16. Classification of words according to the number and types of morphemes.

According to the number of morphemes words are classified into monomorphic and polymorphic.

Monomorphic or root-words consist of only one root-morpheme, e.g., small, dog, make, give, etc. All polymorphic words according to the number of root-morphemes are classified into two subgroups: monoradical or root words and polyradical words, i.e., words which consist of two or more roots.

Monoradical words fall into two subtypes: 1) radical-suffixal words, i.e., words that consist of one root-morpheme and one or more suffixal morphemes, e.g., acceptable, acceptability, blackish; 2) radical-prefixal words, i.e., words that consist of one root-morpheme and a prefixal morpheme, e.g. outdo, rearrange, unbutton; and 3) prefixo-radical-suffixal, i.e., words which consist of one root, a prefixal and suffixal morphemes, e.g., disagreeable, misinterpretation.

Polyradical words fall into two subtypes: 1) polyradical words which consist of two or more roots with no affixational morphemes, e.g., book-stand, eye-ball, lamp-shade; and 2) words which contain at least two roots and one or more affixational morphemes, e.g., safety-pin, wedding-pie, class- consciousness, light-mindedness, pen-holder.

17. Derivational and morphemic levels of analysis

The morphemic analysis of words only defines the constituent morphemes, determining their types and their meaning but does not reveal the hierarchy of the morphemes comprising the word.

Morphemes are arranged according to certain rules, the arrangement differing in various types of words and particular groups within the same types. The pattern of morpheme arrangement underlies the classification of words into different types and enables one to understand how new words appear in the language. These relations within the word and the interrelations between different types and classes of words are known as derivative or word- formation relations.

The analysis of derivative relations aims at establishing a correlation between different types and the structural patterns words are built on. The basic unit at the derivational level is the stem.The stem is defined as that part of the word which remains unchanged throughout its paradigm, thus the stem which appears in the paradigm (to) ask ( ), asks, asked, asking is ask-; thestem of the word singer ( ), singer’s, singers, singers’ is singer-. 

18. Morphemic word classification

19. Word formation in Modern English

Word formation is a branch of science of the language which studies the patterns on which a language forms new lexical items (new unities, new words). Word formation is a process of forming words by combining root & affixal morphemes.

Different types of word formation:

- COMPOUNDING is joining together 2 or more stems. Types: 1) without a connecting element (headache, heartbreak); 2) with a vowel or consonant as a linking element (speedometer, craftsman); 3) with a preposition or conjunction as a linking element down-and-out (опустошенный) son-in-law. - PREFIXATION Prefixes are such particles that can be prefixed to full words. But are themselves not with independent existence. - SUFFIXATION A suffix is a derivative final element which is or was productive in forming new words. It has semantic value, but doesn’t occur as an independent speech use. - CONVERSION (zero derivation) A certain stem is used for the formation of a categorically different word without a derivative element being added.(Bag – to bag) - BACK DERIVATION is deraving a new word, which is morphologically simpler from a more complex word.  ( A babysitter – to babysit     Television – to televise) - PHONETIC SYMBOLISM is using characteristic speech sounds for name giving. Very often we imitate by the speech sounds what we hear: (tinkle, splash, t). - CLIPPING Consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts.     ( Mathematics – maths) - BLENDING is blending part of two words to form one word  ( Smoke + fog = smog)

20. Morphological structure of a word. Productive and non-productive ways of word formation.

Morphology is the study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds. At the basic level, words are made of "morphemes." These are the smallest units of meaning: roots and affixes (prefixes and suffixes). Native speakers recognize the morphemes as grammatically significant or meaningful. For example, "schoolyard" is made of "school" + "yard", "makes" is made of "make" + a grammatical suffix "-s", and "unhappiness" is made of "happy" with a prefix "un-" and a suffix "-ness".

Inflection occurs when a word has different forms but essentially the same meaning, and there is only a grammatical difference between them: for example, "make" and "makes". The "-s" is an inflectional morpheme.

In contrast, derivation makes a word with a clearly different meaning: such as "unhappy" or "happiness", both from "happy". The "un-" and "-ness" are derivational morphemes. Normally a dictionary would list derived words, but there is no need to list "makes" in a dictionary as well as "make."

Word-formation is the process of creating new words from the material available in the word-stock according to certain structural and semantic patterns specific for the given language. There are different ways of word-formation in Modern English. Some of them are highly-productive. They are: affixation, conversion, substantivation, compounding, shortening, formation of phrasal verbs. Others are semi-productive (back-formation, blending, reduplication, lexicalization of the plural of nouns, sound imitation) and non-productive ways of word-building (sound interchange, change of stress).

Non-productive ways of word-building Sound interchange (gradation) is the process in which word belonging to different parts of speech may be differentiated due to the sound interchange in the root, eg food (n) :: feed (v), gold (n) :: gild (v), sing (v) :: song (n) .Change of stress is mostly observed in verb-noun pairs, eg transport> to transport and much more seldom in verb-adjective pairs, to prostrate> prostrate. The difference in stress often appeared after the verb was formed and was not therefore connected with the formation of the new word.