- •Міністерство освіти і науки україни
- •Удк 802 ббк 81.2 англ.
- •Introduction welcome to the course of special english for the future specialists in the field of civil engineering!
- •Contents
- •Supplementary Texts for Discussion:the system of education in great britain and america
- •R e a d I n g Key terms
- •1. Study key words and their definitions before reading Text a:
- •2. Match these terms with their definitions:
- •3. Make up all possible questions:
- •1. Make up infinitive phrases using the texts:
- •2. Choose the correct questions to the italicized words:
- •1. Analyze main issues:
- •2. Analyze the details:
- •1. Read and translate into Ukrainian the following English phrases:
- •2. Read and translate into English the following Ukrainian phrases:
- •3. Make up sentences using the given words:
- •3.1. Translate two abstracts in a written form.
- •1. Agree or disagree with the statements using the following
- •2. Discuss the information about:
- •In pairs ask and answer questions about:
- •R e a d I n g
- •2. Match these terms with their definitions:
- •3. Answer the questions using the key terms and their definitions:
- •International words
- •1. Read and give Ukrainian equivalents:
- •1. Match English and Ukrainian equivalents :
- •2. Choose the phrases in the Text a to complete the following sentences:
- •4. Answer the questions to Text a:
- •1. Make up infinitive phrases using the texts:
- •2. Choose the correct questions to the italicized words:
- •1. Analyze main issues:
- •1. Read and translate into Ukrainian the following English phrases:
- •2. Read and translate into English the following Ukrainian phrases:
- •W r I t I n g
- •1. Agree or disagree with the statements using the phrases given in brackets: indeed, of course, certainly, that goes without saying
- •2. Discuss the information about:
- •3. Make an overview of the issues:
- •1. You are a participant of the conference “Role of a transport engineer in modern city”. Be ready to take part in the discussion. Use the information given below as a guide:
- •3. Make a presentation of the profession of environmental engineer, which is crucial for the present and future well-being of the planet.
- •R e a d I n g
- •2. Match these terms with their definitions:
- •1. Make up infinitive phrases using the text:
- •2. Choose the phrases in Text a to complete the following
- •3. Make up all possible questions:
- •4. Answer the questions to Text a:
- •1. Match English and Ukrainian equivalents:
- •2. Choose the correct questions to the italicized words:
- •1. Analyze main issues:
- •2. Analyze the details:
- •1. Read and translate into Ukrainian the following English phrases:
- •2. Read and translate into English the following Ukrainian phrases:
- •3. Make up sentences using the given words:
- •3.1. Translate two abstracts in a written form.
- •4. In pairs ask and answer questions about:
- •Specialized Roles of Computers
- •1. Learn the meaning of these terms and use them when discussing the topic.
- •2.Learn the following words and phrases and use them when discussing the topic.
- •3.Learn the following English-Ukrainian topical glossary to understand the text and discuss the topic.
- •Give /conduct examination Проводити (приймати) екзамен
- •I. Read, translate and discuss the text
- •2. Match the following words with their respective definitions:
- •3. Look through again and answer the following comprehensive questions:
- •4. Complete the following sentences, selecting words from the list given below:
- •5. Look through the text again and render it in English.
- •6. Prepare a short presentation about:
- •Text 2. The British Universities
- •1.Read and discuss text 2
- •Text 3. A National Institution with International Perspectives
- •1.Read and discuss text 3
- •2. What did you know from the text about:
- •8. Using the above conversational phrases and English-Ukrainian glossary discuss the following topics:
- •9. Begin your questions with phrases like:
- •10. Read and learn the following interview and make up a similar interview of an English student about university education in Ukraine.
- •Text b College Life in England
- •The Open University
- •R e f e r e n c e s
- •English for civil engineers
2. Analyze the details:
a. Complete the following sentences:
|
project |
b. Summarize the information about civil and military engineering and fill
in the table:
A branch of engineering |
Type of structure |
|
|
c. Find in the Texts and read information about:
empirical information
the first ancient document on engineering
the example of military engineering
stationary objects
subdivisions within the field of civil engineering
the usage of the word “engineer” in English
the most visible part of science
environmental impact studies
the environmental problems caused by Aswan Dam
Match each type with its scope :
Type of engineering |
Scope |
|
|
e. Summarize the information about civil engineering and its public
benefit
Text C.
Text for individual work: read, translate and be ready to do the
tasks after the text.
Civil Engineering Profession (3)
Engineering is a profession, which means that an engineer must have a specialised university education. Many government jurisdictions also have licensing procedures which require engineering graduates to pass an examination, similar to the bar examinations for a lawyer, before they can actively start on their careers.
In the university, mathematics, physics, and chemistry are heavily emphasised throughout the engineering curriculum, but particularly in the first two or three years. Mathematics is very important in all branches of engineering, so it is greatly stressed. Today, mathematics includes courses in statistics, which deals with gathering, classifying, and using numerical data, or pieces of information. An information aspect of statistical mathematics is probability, which deals with what may happen when there are different factors or variables that can change the results of a problem. Before the construction of a bridge is undertaken, for example, a statistical study is made of the amount of traffic the bridge will be expected to handle. In the design of the bridge, variables such as water pressure on the foundations impact, the effect of different wind forces, and many other factors must be considered.
Because a great deal of calculation is involved in solving these problems, computer programming is now included in almost all engineering curricula. Computers, of course, can solve many problems involving calculations with great speed and accuracy than a human being can. But computers are useless unless they are given clear and accurate instructions and information - in other words, a good program.
In spite of the heavy emphasis on technical subjects in the engineering curriculum, a current trend is to require students to make courses in the social sciences and the language arts. We have already discussed the relationship between engineering and society; it is sufficient, therefore, to say again that the work performed by an engineer affects society in many different and important ways that he or she should be aware of. An engineer engaged in research will need to be able to write up his or her findings for scientific publications.
The last two years of an engineering program include subjects within the student's field of specialisation. For the student who is preparing to become a civil engineer, these specialised courses may deal with such subjects as geodetic surveying, soil mechanics, or hydraulics.
Active recruiting for engineers often begins before the student's last year in the university. Different corporations and government agencies have competed for the services of engineers in recent years. In the science-oriented society of today, people who have technical training are, of course, in demand. Young engineers may choose to go into environmental or sanitary engineering, for example, where environmental concerns have created many openings; or they may choose construction firms that specialize in highway work; or they may prefer to work with one of the government agencies that deals with water resources. Indeed, the choice is large and varied.
When the young engineer has finally started actual practice, the theoretical knowledge acquired in the university must be applied. He or she will probably be assigned at the beginning to work with a team of engineers. Thus, on-the-job training can be acquired that will demonstrate his or her ability to translate theory into practice to the supervisors.
The civil engineer may work in research, design, construction supervision, maintenance, or even in sales or management. Each of these areas involves different duties, different emphases, and different uses of the engineer's knowledge and experience.
Research is one of the most important aspects of scientific and engineering practice. A researcher usually works as a member of a team with other scientists and engineers. He or she is often employed in a laboratory that is financed by government or industry. Areas of research connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and soil stabilization techniques, and also the development and testing of new structural materials.
Many civil engineers, among them the top people in the field, work in design. As we have seen, civil engineers work on many different kinds of structures, so it is normal practice for an engineer to specialize in just one kind. In designing buildings, engineers often work as consultants of architectural or construction firms. Dams, bridges, water supply systems, and other large projects ordinarily employ several engineers whose work is co-ordinated by a systems engineer who is in charge of the entire project. In many cases, engineers from other disciplines are involved. In a dam project, for example, electrical and mechanical engineers work on the design of the power house and its equipment. In other cases, civil engineers are assigned to work on a project in another field; in the space program, for instance, civil engineers were necessary in the design and construction of such structures as launching pads and rocket storage facilities.
Words to be remembered:
government jurisdictions – тут, урядові розпорядження
licensing – ліцензування
bar examinations – іспит для отримання кваліфікації адвоката
curriculum (curricula, pl) – навчальна програма
numerical data – числові данні
variables – змінні величини
a human being – людина
relationship – взаємовідносини
hydraulics – гідравліка
geodetic surveying – вища геодезія
on-the-job training – навчання у процесі роботи
maintenance – ремонтно-профілактичні роботи; технічне обслуговування
supervision – технічний нагляд
launching pads – стартова платформа