IV. Answer the following questions:

1. What leather goods do you know?

2. What properties does leather for gloves have to possess?

3. What does the skill of the glove cutter lie in?

4. What are the stages in glove cutting?

5. Does leather remain the most usable material for gloves?

6. What is the process of leather handbags manufacturing?

7. What are the main types of machines for handbags manufacturing?

8. Will machine do the shaving operations quicker than done by hand?

9. What operations are the most skillful?

10. What machine is used for paring operation?

V. Complete the sentences with the words from text:

1. Leather goods industries provide us with … .

2. The manufacture of … requires leather with special properties.

3. The method employed for the best gloves is known as … .

4. … are necessary to obtain a high finishing on lizard and box-calf bags.

5. Leather for covering frames or other metal parts must … .

VI. Find the English equivalents to the words:

оббивка, якість, стійкість, обробка, пробіг (розтягування), металеві “руки”, підкладка, ящірка, скіс

VII. Make up sentences with the terms:

upholstery, accessories, run, to stretch, to spring down, dress gloves, special properties, to obtain, to make, to feed on

VIII. Give definitions to the words:

gloves, washability, a skill, web, a cutting table, a handbag, a frame, a paring

IX. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Шкіра, завдяки своїм властивостям, знайшла застосування у виготовленні багатьох речей.

2. Для виробництва зручних рукавичок потрібна шкіра із особливими властивостями.

3. Існують слідуючи етапи розкрою рукавичок: зволоження, розтягування, розкроювання рукавичної основи та, нарешті, розкрій визначеної форми з рукавичної основи.

4. Мистецтво закрійника полягає в тому, щоб отримати достатній ступінь розтягнення в усіх напрямках до остаточного розкрою.

5. Після розтягнення рукавички переміщають на металеві “руки” для прасування та полірування.

6. Незважаючи на велику різноманітність матеріалів, що використовуються для виробництва рукавичок, шкіра залишається головним матеріалом.

7. Шкіра для рукавичок має володіти достатнім ступенем розтягування.

8. Для виготовлення шкіряних сумок використовується багато типів швейних машин.

9. Шкіра, якою обтягують каркас та інші металеві частини сумки, має бути зачищена (застругана) до товщини паперу.

10. Процес виготовлення сумок із шкіри дуже складний.

X. Speak on the topic using the following words and word-combinations:

leather goods, gloves, bags, leather of beautiful quality, special properties, to stretch with the movements of the hand, to stitch together, to iron and polish, leather handbags, sewing machine, frames, a flatting process, a skiving machine, a revolving cylindrical knife

TEXT B

I. Read and remember:

1. an article – вироб

2. an attire – наряд, вбрання

3. finishing touch – остаточний дотик

4. protective covering – захисне покриття

5. richly embroidered – вишукано вишитий

6. a pouch – сумка, мішечок

7. a purse – гаманець, невеличка дамська сумочка

8. a compartment – відділення

9. ample – широкий, достатній

10. chatelaine – замковий

II. Read the text and define the main idea of it:

Some historical facts about women’s gloves and handbags

The glove has, perhaps, more than any other component of woman dress, acquired a romantic character. It has long been a token of the extremes of love and hate. The glove was one of the few articles of female attire which a man could offer as a gift to his lady-love.

Gloves are by no means minor accessories of dress.

Whether worn or carried, they form one of the finishing touches of the elegantly attired man and woman. As protective coverings for all kinds of purposes - gardening, sport and industrial processes - their importance is very great and probably growing.

In England common use of gloves was a comparatively late development in clothing, it is thought that the extended sleeves of early Norman times were designed, in part at least, as protection for the hands. But beginning from the 16th century Queen Elizabeth set the fashion for wearing richly embroidered and jeweled gloves. France was known to be the largest world maker of leather gloves.

The manufacture of ladies' handbags as now known is a modern specialized trade. Pouches (or game bag) introduced during the fourteenth century were towards the end of the fifteenth replaced for a time by pouches, often of great size and which closed with a nap. In all these types leather was used extensively although not exclusively.

There appears to have been little change in style until we reach the period of the "reticule", which became necessary with the introduction of slim, high waisted dresses round about 1800. During the period crinoline purses of many types achieved great importance, being often made of fine leather such as doe or sealskin.

The purse with many compartments was a feature of the nineteenth century but has now practically disappeared.

It was not until women became emancipated from the ample clothing which concealed many pockets that the modern type of handbag was evolved. The first major development of modern times to which attention can be drawn was the appearance of the "chatelaine" bag round about 1905. This was a leather bag (usually suede) with a top frame riveted to the body and fitted with a chain for attachment to the belt which was a feature of women's dress at that time. Then followed a leather handbag, the prototype of the modern style, offering sufficient variety to enable women to change their bags with their dresses.

The manufacture of handbags is now a separate craft requiring high specialization, its own distinct methods of manufacture and an intensified study of fashion trends. It demands a wide knowledge of materials - leather, textiles, plastics, artificial leathers and metals - and outstanding ability in design based on comprehensive technical knowledge.