɯ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ. Ɍɨɛɬɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɸɬɶ ɧɟ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɯ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ, ɚ ɡɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɩɚɪɬɿʀ.

Ɋɨɡɩɨɞɿɥ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɿɜ ɭɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɿ ɩɚɪɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɞɜɨɦɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ:

ɚ) ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ «ɡɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɯ (ɠɨɪɫɬɤɢɯ) ɫɩɢɫɤɿɜ» — ɰɟ ɤɨɥɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ ɭ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɚ ɩɚɪɬɿɹ, ɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɟɰɶ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɽ ɧɟ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ, ɚ ɡɚ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɭ ɰɿɥɨɦɭ. Ɍɨɛɬɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɟɰɶ ɧɟ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɞɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ, ɳɨ ɞɚɽ ɡɦɨɝɭ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɩɚɪɬɿʀ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɭ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɜɲɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɱɨɥɿ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ. ɐɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɞɿɽ ɜ Ⱥɥɛɚɧɿʀ, Ȼɟɥɶɝɿʀ, Ⱦɚɧɿʀ, ȿɫɬɨɧɿʀ, ȱɡɪɚʀɥɿ, ɇɿɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ, Ɋɨɫɿʀ;

ɛ) ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ «ɜɿɥɶɧɢɯ (ɝɧɭɱɤɢɯ) ɫɩɢɫɤɿɜ» — ɰɟ ɤɨɥɢ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧ-

ɧɹ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ ɭ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɢɛɨɪɟɰɶ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɱɢ ɩɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɣɧɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɍɨɛɬɨ, ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɹ ɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɫɥɨɜɢɬɢ ɫɜɨɽ ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɡ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ, ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɯ ɞɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ, ɩɪɨɫɬɚɜɢɜɲɢ ɩɪɨɬɢ ʀɯ ɩɪɿɡɜɢɳ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɭ ɩɨɡɧɚɱɤɭ ɿ ɬɢɦ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ, ɤɨɝɨ ɡ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ ɜɿɧ ɛɚɠɚɽ ɛɚɱɢɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɧɢɦ ɭ ɩɟɪɲɭ ɱɟɪɝɭ, ɤɨɝɨ — ɭ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɿ ɬ.ɞ. ɐɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɞɿɽ ɜ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿʀ, ȱɬɚɥɿʀ, Ɏɿɧɥɹɧɞɿʀ, ɒɜɟɰɿʀ, ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɿʀ ɿ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ.

ɉɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɩɪɢɹɽ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɸ ɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɩɚɪɬɿɣɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɭɽ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɭ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɿ ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɞɪɿɛɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɿɣ, ɳɨ ɽ ɫɩɪɚɜɠɧɿɦ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɭ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɿ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɭ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɿɜ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨʀ ɤɜɨɬɢ ɱɢ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɞɿɥɶɧɢɤɿɜ.

ȼɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɤɜɨɬɚ — ɰɟ ɧɚɣɦɟɧɲɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɚ ɞɥɹɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹɨɞɧɨɝɨɦɚɧɞɚɬɚɧɚɜɢɛɨɪɚɯɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɨɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ.

Ɋɿɡɧɨɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨʀ ɤɜɨɬɢ ɽ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɤɜɨɬɚ ɬɚ ɲɬɭɱɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɤɜɨɬɚ.

ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɤɜɨɬɚ ɨɛɱɢɫɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɿɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɦɭ ɨɤɪɭɡɿ, ɩɨɞɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɫɩɢɫɤɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ ɭ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɢ ɜɿɞ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɿɣ, ɳɨ ɩɨɞɨɥɚɥɢɡɚɝɨɪɨɞɠɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɛɚɪ’ɽɪ, ɧɚ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɿɜ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɡɿ. ɐɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɿɛ ɜɩɟɪɲɟ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɜ ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɢɣ ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬ Ɍɨɦɚɫ ɏɟɣɪ

1994 ɪ. ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ, ɳɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɢ ɞɨ ɉɚɥɚɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɿɜ «…ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ». ɉɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɭ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɫɜɿɬɭ: Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿʀ, Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɿ, Ȼɟɥɶɝɿʀ, Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɿʀ, Ⱦɚɧɿʀ, ȱɡɪɚʀɥɿ, ȱɫɩɚɧɿʀ, ȱɬɚɥɿʀ, Ʌɚɬɜɿʀ, ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɿ, ɇɨɪɜɟɝɿʀ, ɉɨɥɶɳɿ, ɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥɿʀ, ɍɝɨɪɳɢɧɿ, Ɏɿɧɥɹɧɞɿʀ, ɑɟɯɿʀ, ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɿʀ, ɒɜɟɰɿʀ.

ȼɢɛɨɪɢ ɿɡ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɰɿɽʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɦɚɧɞɚɬɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɦɭ ɨɤɪɭɡɿ, ɿ ɛɚɥɨɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ ɧɟ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɢ, ɚ ɫɩɢɫɤɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ ɭ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɢ ɜɿɞ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɿɣ. ɉɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ, ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɫɶɤɿ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɢ ɩɨ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɦɭ ɨɤɪɭɝɭ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɨ ɞɨ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɞɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɧɢɯ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ. Ɍɨɛɬɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɸɬɶ ɧɟ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɯ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ, ɚ ɡɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɩɚɪɬɿʀ.

Ɋɨɡɩɨɞɿɥ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɿɜ ɭɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɿ ɩɚɪɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɞɜɨɦɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ:

ɚ) ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ «ɡɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɯ (ɠɨɪɫɬɤɢɯ) ɫɩɢɫɤɿɜ» — ɰɟ ɤɨɥɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ ɭ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɚ ɩɚɪɬɿɹ, ɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɟɰɶ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɽ ɧɟ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ, ɚ ɡɚ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɭ ɰɿɥɨɦɭ. Ɍɨɛɬɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɟɰɶ ɧɟ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɞɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ, ɳɨ ɞɚɽ ɡɦɨɝɭ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɩɚɪɬɿʀ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɭ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɜɲɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɱɨɥɿ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ. ɐɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɞɿɽ ɜ Ⱥɥɛɚɧɿʀ, Ȼɟɥɶɝɿʀ, Ⱦɚɧɿʀ, ȿɫɬɨɧɿʀ, ȱɡɪɚʀɥɿ, ɇɿɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ, Ɋɨɫɿʀ;

ɛ) ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ «ɜɿɥɶɧɢɯ (ɝɧɭɱɤɢɯ) ɫɩɢɫɤɿɜ» — ɰɟ ɤɨɥɢ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧ-

ɧɹ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ ɭ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɢɛɨɪɟɰɶ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɱɢ ɩɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɣɧɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɍɨɛɬɨ, ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɹ ɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɫɥɨɜɢɬɢ ɫɜɨɽ ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɡ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ, ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɯ ɞɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ, ɩɪɨɫɬɚɜɢɜɲɢ ɩɪɨɬɢ ʀɯ ɩɪɿɡɜɢɳ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɭ ɩɨɡɧɚɱɤɭ ɿ ɬɢɦ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ, ɤɨɝɨ ɡ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ ɜɿɧ ɛɚɠɚɽ ɛɚɱɢɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɧɢɦ ɭ ɩɟɪɲɭ ɱɟɪɝɭ, ɤɨɝɨ — ɭ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɿ ɬ.ɞ. ɐɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɞɿɽ ɜ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿʀ, ȱɬɚɥɿʀ, Ɏɿɧɥɹɧɞɿʀ, ɒɜɟɰɿʀ, ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɿʀ ɿ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ.

ɉɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɩɪɢɹɽ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɸ ɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɩɚɪɬɿɣɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɭɽ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɭ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɿ ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɞɪɿɛɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɿɣ, ɳɨ ɽ ɫɩɪɚɜɠɧɿɦ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɭ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɿ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɭ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɿɜ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨʀ ɤɜɨɬɢ ɱɢ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɞɿɥɶɧɢɤɿɜ.

ȼɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɤɜɨɬɚ — ɰɟ ɧɚɣɦɟɧɲɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɚ ɞɥɹɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹɨɞɧɨɝɨɦɚɧɞɚɬɚɧɚɜɢɛɨɪɚɯɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɨɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ.

Ɋɿɡɧɨɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨʀ ɤɜɨɬɢ ɽ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɤɜɨɬɚ ɬɚ ɲɬɭɱɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɤɜɨɬɚ.

ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɤɜɨɬɚ ɨɛɱɢɫɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɿɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɦɭ ɨɤɪɭɡɿ, ɩɨɞɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɫɩɢɫɤɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ ɭ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɢ ɜɿɞ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɿɣ, ɳɨ ɩɨɞɨɥɚɥɢɡɚɝɨɪɨɞɠɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɛɚɪ’ɽɪ, ɧɚ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɿɜ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɡɿ. ɐɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɿɛ ɜɩɟɪɲɟ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɜ ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɢɣ ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬ Ɍɨɦɚɫ ɏɟɣɪ

(1855 ɪ.). Ɂɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɿɛ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɿʀ, ȿɫɬɨɧɿʀ, Ɋɭɦɭɧɿʀ, ɋɥɨɜɚɱɱɢɧɿ, ɋɥɨɜɟɧɿʀ, ɍɝɨɪɳɢɧɿ, ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿɬɚɞɟɹɤɢɯɿɧɲɢɯɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɯ.

ɒɬɭɱɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɤɜɨɬɚ ɨɛɱɢɫɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɿɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɞɚɧɢɯ ɩɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɦɭ ɨɤɪɭɝɭ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ ɧɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɿɜ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɡɿ ɡ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɢɦ ɞɨɞɚɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɞɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɿ, ɩɨɤɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɟɧɨ ɜɫɿ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɢ. ɐɹ ɤɜɨɬɚ ɨɛɱɢɫɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ Ƚ. Ⱦɪɭɩɚ (1868 ɪ.) ɚɛɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ȿ. Ƚɨɝɟɧɛɚɯ-Ȼɿɲɨɮɚ (1888 ɪ.). ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɩɪɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ ɞɨ ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ Ɋɚɞɢ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɢ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɲɬɭɱɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɤɜɨɬɚ ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɜɱɟɧɨɝɨ ȿɞɭɚɪɞɚ ȽɨɝɟɧɛɚɯȻɿɲɨɮɚ, ɹɤɚ ɜɢɪɚɯɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɸ: Q = x: (y + 1), ɞɟ x — ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɩɨ ɨɤɪɭɝɭ, y — ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɿɜ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɝ.

Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɞɿɥɶɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɭ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ, ɳɨ ɛɭɥɢ ɩɨɞɚɧɿ ɡɚ ɤɨɠɧɢɣ ɩɚɪɬɿɣɧɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ, ɧɚ ɩɟɜɧɿ ɞɿɥɶɧɢɤɢ, ɹɤɿ ɬɟɠ ɪɿɡɧɿ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 155 Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿʀ ɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥɶɫɶɤɨʀ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɢ 1976 ɪ. ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɳɨ «ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɢ ɨɛɢɪɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɨʀ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨʀ ɞ’Ɉɧɞɬɚ». ɐɟɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɜ ɛɟɥɶɝɿɣɫɶɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤ ȼɿɤɬɨɪ ɞ’Ɉɧɞɬ (1882 ɪ.), ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ, ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɤɨɠɧɢɦ ɩɚɪɬɿɣɧɢɦ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɦɭ ɨɤɪɭɡɿ, ɞɿɥɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɢɣ ɪɹɞ ɰɿɥɢɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ, ɩɨɱɢɧɚɸɱɢ ɡ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɿ, ɞɨ ɰɢɮɪɢ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɫɩɢɫɤɿɜ. Ɉɬɪɢɦɚɧɿ ɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɡɦɟɧɲɟɧɧɹ. ɑɚɫɬɤɚ, ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɹɤɨʀ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɿɜ, ɳɨɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ, ɽɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɦɞɿɥɶɧɢɤɨɦ. Ʉɨɠɧɚɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɚɩɚɪɬɿɹ ɞɿɫɬɚɽ ɡɚ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ ɫɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɿɜ, ɫɤɿɥɶɤɢɪɚɡɿɜ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɣ ɞɿɥɶɧɢɤ ɜɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ. Ɂɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɬɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɿɡɧɨɜɢɞɢ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɿ, Ȼɟɥɶɝɿʀ, Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɿʀ, ȿɫɬɨɧɿʀ, Ʌɚɬɜɿʀ, ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɿ, ɉɨɥɶɳɿ, Ɋɭɦɭɧɿʀ, ɒɜɟɰɿʀ.

3) Ɂɦɿɲɚɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɽ ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɨʀ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɡɚ ɹɤɨɸ ɨɞɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɿɜ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɭ ɱɢ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɶɤɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɨɛɢɪɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɨɸ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ, ɚ ɿɧɲɚ — ɡɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɨɸ. Ɂɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɿʀ, Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɿʀ, Ƚɪɭɡɿʀ, ȱɬɚɥɿʀ, Ʌɢɬɜɿ, Ɇɟɤɫɢɰɿ, ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɿ, ɉɨɥɶɳɿ, Ɋɨɫɿʀ, ɋɥɨɜɟɧɿʀ, ɍɝɨɪɳɢɧɿ, ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ.

Ɂɚ ɰɿɽɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɨʀ ɱɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɪɿɡɧɢɦ ɿ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ:

ɚ) ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɭ ɡɦɿɲɚɧɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ — ɰɟ ɤɨɥɢ ɦɿɫɰɹ ɭ ɩɚ-

ɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɿ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɭ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɩɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɧɢɠɧɶɨʀ ɩɚɥɚɬɢ Ɋɨɫɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɭ — Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ Ⱦɭɦɢ ɿɡ 450 ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɿɜ 225 ɨɛɢɪɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɨɸ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɨɤɪɭɝɚɯ ɿ 225 — ɡɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɨɸ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ ɧɚ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɩɨ ɡɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɦ (ɠɨɪɫɬɤɢɦ) ɫɩɢɫɤɚɦ;

ɛ) ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɨ-ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ — ɰɟ ɤɨɥɢ ɦɿɫɰɹ ɭ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɿ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɞɨɦɿɧɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɜ ɍɝɨɪɳɢɧɿ ɩɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɭ ɨɞɧɚ

(1855 ɪ.). Ɂɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɿɛ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɿʀ, ȿɫɬɨɧɿʀ, Ɋɭɦɭɧɿʀ, ɋɥɨɜɚɱɱɢɧɿ, ɋɥɨɜɟɧɿʀ, ɍɝɨɪɳɢɧɿ, ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿɬɚɞɟɹɤɢɯɿɧɲɢɯɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɯ.

ɒɬɭɱɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɤɜɨɬɚ ɨɛɱɢɫɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɿɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɞɚɧɢɯ ɩɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɦɭ ɨɤɪɭɝɭ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ ɧɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɿɜ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɡɿ ɡ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɢɦ ɞɨɞɚɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɞɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɿ, ɩɨɤɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɟɧɨ ɜɫɿ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɢ. ɐɹ ɤɜɨɬɚ ɨɛɱɢɫɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ Ƚ. Ⱦɪɭɩɚ (1868 ɪ.) ɚɛɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ȿ. Ƚɨɝɟɧɛɚɯ-Ȼɿɲɨɮɚ (1888 ɪ.). ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɩɪɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ ɞɨ ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ Ɋɚɞɢ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɢ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɲɬɭɱɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɤɜɨɬɚ ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɜɱɟɧɨɝɨ ȿɞɭɚɪɞɚ ȽɨɝɟɧɛɚɯȻɿɲɨɮɚ, ɹɤɚ ɜɢɪɚɯɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɸ: Q = x: (y + 1), ɞɟ x — ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿɜ ɩɨ ɨɤɪɭɝɭ, y — ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɿɜ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɝ.

Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɞɿɥɶɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɭ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ, ɳɨ ɛɭɥɢ ɩɨɞɚɧɿ ɡɚ ɤɨɠɧɢɣ ɩɚɪɬɿɣɧɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ, ɧɚ ɩɟɜɧɿ ɞɿɥɶɧɢɤɢ, ɹɤɿ ɬɟɠ ɪɿɡɧɿ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 155 Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿʀ ɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥɶɫɶɤɨʀ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɢ 1976 ɪ. ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɳɨ «ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɢ ɨɛɢɪɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɨʀ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨʀ ɞ’Ɉɧɞɬɚ». ɐɟɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɜ ɛɟɥɶɝɿɣɫɶɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤ ȼɿɤɬɨɪ ɞ’Ɉɧɞɬ (1882 ɪ.), ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ, ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɤɨɠɧɢɦ ɩɚɪɬɿɣɧɢɦ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɦɭ ɨɤɪɭɡɿ, ɞɿɥɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɢɣ ɪɹɞ ɰɿɥɢɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ, ɩɨɱɢɧɚɸɱɢ ɡ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɿ, ɞɨ ɰɢɮɪɢ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɫɩɢɫɤɿɜ. Ɉɬɪɢɦɚɧɿ ɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɡɦɟɧɲɟɧɧɹ. ɑɚɫɬɤɚ, ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɹɤɨʀ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɿɜ, ɳɨɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ, ɽɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɦɞɿɥɶɧɢɤɨɦ. Ʉɨɠɧɚɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɚɩɚɪɬɿɹ ɞɿɫɬɚɽ ɡɚ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ ɫɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɿɜ, ɫɤɿɥɶɤɢɪɚɡɿɜ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɣ ɞɿɥɶɧɢɤ ɜɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ. Ɂɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɬɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɿɡɧɨɜɢɞɢ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɿ, Ȼɟɥɶɝɿʀ, Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɿʀ, ȿɫɬɨɧɿʀ, Ʌɚɬɜɿʀ, ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɿ, ɉɨɥɶɳɿ, Ɋɭɦɭɧɿʀ, ɒɜɟɰɿʀ.

3) Ɂɦɿɲɚɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɽ ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɨʀ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɡɚ ɹɤɨɸ ɨɞɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɿɜ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɭ ɱɢ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɶɤɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɨɛɢɪɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɨɸ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ, ɚ ɿɧɲɚ — ɡɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɨɸ. Ɂɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɿʀ, Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɿʀ, Ƚɪɭɡɿʀ, ȱɬɚɥɿʀ, Ʌɢɬɜɿ, Ɇɟɤɫɢɰɿ, ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɿ, ɉɨɥɶɳɿ, Ɋɨɫɿʀ, ɋɥɨɜɟɧɿʀ, ɍɝɨɪɳɢɧɿ, ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ.

Ɂɚ ɰɿɽɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɨʀ ɱɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɪɿɡɧɢɦ ɿ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ:

ɚ) ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɭ ɡɦɿɲɚɧɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ — ɰɟ ɤɨɥɢ ɦɿɫɰɹ ɭ ɩɚ-

ɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɿ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɭ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɩɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɧɢɠɧɶɨʀ ɩɚɥɚɬɢ Ɋɨɫɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɭ — Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ Ⱦɭɦɢ ɿɡ 450 ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɿɜ 225 ɨɛɢɪɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɨɸ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɨɤɪɭɝɚɯ ɿ 225 — ɡɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɨɸ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ ɧɚ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɩɨ ɡɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɦ (ɠɨɪɫɬɤɢɦ) ɫɩɢɫɤɚɦ;

ɛ) ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɨ-ɦɚɠɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ — ɰɟ ɤɨɥɢ ɦɿɫɰɹ ɭ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɿ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɞɨɦɿɧɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɜ ɍɝɨɪɳɢɧɿ ɩɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɭ ɨɞɧɚ