Unit 4 footwear for special purposes text a

1. Listen and remember the following words:

1. provision — забезпечення

2. lumberjack – лісоруб

3. bottom – низ

4. attaching – кріплення

5. machining – обробка

6. cowhide – юфтова шкіра

7. emphasis – наголос

8. pedorthic – педіатричний

9. footbed – устілка

10. inflatable – надутий

11. insulated – ізоляційний

12. traction – тертя, зчеплення

II. Read and remember the following phrases:

1. hot shop – гарячий цех

2. meat-packing, dairy – м'ясо-молочна промисловість

3. half-boots/low boots – напівчоботи

4. nail-cement – цвяхо-клейовий

5. nail-sewed — цвяхо-прошивний

6. nail – цвяховий

7. cement-sewed – клейо-прошивний

8. manipulations with melted metal – зіткнення з розплавленим металом

9. shifting of heavy components – переміщення важких металів

10. heat and grease-resistant rubber – термомаслостійка резина

11. outdoor jobs – робота поза межами приміщення

12. excessive heat radiation – надмірне випромінювання тепла

13. watertight – водонепроникний

14. non-slipping qualities – протиковзаючі якості

III. Read and translate the following text: footwear and work

There are shoes and boots intended not only for casual wear but implying some qualities necessary for special purposes such as sports, health problems or abnormal working conditions. Thus, speciality boots have been designed for many different types of sports, particularly dance, riding, skiing and snowboarding, skating, and sporting in wet conditions. Men's and women's athletic shoes and special function shoes often have less difference between the sexes than in dress shoes. In many cases these shoes can be worn by either sex. Emphasis tends to be more on function than style. Orthopedic or "comfort" shoes are made with pedorthic and anatomically-correct comfort qualities, such as padded removable footbeds, wide toe boxes and arch support are made especially for those with problematic feet.

The healthy and safe working conditions at industrial enterprises are an object of constant concern of public and economic organisations in our country. The provision of special clothes and footwear to workers has an important place in the general complex of measures for the improvement of working conditions. Today there are industrial enterprises specializing in their manufacture and new designs of footwear are worked out with the character of production taken into account. Special clothes and footwear are made for the workers employed in the hot shops in the steel and iron industry machine, machine building industry, in the meat-packing, dairy and textile industries, for geologists, lumberjacks, etc. There are various kinds of special footwear – boots, half-boots, shoes, low shoes. Their uppers and bottoms are made of special materials, and various methods of attaching are used: nail-cement, nail-sewed, vertical-cement, etc. Work shoes are designed to stand heavy wear, to protect the wearer, and provide high traction. They are generally made from sturdy leather uppers and non-leather outsoles. Sometimes they are used for uniforms or comfort by nurses, waitresses, police, military personnel, etc. They are commonly used for protection in wilderness or industrial settings, construction, mining, and other workplaces.

The work in the hot shops of the steel and iron and machine-building industries involves high temperatures, manipulations with melted metal, the machining and shifting of heavy components, etc.

The footwear for those employed in these industries is made of cowhide and has soles of heat and grease-resistant rubber. Speciality boots have been made to temporarily protect steelworkers if they get caught in pools of molten metal. The boots have protective metal toes. To protect chemical workers from a wide variety of chemical exposure one more kind of speciality boots has been developed. Shoes with cloth lining are meant for those employed on outdoor jobs in winter time or on jobs involving excessive heat radiation. Footwear meant for those working in the meat-packing and dairy industry should be watertight. Grease-resistant deeply ribbed soles increase the non-slipping qualities.

The footwear meant for geologists should meet various demands made by climatic conditions and be extra wear-resistant. And there are also insulated, inflatable boots designed for walking in the Antarctic continent.

However, most work boots are "laceups" made from leather; formerly they were usually shod with hobnails and heel- and toe-plates, but now usually with a thick rubber sole, and protective features may often include steel-tipped toes and soles or ankle guards.

New open-toe and open-back shoes have been designed for textile industry women-workers. The uppers of these shoes are made of chrome leather and cloth, and the soles are microporous rubber. One of the most important tasks facing industrial enterprises, research institutes and other organizations is the designing and large-scale production of special shoes for all the industries.

There are also other types of boots sturdy in nature, meant for protection in wilderness or industrial settings. Some work boots (like the popular Dr. Martens) were adopted by skinheads and punks as part of their typical dress and have migrated to more mainstream fashion, including women's wear.