
- •Наталия николаевна раевская
- •Предисловие
- •Передмова
- •5 Foreword
- •Table of contents
- •Introduction
- •Part I. Morphology
- •9 Part II. Syntax
- •Introduction
- •Early prescriptive grammar
- •Interrogators:
- •Problems of field structure
- •Functional re-evaluation of grammatical forms in context potential polysemy in grammar
- •Grammatical doublets
- •Part I. Morphology Chapter I the subject matter of morphology
- •Chapter II parts of speech problem of classification
- •Chapter hi the noun
- •83 The article
- •Revision Material
- •Chapter IV the adjective
- •Substantivation of adjectives
- •Revision Material
- •Chapter V the verb
- •Modal verbs
- •In the English Voice System
- •Substitutes for Passive
- •Chapter VI english verb-forms and their pattern-value
- •138 The Present Tense
- •I. Indicative Modality
- •II. Imperative Modality You go and see him.
- •The past tense
- •The past continuous (progressive) tense
- •Chapter VII the pronoun
- •163 Chapter VIII the adverb
- •Category of state
- •First Form of the Predicate
- •Third Form of the Predicate
- •Fourth Form of the Predicate
- •1 Ask you this question. Fifth Form of the Predicate
- •I like music. I'm fond of music.
- •I regret it. I'm sorry about it.
- •Chapter X the simple sentence the principal parts of the sentence
- •The secondary parts of the sentence
- •The Attribute
- •The Object
- •Verb-phrases with Prepositionless Object
- •Adverbial Adjuncts
- •One-member sentences
- •Infinitival sentences
- •Ellipsis
- •Verbless two-member sentences
- •Substitution and representation
- •Intensity and emphasis in english sentence-structure
- •Idiomatic sentences
- •Constructional homonymity
- •Chapter XI phrase-structure
- •Subordinate phrases
- •Noun-Adjunct Groups
- •Verb-Phrases
- •Copulative verbs
- •Infinitival, Gerundial and Participial Phrases
- •Participial Predicative Phrases
- •Coordinate phrases
- •Syndetic Coordinate Phrases
- •Asyndetic Coordinate Phrases
- •251І Chapter XII the composite sentence
- •Coordination
- •Subordination
- •Subject and Predicate Clauses
- •Object Clauses
- •Attributive Clauses
- •Clauses of Cause
- •Clauses of Place
- •Temporal Clauses
- •Clauses of Condition
- •Clauses of Manner and Comparison
- •Overlapping relationships and synsemantics in hypotaxis
- •Transpositions and functional re-evaluation of syntactic structures
- •Problems of Implicit Predication
- •Final remarks on subordination
- •Asyndeton
- •Represented speech
- •Nominality in english sentence-structure
- •Grammar and style
- •Index of grammatical points treated
- •1 Мультиязыковой проект Ильи Франка www.Franklang.Ru
Asyndeton
There is another type of syntactic addition which gets along without any connection at all. Clauses juxtaposed in this way are not attached to one another in any grammatical way, they simply abut against each other, they make contact but are not connected. Grammar books differ in identifying the linguistic essence of such syntactic structures. According to the traditional angle of view, they are classified in most languages into compound and complex sentences.
A different approach is found in N. S. Pospelov's 1 treatments of asyndeton in Russian syntax where asyndetic sentences are viewed as a special syntactic category with no immediate relevance to subordination or coordination.
1
H.
С.
Поспелов.
О грамматической природе и принципах
классификации бессоюзных сложных
предложений. «Вопросы синтаксиса
современного русского языка». 1956, pp.
338—345.
283
This angle of view has been taken also in other books and work-papers on this specialised topic. 1
The multiplicity of ways in which asyndetic sentences are formed in many if not all languages gives, however, every reason to say that sentence-patterns of this type in all the variety of their lexico-grammatical organisation can hardly be adequately described on the whole as irrelevant to subordination and coordination.
Our survey of asyndeton in Modern English with its own semantic traits and features of syntactic arrangement gives sufficient evidence to point out that in some types of asyndetic composite sentences subordinate relations are quite prominent.
The first to be mentioned here are patterns with the attributive clauses, sometimes referred to as "contact-clauses", because what characterises them is the close contact between the antecedent and the clause, e. g.:
You don't care about them! They're not the gimcrack things you and your friends like, but they cost me seventy pounds!" (Galsworthy)
It's a pretty large thing I'm going on to and I'll need a lot of clever medical advice. (Cronin)
That the criterion of subordination is relevant to asyndetic sentences may well be illustrated by object and conditional clauses. Examples are:
He knew there were important ideas working in the other man's mind. (Cronin)
Old Jolyon said he would wait ... (Galsworthy)
I'm afraid there's no doubt about it. (Galsworthy)
Had I been a mere clod, neither would I have desired to write nor would you have desired me for a husband. (London)
Observe also the following examples of asyndeton where the close contact between two clauses is suggestive of causal relations:
Timothy was very poorly, he had had a lot of trouble with the chimney sweep in his bedroom; the stupid man had let the soot down the chimney. (Galsworthy)
" Why, yes", she answered, as the music stopped, trying to keep an even tone to her voice. She was glad they were walking toward a chair. (Dreiser)
In other types of asyndetic composite sentences the meaning of result or consequence is quite prominent, e. g.:
Warmth, softness, light, a sweet scent, all those things so familiar to her she never even thought about them, she watched that other receive. (Mansfield)
She had put on so much weight he would scarcely recognise her. (Cronin)
Asyndetic sentences are fairly common after the introductory it is, e. g.:
1
See:
Грамматика
русского языка, т. 2, ч. 2, 1954, pp. 382—384. Л.
П. Зайцева.
Типы
бессоюзных сложных предложений в
современном английском языке. Автореферат
канд. дисс, Л., 1955.
284
It is an apple she wants, not a pear.
A similar case is found in patterns like: What is this I hear?
As can be seen from the above examples the semantic relations between clauses are signalled only by the lexical meaning of the words making up the sentence. And this is one more example to illustrate the interaction between vocabulary and syntax which must never be overlooked in grammatical analysis.
A word will be said about asyndetic sentences in which the relative pronoun as a subject can be dispensed with (the so-called "apokoinou" principle).
"There's a gentleman downstairs wishes to see the lady", said Alderson. "It's her father, I think", he added quietly. (Dreiser)