английский1
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2.8.5. Why does physics aim to both connect the things we see around us to root causes?
Варіант №3
3.1. Перепишіть речення, знайдіть та підкресліть в кожному
дієслова-присудки. Визначте їх часову форму та стан. Перекладіть рідною мовою.
3.1.1.Fuel is delivered to the injector by a pump which, in its turn, is operated from a shaft.
3.1.2.Previously, tube tunnels have been lined with bolted cast iron segments built inside a shield.
3.1.3.The high-tension components were housed in the center part of the body.
3.1.4.Stability will be obtained by an additional support of the body on the bogies.
3.1.5.Friction at the moment is being affected by the degree of smoothness or roughness of the bearing surfaces.
3.2. Поставте дієслово у дужках в потрібному часі, зважаючи на правило узгодження часів. Перекладіть речення рідною мовою.
3.2.1.I learnt that after this compound (to be treated) for several hours it (to turn) dark red.
3.2.2.On entering the drawing-room he (to find) that his two friends (to get) up and (to wait) for him.
3.2.3.It turned out that the professor (to forget) to give us a message, and he (to leave) the shop 15 minutes before we (to come).
3.2.4.The engineer knew that the selection of the drill spindle (to govern) by the general rule.
3.2.5.When the concrete was loaded, the load (to cause) considerable tension in the reinforcement.
3.2.6.They believed that in future that instruction (to allow) the user to load the logical address of any memory location into an accumulator.
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3.3. Перепишіть речення і перекладіть рідною мовою, зважаючи на різні значення дієслів to do, to have, to be. Визначте функцію кожного дієслова ( чи то є змістовє, допоміжне, модальне, підсилювальне чи дієслово-заменник попереднього).
3.3.1.This resolution was objected to by almost everybody.
3.3.2.Such a line cannot have been set up in practice.
3.3.3.He has not seen this device yet. – Neither have I.
3.3.4.We did our work yesterday.
3.3.5.The exam was to start in the morning.
3.3.6.I do love you.
3.4.Перепишіть речення, знайдіть і підкресліть інфінітиви в кожному реченні. Визначте їх функції (чи то є підмет, частина присудка, означення, додаток чи обставина). Перекладіть речення рідною мовою.
3.4.1.This method was so accurate as to give reliable results.
3.4.2.Ability to load across the face of a heading is achieved by the provision of a swivel trough.
3.4.3.For least losses a cable should have adequate current-carrying capacity.
3.4.4.The prime object of the ventillation is to provide proper air currents.
3.4.5.It is advisable to restrict the use of non-alloyed steels.
3.4.6.A program to equip all wagons with brakes which can be controlled from the locomotive is in course of being carried out.
3.5.Перепишіть речення і перекладіть рідною мовою, зважаючи на різні значення підкреслених слів as, one it, that, but,for.
3.5.1.That the trimmers used in planning mill are of about the same construction as those used in the sawmills is a well-known fact.
3.5.2.If the valve in the cylinder moves too easily it should be replaced immediately.
3.5.3.The simplest kind of lever is one in which the arms are of equal length.
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3.5.4.He was surprises as if he had never seen such a device.
3.5.5.Nothing but a double row of ball bearings can improve the machine.
3.6.Перекладіть англійською мовою.
3.6.1.Цей цикл продовжується в кожному з циліндрів.
3.6.2.Лазери, що були щойно описані, не єдині з наявних.
3.6.3.Нас повідомили, що обладнання вже було доставлено.
3.6.4.Вчений сказав, що цей цикл буде продовжуватись.
3.6.5.Вони не знали, що на них вже чекали.
3.7.Перепишіть текст та перекладіть його рідною мовою.
Mathematics
Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space, change, and related topics of pattern and form. Mathematicians seek out patterns whether found in numbers, space, natural science, computers, imaginary abstractions, or elsewhere. Mathematicians formulate new conjectures and establish their truth by rigorous deduction from appropriately chosen axioms and definitions.
There is debate over whether mathematical objects exist objectively by nature of their logical purity, or whether they are manmade and detached from reality. The mathematician Benjamin Peirce called mathematics "the science that draws necessary conclusions". Albert Einstein, on the other hand, stated that "as far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality."
Through the use of abstraction and logical reasoning, mathematics evolved from counting, calculation, measurement, and the systematic study of the shapes and motions of physical objects. Knowledge and use of basic mathematics have always been an inherent and integral part of individual and group life. Refinements of the basic ideas are visible in mathematical texts originating in the ancient Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Indian, Chinese, Greek and Islamic worlds. Rigorous arguments first appeared in Greek mathematics, most notably in Euclid's Elements. The development continued in fitful bursts until the Renaissance period of the 16th century, when
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mathematical innovations interacted with new scientific discoveries, leading to an acceleration in research that continues to the present day.
The major disciplines within mathematics first arose out of the need to do calculations in commerce, to understand the relationships between numbers, to measure land, and to predict astronomical events. These four needs can be roughly related to the broad subdivision of mathematics into the study of quantity, structure, space, and change (i.e., arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and analysis). In addition to these main concerns, there are also subdivisions dedicated to exploring links from the heart of mathematics to other fields: to logic, to set theory (foundations), to the empirical mathematics of the various sciences (applied mathematics), and more recently to the rigorous study of uncertainty.
3.8.Дайте відповіді на запитання.
3.8.1.What does the mathematics study?
3.8.2.What does the mathematics evolve from?
3.8.3.Why did the development continue in fitful bursts until the Renaissance period?
3.8.4.What is the principle of mathematical subdivision?
3.8.5.How can we establish the conjectures truth?
Варіант №4 4.1. Перепишіть речення, знайдіть та підкресліть в кожному
дієслова-присудки. Визначте їх часову форму та стан. Перекладіть рідною мовою.
4.1.1.The members of the board were shown a model of a stiffened bowstring railway bridge the parapet members of which take a considerable proportion of total bending moments.
4.1.2.The arch will be prevented from rotating by being rigidly anchored at the abutment.
4.1.3.The design of some specialized freight cars is much being worked at.
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4.1.4.The students are thought to control the speed of a train according to the time-table.
4.1.5.The separate elements of the building had been manufactured at different ferroconcrete factories.
4.2. Поставте дієслово у дужках в потрібному часі, зважаючи на правило узгодження часів. Перекладіть речення рідною мовою.
4.2.1.The mechanic thought that the drill spindle speed used for finish-drilling (to use) for counterboring.
4.2.2.I supposed that we (to compress) gas and it (to turn) into
liquid.
4.2.3.Scientists believed that strong magnets (can) not be made from it because the magnetism they (to create) by their supercurrents (to destroy) their superconductivity.
4.2.4.They were told that the feature (to provide) a convenient method for the saving of return information and passing arguments between subroutines.
4.2.5.He said that while crossing the English Channel they (to stay) on deck all the time.
4.2.6.The fact was that the scientists (to achieve) one of the most important goals.
4.3. Перепишіть речення і перекладіть рідною мовою, зважаючи на різні значення дієслів to do, to have, to be . Визначте функцію кожного дієслова ( чи то є змістовє, допоміжне, модальне, підсилювальне чи дієсловозаменник попереднього).
4.3.1.Man had to learn to obtain electric power directly from the
Sun.
4.3.2.Control of motor torque, speed and braking are functions which will have to be performed for all types of motors.
4.3.3.This type of conveyor does facilitate the loading.
4.3.4.We are to take certain steps to reduce the weight of the mechanical part.
4.3.5.Who is going here? – We both are.
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4.3.6. The digital computer processes data with greater speed than the analog one does.
4.4.Перепишіть речення, знайдіть і підкресліть інфінітиви в кожному реченні. Визначте їх функції (чи то є підмет, частина присудка, означення, додаток чи обставина). Перекладіть речення рідною мовою.
4.4.1.To understand the action of batteries let us examine a very simple sort of cell.
4.4.2.In operating a series motor great care must be taken to prevent the load to be reduced to such an extent that the speed becomes excessive.
4.4.3.The main purpose is to design equipment and to establish methods of operation for a long train of loaded freight cars.
4.4.4.Experiments have shown that the amount of work to be used for producing a given amount of heat is the same under all conditions.
4.4.5.To apply such atmospheres to presses and some forging machines does not seem to be too much of a problem.
4.4.6.The building of the road causes a great deal of preliminary work to be done.
4.5.Перепишіть речення і перекладіть рідною мовою, зважаючи на різні значення підкреслених слів as, one it, that, but,for.
4.5.1.This mixture is identical with that mentioned above.
4.5.2.When the electron is by any means torn away from the hydrogen atom, the nucleus alone remains with a single positive charge to electricity on it.
4.5.3.One has to be careful while testing the new machine.
4.5.4.Each brake is operated by an electro-hydraulic thruster, the one on the high-speed shaft having an extended lever.
4.5.5.As a stream widens beyond a certain required driving width its efficiency decreases.
4.6.Перекладіть англійською мовою.
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4.6.1.Нещодавно ми дізнались, що цей прилад не найвищої якості.
4.6.2.Вченим запропонували нові теми для наукових досліджень.
4.6.3.Ми не виявили жодних дефектів, які могли б зашкодити виробництву.
4.6.4.Він зрозумів, що прилад працюватиме швидше за умов його комп`ютеризації.
4.6.5.Коли перекладач переклав текст, він надрукував його у двох примірниках.
4.7. Перепишіть текст та перекладіть його рідною мовою.
Energy
In physics, energy is a scalar physical quantity that describes the amount of work that can be performed by a force. Energy is an attribute of objects and systems that is subject to a conservation law. Several different forms of energy exist to explain all known natural phenomena. These forms include (but are not limited to) kinetic, potential, thermal, gravitational, sound, light, elastic, and electromagnetic energy. The forms of energy are often named after a related force. Any form of energy can be transformed into another form, but the total energy always remains the same. This principle, the conservation of energy, was first postulated in the early 19th century, and applies to any isolated system. According to the theorem, the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time. Although the total energy of a system does not change with time, its value may depend on the frame of reference. For example, a seated passenger in a moving airplane has zero kinetic energy relative to the airplane, but non-zero kinetic energy relative to the Earth.
The concept of energy emerged out of the idea of vis viva, which Leibniz defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz claimed that heat
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consisted of the random motion of the constituent parts of matter — a view shared by Isaac Newton, although it would be more than a century until this was generally accepted.
The concept of energy and its transformations is useful in explaining and predicting most natural phenomena. The concept of energy is widespread in all sciences. Energy is subject to a strict global conservation law; that is, whenever one measures (or calculates) the total energy of a system of particles whose interactions do not depend explicitly on time, it is found that the total energy of the system always remains constant.
Classical mechanics distinguishes between potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object, and kinetic energy, which is a function of its movement. Throughout the history of science, energy has been expressed in several different units such as ergs and calories. At present, the accepted unit of measurement for energy is the SI unit of energy, the joule.
4.8.Дайте відповіді на запитання.
4.8.1.What does a scalar quantity mean?
4.8.2.What forms of energy do you know?
4.8.3.Can you explain the energy conservation principle?
4.8.4.Whose idea did the concept of energy emerge out of?
4.8.5.In what way is the concept of energy useful in explaining and predicting most natural phenomena?
Варіант №5
5.1. Перепишіть речення, знайдіть та підкресліть в кожному
дієслова-присудки. Визначте їх часову форму та стан. Перекладіть рідною мовою.
5.1.1.Modern architecture is characterized by simplicity of line, austerity of design and neatness of appearance.
5.1.2.There were no surprises waiting for me in the power hall, where the steam turbines were being installed, even the ventilation stack rising to 120 meters was no novelty to me.
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5.1.3.This newly developed method will be followed by a number of others.
5.1.4.In an effort to overcome these difficulties a great deal of experimental work has been carried out by the specialists.
5.1.5.The tunnels are being bored by a rotary type of shield called “a drum digger” which can work much faster than any previous type of shield.
5.2. Поставте дієслово у дужках в потрібному часі, зважаючи на правило узгодження часів. Перекладіть речення рідною мовою.
5.2.1.They did not know that the clamping bolts (to be arranged) as close to the workpiece as possible to ensure an appropriate clamping power.
5.2.2.She thought that when the wire (to be isolated), it (to be used) as a conductor.
5.2.3.We were sure that after he (to cool off) this device he (to effect) his aim.
5.2.4.We heard that while repairing the motor the operator (to find) two broken parts.
5.2.5.At last he (to give) me the instruction which I (to wait) for during two months, I (to be) very glad.
5.2.6.When they (to return) home yesterday, they (to see) that the supper (to be cooked) and mother (to wait) for them with the table laid.
5.3. Перепишіть речення і перекладіть рідною мовою, зважаючи на різні значення дієслівto do, to be, to have. Визначте функцію кожного дієслова ( чи то є змістовє, допоміжне, модальне, підсилювальне чи дієслово-заменник попереднього).
5.3.1.The cutter loader does the most important work at face.
5.3.2.He does meet them!
5.3.3.He was to study the effect of this phenomenon.
5.3.4.We have not both been informed about it yet, neither have
they.
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5.3.5.They have concluded a long-term agreement.
5.3.6.The direction of the external current flow will have no effect on the instrument.
5.4. Перепишіть речення, знайдіть і підкресліть інфінітиви в кожному реченні. Визначте їх функції (чи то є підмет, частина присудка, означення, додаток чи обставина). Перекладіть речення рідною мовою.
5.4.1.When oxygen is ionised the electrons do not remain free but attach themselves to neutral atoms to form negative ions.
5.4.2.Attempts to design a steam turbine with a special form of the nozzle were made by numerous inventors.
5.4.3.To make the resistance of the voltmeter larger, a coil of resistance is placed in series with the moving coil.
5.4.4.The writer advocates the following methods which he has proved to be succesful in his own works.
5.4.5.It was almost impossible for the drill to break or to slip.
5.4.6.The body to be balanced is supported on the roller bearing.
5.5. Перепишіть речення і перекладіть рідною мовою, зважаючи на різні значення підкреслених слів as, one it, that, but,for.
5.5.1.Most frequently the force is resolved in such a way so that the components could be at right angles to each other.
5.5.2.It took an incredible time in cutting down some of the largest timber trees.
5.5.3.Two devices are fitted on this unit, one on the intermediate shaft and the other on the high speed shaft.
5.5.4.It was simple matter to run a water wheel and make it turn ten times as fast.
5.5.5.It was simple matter to run a water wheel and make it turn ten times as fast.
5.6. Перекладіть англійською мовою.
5.6.1.Нещодавно було зроблено декілька експериментів.
5.6.2.Робочий циліндр прикріплено болтами до передньої частини станини.
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