V. Complete the sentences with the words from the text:

1. … has long been an article of prestige.

2. The earliest footwear held to the foot with … .

3. The Greek god Mercury wore … .

4. … has always been a romantic figure.

5. The most cultures have stories where … play a starring role.

VI. Find the English equivalents to the words:

взуття, захист, міфологія, ремінь, черевик, туфля, оздоблення, при зборювати, сандаля, походити

VII. Make up sentences with the terms:

an article of prestige, to distinguish, to tie a boot or a shoe, mythology, a functional purpose, to give protection, tapering points, modern moccasin, to make walking impossible, to tie about the ankle

VIII. Give definitions to the words:

plaited grass, rawhide, craftsmanship, decoration, sandals, moccasin, fashion, platform, specialized footwear, seam

IX. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Історія взуття нараховує багато тисяч років.

2. Можливо перше взуття було зроблено з плетеної трави або не дубленої шкіри.

3. Згодом заможні та впливові особи почали вирізняти себе оздоблюючи своє взуття.

4. На протязі всієї історії взуття знаходило відображення в міфології, казках та забобонах.

5. Основний тип взуття, який носили в давні часи, залежав від клімату.

6. Сандалі були загальнопоширеним видом взуття в країнах з теплим кліматом.

7. Сучасні мокасини походять від оригінального взуття, яке носили північноамериканські індіанці, ескімоси, лапландці та племена Сибіру.

8. Взуття не завжди виконує своє безпосереднє призначення.

9. Мода диктує незвичайні моделі, які не роблять ходіння легкою справою.

10. До нещодавно взуття для спеціального призначення не було відомо.

X. Speak on the topic using the following words and word-combinations:

to make footwear, to provide some protection, to distinguish, craftsmanship and decoration, to figure widely in, as good luck, the basic type of shoe, a sandal, many straps and intricate decoration, a moccasin, to serve a functional purpose, footwear for special purposes

Text B

I. Read and remember:

1. riding – верхова їзда

2. consummate – досконалий

3. nobility – знать, панство

4. last – колодка, копил

5. vamp – союзка

6. counter – задник

7. patent leather – лакована шкіра

8. maroon – каштановий колір

9. stitch – стібок

10. sole – підошва

11. calf – опойок

2. Read the text and define the main idea of it:

From the history of the western boot

Although shoemaking has been an established art for at least 3500 years, any review of the history of the cowboy boot must begin somewhere. We could start on the great plains of North America in the latter half of the 19^th century; according to some theories we could even start with the conquistadors in the 17^th century.

The earliest information we have of the high heel being used for riding, describes invading Mongol tribes men wearing bright red wooden heels. Mongols were consummate horsemen and their easy victories left a mark on European society. Since owning and caring for a horse requires some wealth and since being horseback places a person physically above the common man, riders and consequently, high heels became associated with nobility. To this day, we say well-heeled to describe someone who is wealthy or aristocratic.

The Northampton museum of England has one of; the largest collections of historical footwear in the world and in these exhibits can be found the true story of the western boot. Throughout the 17^th and 18^lh century exhibits are examples of riding boots which have high tops, pointed toes and 2 "Stacked heels". Boots were made upon straight lasts that were neither left nor right.

In 1790 paired lasts were reintroduced mostly as a response to lower heel heights. And as the new century began, boots became very fashionable, even for women. It 1815, Arthur Wellsley, First Duke of Wellington, defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. In the vale of his victory Wellington boots became the style. The major difference in these previous styles was that the heels were low cut and the tops were only half high. At Northampton there is a pair of dress Wellingtons made in 1817. They are a four piece boot - vamp, counter cover, front and back tops - with beaded side seams (the same layout as a modem cowboy boot); The vamps and counter covers are black patent leather, the tops are maroon with) an olive top binding and trim and they have a fancy decorative stitch pattern on the front of the leg.

During after the Civil War (1850's-1880's) various designs were tested from leg heights, to methods of attaching soles, to different types and origins of leather. Many advances in construction and materials were introduced by the military. After much experimentation, an oak-tanned Spanish leather which was heavily waxed on the flesh side became the standard. And it was from this waxed calf that most of the early cowboy boots were constructed as well.

By 1900 the four piece boot had become the dominant form. Styles did change with the times. Heights of heel and top have come and gone. Lace-up was common on the American frontier.

2. Make up a plan of the text.

2. Translate the paragraph in italics in a written form.

2. Questions for discussion:

1. How old is shoemaking?

2. What was high heel used for?

3. What kind of heel became associated with nobility?

4. What museum has one of the largest collections of historical footwear?

5. When were paired lasts introduced?

6. Due to what event did Wellington boots become the style?

7. What four pieces had a pair of dress Wellingtons made in 1817?

8. What is the common feature of the American frontier boots?

2. Render the text in brief in a written form.

TEXT C

I. Mind the following words and word-combinations:

1. style – модель

2. clue – ключ, хід думок

3. shift – зміна

4. woven cloth – ткане полотно

5. wool felt – фетр із вовни

6. grades of leather – сорти шкіри

7. peer – знатна людина, рівня

8. pikes – взуття епохи Середньовіччя з довгим загорнутим догори носком

9. poulains – взуття епохи Середньовіччя типу «шльопанці»

10. lavish trimming – чепурний, щедро оздоблений

II. Listen to the text ‘SHOES IN THE COSTUME INSTITUTE’ and decide if the statements are true or false:

1. The makers of many examples produced prior to the nineteenth century are unknown.

2. The earliest pieces in The Costume Institute’s shoe collection date from the XXIst century.

3. Very fine quality shoes with elaborate decoration were reserved for the common labourer.

4. Embroidery and lavish trimmings can frequency be found on shoes from the XVII – XVIII centuries.

5. Basic types of shoes began to be available ready-made from the mid-eighteenth century.

III. Listen to the text again and be ready to answer the questions:

1. What examples are presented in the permanent collection in The Costume Institute?

2. Did shoes signal the wearer’s status?

3. What secondary sources must scholars also examine?

4. What decorative details were used in the medieval period?

5. Were shoes made without contouring to fit the right or left foot in earlier periods?

UNIT 2

FOOTWEAR

TEXT A

I. Read and remember the words and their translation:

1. hygiene –гігієна

1. adornment – прикраса

2. hosiery –панчішні вироби

3. flip-flop – шльопанці

4. canvas – парусина

5. sole – підошва

6. insole – устілка

7. outsole – підметка

8. midsole – підложка

9. upper – верх взуття

II. Read and remember the following phrases:

1. to be worn for – носити задля

2. to be passionate about –дуже цікавитися

3. to be made of – зроблений з

4. an interior bottom (of a shoe) –внутрішня деталь низу (взуття)

5. dress shoes –модельне взуття

6. casual shoes – повсякденне взуття

7. to have modifications on design – мати змінення в конструкції

8. to put pressure down – надавлювати

9. shock absorption – запобігати струсу

10. a complex upper – складний верх

III. Read and translate the following text:

FOOTWEAR

Footwear consists of garments worn on the feet. It is worn for a variety of reasons, including protection against the environment, hygiene and adornment. Usually, socks and other hosiery are worn between the feet and the footwear, except for sandals and flip flops (thongs). It is sometimes associated with fetishism, particularly in some recent fashions in shoes and boots. Some people are very passionate about fashion footwear.

A shoe is an item of footwear. Shoes may vary from a simple flip-flop to a complex boot. Shoes may have high or low heels, although in western cultures, high heels are considered a women's style. Shoe materials include leather or canvas. Athletic shoe soles may sometimes be made of rubber.

The bottom of a shoe is called the sole. The insole is the interior bottom of a shoe, which sits directly beneath the foot. Many shoes have removable and replaceable insoles, and extra insoles are often added for comfort or health reasons (to control the shape, moisture, or smell of the shoe). The outsole is the layer in direct contact with the ground. Dress shoes have leather outsoles; casual or work-oriented shoes have outsoles made of natural rubber or a synthetic imitation. The outsole may comprise a single piece, or may comprise separate pieces of different materials. Often the heel of the sole is rubber for durability and traction, while the front is leather for style. Specialized shoes will often have modifications on this design: athletic cleats have spikes embedded in the outsole to grip the ground; many kinds of dancing shoes have much softer or harder soles. The layer in between the outsole and the insole that is typically there for shock absorption. Some types of shoes, like running shoes, have another material for shock absorption, usually beneath the heel where one puts the most pressure down. Different companies use different materials for the midsoles of their shoes. Some shoes may not have a midsole at all. The bottom rear part of a shoe is the heel. Its function is to support the heel of the foot. They are often made of the same material as the sole of the shoe. This part can be high for fashion or to make the person look taller, or flat for a more practical use. Any shoe has an upper part that helps hold the shoe onto the foot. In the simplest cases, such as sandals or flip flops, this may be nothing more than a few straps for holding the sole in place. Closed footwear, such as boots, sneakers and most men's shoes, will have a more complex upper. This part is often decorated or is made in a certain style to look attractive.