Англ яз

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sittings of the committee. 14. I was awakened by their loud talking.

Умовний стан

(Conditionals)

В англійській мові слід розрізняти три типи умовних речень:

1 Тип. Умовні підрядні речення першого типу виражають реальні умови в минулому, теперішньому і майбутньому часі для реальних дій чи фактів, виражених у головному реченні:

В умовних реченнях після if,when, before, after, as soon as, till(until) тощо, замість Future Indefenite використовується Present Indefenite.

As soon as I come home,I shall begin to work.

Також вводяться unless, provided(that), as(so) long as, supposing, in case + дієслово.

Рrovided (that) you keep very still, nobody will notice you.

2 Тип. Умовні підрядні речення другого типу виражають неймовірні або малоймовірні припущення, які відносяться лише до теперішнього або майбутнього часу:

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У головному реченні вживаються допоміжні дієслова should, would і інфінітив дієслова, а в підрядному реченні-форма, яка збігається з формою минулого простого часу.

3 Тип. Умовні підрядні речення третього типу виражають нереальні умови для дій, виражених у головному реченні, оскільки стосуються минулого часу і тому не можуть бути виконані:

У головному реченні вживаються допоміжні дієслова should, would і перфектний інфінітив, а в підрядному реченні - форма, яка збігається з формою минулого перфектного часу.

If – конструкція може використовуватись як для вираження реальної,так і нереальної умови.

Wish – конструкція може використовуватися тільки для вираження нереальної умови(2,3 тип).

Exercise 1. Open the brackets using the sentences in all types of conditionals:

E.g. If you (to be) free,I (to come) to see you. If you are free,I shall come to see you.

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If you were free,I should come to see you.

If you had been free,I should have come to see you.

If I (to see) her,I (to be) glad.

If I see her,I shall be glad.

If I saw her,I should be glad.

If I had seen her,I should have been glad.

1.If my friend (to come) to see me,I (to be) very glad.

2.If mother (to buy) a cake,we (to have) a nice tea party.

3.If we (to receive) a telegram from him,we (not to worry).

4.If you not (to work) systematically,you (to fail) at the examination.

5.If you (to be) busy,I (to leave) you alone.

6.If I (to get) a ticket,I (to go) to the philharmonic.

7.If my father (to return) early,we (to watch) TV together.

8.If she (to know) English,she (to try) to enter the university.

Exercise 2. Make up 1 type conditionals and translate.

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Exercise 3. Make up 2,3 types of Conditionals.

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Exercise 5. Translate the sentences defining the tenses used. 1.If you told the truth, people would trust you more. 2.If you were telling the truth, you would be looking me straight in the eyes. 3.If you had told the truth, you wouldn’t have blushed like that. 4.If you had told the truth, you would not have been punished. 5.If you had met him before, I am sure he would have recognized you. 6.If we went out, we should only get wet to the skin. 7.If we were playing tennis, we should not be able to finish our work.

Exercise 6. Supply the correct form of the verb in parentheses in order to make future possible conditions.

I type – Future Possible.

1.If Melissa studies hard, she _________ (pass) her finals. (If Melissa studies hard, she’ll pass her finals).

2.If I finish my work in time, I ________ (go) to the concert.

3.If I see Henry, I __________ (give) him your message.

4.If he works hard, he ________ (get) the raise.

5.If you don’t hurry, we _________ (be) late for the meeting.

6.If he tries hard, he ________ (find) a job somewhere.

7.If he fails the test, he ________ (have) to repeat the course.

8.If I _________ (find) the book, I shall give it to you.

9.If you __________ (turn) out the light, we shall be in the dark.

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10. If you ________ (drive) slowly, you won’t have any accidents.

IItype – Present Unreal.

1.If I knew her well, I _______ (speak) to her. (If I knew her well, I would speak to her).

2.If he attended class regularly, he _______ (make) good progress.

3.If he paid his debts, people ________ (respect) him more.

4.If we had the money, we ________ (take) a trip to South America.

5.If I ________ (own) an automobile, I would take a trip to California.

6.If she ________ (work) harder, she would probably get a better salary.

7.If I _________ (know) how to drive, I would buy a car.

8.If she ________ (know) more grammar, she would make fewer mistakes.

9.If he ________ not (waste) so much time in class, he would

make better progress.

IItype – Present Unreal.

1.If I _____ (be) you, I wouldn’t mention it to her. (If I were you, I wouldn’t mention it to her).

2.If today _______ (be) Saturday, I would not have to work.

3.If I _______ (be) in your position, I would think twice before doing that.

4.If you ______ (be) a millionaire, how would you spend your time?

5.If George were here with us, I _____ (feel) more comfortable.

6.If I were you, I ______ (tell) everyone the truth about the matter.

7.If he were more ambitious, he _______ (try) to find a better job.

8.If the girl were here, she ______ (know) what to do.

III type – Past Unreal.

1. If I had known her, I _____ (speak) to her.

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(If I had known her, I would have spoken to her).

2.If he had learnt the truth, he _______ (be) very angry.

3.If I had known that you needed me, I ______ (come) at once.

4.If they had invited us, naturally we ______ (go) to the party.

5.If you had asked me, I ______ (help) you.

6.If I _______ (know) about this yesterday, I would have worried all day long.

7.I wouldn’t have gotten wet if I ______ (wear) a raincoat.

8.If he _______ (study) more, he would have got better marks.

Exercise 7. Open the brackets:

1.If he were not such an outstanding actor, he (not to have) so many admirers. 2.If you (to give) me your address, I shall write you a letter. 3.If she (not to be) so absent-minded, she would be a much better student. 4.If my sister doesn’t go to the south, we (to spend) the summer in Kyiv together. 5.If they (not to go) to Paris last year, they would not have heard that famous musician. 6.If you (not to get) tickets for the concert, we shall stay at home. 7.If it is not too cold, I (not to put ) on my coat. 8.If he (to work) hard, he would have achieved great progress. 9.If he reads fifty pages every day, his vocabulary (to increase) greatly. 10.If you had written the test paper, you (not to get) a bad mark. 11.If you ( to do) your morning exercises, your health would be much better. 12.If I (not to be) present at the lesson, I should not have understood this rule. 13.If he had known it was going to rain, he (to take) his umbrella to work today.

Exercise 8.

A. Change the sentences from future-possible conditions to present-unreal conditions.

1.If Laura comes, she will help us. (If Laura came, she would help us).

2.If she studies hard, she will pass her driver’s test.

3.If I have the money, I shall buy a new car.

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4.If I see her, I shall give her your message.

5.If you turn out the light, we shall be in the dark.

6.If the weather is nice, we shall go to the beach.

7.If he has time, he will go with us.

8.If we hurry, we can get there by two o’clock.

9.If she saves her money, she will be able to go on a vacation.

10.If they work hard, they will learn the language.

B. Change the sentences in Exercise A to past-unreal conditions. 1. If Laura comes, she will help us.

(If Laura had come, she’d have helped us).

Exercise 9. Complete each of the following conditional sentences in your own words.

A. Present Unreal Conditions

1. I don’t have a car, but if I _________.

(I don’t have a car, but if I had one I would drive to the country).

2.I don’t like to swim, but if I ___________.

3.I cannot speak English perfectly, but if I ____________.

4.I don’t know how to play the piano, but if I __________.

5.She doesn’t have much free time, but if she ____________.

6.He never does his homework, but if he ___________.

7.I am not a millionaire, but if I ___________.

8.Today isn’t a holiday, but if it __________.

B. Past Unreal Conditions.

1. She didn’t make reservations, but if she ________.

(She didn’t make reservations, but if she had made them, we could have attended the grand opening).

2.I didn’t know her name, but if I ________.

3.Joan didn’t have a car last winter, but if she ________.

4.We didn’t have their phone number, but if we _________.

5.I couldn’t afford to take a vacation last summer, but if I

________.

6.I wasn’t aware of the problem, but if I ________.

7.He didn’t come to class on time, but if he __________.

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8. He didn’t wear his overcoat, but if he __________.

C.In your own words, what would you do or what would happen…

1.… if you never did your homework?

(If I never did my homework, I would fail all my tests).

2.… if you came late to class every day?

3.… if you found a large sum of money in the street?

4.… if you were unable to walk?

5.… if you found someone else’s purse or wallet?

6.… if you failed all your exams?

7.… if today was a holiday?

8.… if you knew English perfectly?

9.… if you were a millionaire?

10.… if you were ten years younger than you are?

11.… if you had a lot of free time.

D.In your own words, what would you have done or what would have happened…

1.… if you had come to class late?

(The teacher would have been angry if I had come to class late.

2.… if yesterday had been a holiday?

3.… if you had failed all your tests last semester?

4.… if you had overslept this morning?

5.… if yesterday had been your birthday?

6.… if you had missed the bus this morning?

7.… if it had been raining when you left home this morning?

8.… if yesterday had been Sunday?

E. Complete the following conditional sentences by supplying

words of your own.

1. If I were you, I _______.

(If I were you, I would go home and relax).

2.If you had studied harder, you ________.

3.I shall drive to the country on Sunday if _________.

4.If I had been in your place, I_________.

5.If you had asked me, I _________.

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6.If I had known it was going to rain, I ________.

7.If it doesn’t rain next Sunday, we________.

8.I would gladly have lent you the money, if ________.

Exercise 10. as if…as though

I. Learn the examples:

1.They shook hands as if they hadn’t seen each other for a long time.

2.She shook her head as though she were afraid to show her feelings.

3.The shop assistant showed me a variety of dresses as if she wanted me to pick out a dress for the happy occasion. 4. The girl shivered as though she didn’t feel well.

II. Translate into English:

1.Він говорив так швидко, ніби хотів щоб його не зупинили. 2. Він підскочив, ніби його вдарили. 3. Вони розмовляли, ніби-то вони були старими знайомими. 4. Вона говорить тихо, ніби боїться розбудити когось. 5. Вона розридалася, ніби її образили.

6.Він його любив, як ніби це був його син. 7. Нас зустрічають, ніби ми давні знайомі. 8. Він вислухав рішення спокійно, як ніби був давно до цього готовий.

Exercise 11. Paraphrase the sentences using I wish (II, III

type).

E.g. It’s a pity you are ill. I wish you were not ill.

1. Unfortunately they won’t return before Christmas. 2. The student was sorry he had not studied the material better and had shown such poor knowledge at the exam. 3. It’s a pity that you did not send for us last night. 4. It’s a pity you are not with us these days. 5. My friend regrets not having entered the University. 6. He was sorry not to have had enough time to finish his paper. 7. It’s a pity we shan`t be able to reach home before teatime. 8. I am sorry I made you upset by telling you this news. 9. What a pity you don’t know enough physics.

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