IV. Answer the questions:

1. What upper parts of a shoe do you know?

2. What do you know about the vamp?

3. What is the quarter?

4. Why is the heel section of the quarter frequently reinforced with a stiffener?

5. What is the throat and what does its position depend on?

6. What is the saddle?

7. What are the functions of the counter?

8. How are the toecaps incorporated into many shoes?

9. What is done to enhance comfort and durability of quality shoes?

10. What is the sock?

V. Complete the sentences with the words from the text:

foxing, eyestay, arch bandage, toe puff, throat, toe box, lining, quarter, broadening, fiberboard

1. The … is usually confined to the quarter and the insock.

2. The function of the … is to retain the shape of the forefoot and allow room for the toes.

3. The … stabilizes the hind foot in the shoe.

4. The … of the shoe dictates the maximum girth permitted by the shoe.

5. … is an additional piece of leather that covers the counter externally.

6. Counters are usually made from or heat moulded plastic.

7. Reinforcement added to the region of the medial longitudinal arch is termed the … … if it is added to the inside of the shoe.

8. The Blucher method permits the fitting of a larger foot girth by … the throat of the shoe.

9. Reinforced … serves to give the shoe its shape as well as protect the toes.

10. The throat is often at the … in the athletic shoe.

VI. Find the English equivalents to the words:

підсилювач, підошва, устілка, додаткова глибина, тканина, віддалений від центру, включати, танкетка, найближчий, надання жорсткості, фібровий картон, берець, союзка, задник, підносок, блочка, задня частина, халявка, верх взуття, зберігати форму

VII. Make up sentences with the terms:

front of the shoe, the sides and back of the shoe, toe-puff, decorative pattern, upper part, topline of the shoe, collar, the eyelet section, stiffener, foot girth, throat, fiberboard, distal superior aspect, sole segment, the Bal method

VIII. Give definitions to the words:

insock, sock, lining, depth, toe box, vamp, toecap, counter, stiffener, eyestay, throat, arch bandage, saddle, convalescent shoe, toe-puff

IX. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Верх взуття складається з союзки, берця та устілки.

2. Підносок зазвичай підсилюється, щоб взуття зберігало форму і захищало пальці.

3. Задник стабілізує задню частину стопи.

4. Виріз союзки формується швом, який з’єднує союзку і берці.

5. Верх багатьох видів взуття включає підносок.

6. Устілки можуть бути шкіряними, синтетичними або з тканини.

7. Виріз союзки зумовлює максимальний обхват ноги.

8. П’яточна частина берця зазвичай підсилюється.

9. Різні стилі взуття потребують різних видів союзок.

10. Берець покриває бокові та задню частини взуття.

X. Speak on the topic using the following words and word-combinations:

attached to the insole and outsole, vamp, to give the shoe its shape, decorative pattern, quarter, collar, eyelet, heel section, the Blucher method, the Bal method, throat, lacing, counter, foxing, to prevent prolonged probation, toecap, comfort and durability

Text B

I. Read and remember:

1. insole – устілка

2. outsole – підошва

3. welting – рант

4. to inhibit – перешкоджати, гальмувати

5. sockliner – устілка

6. friction – тертя, зчеплення

7. gripping – зчеплення, захват

8. ridge – рубчик, товста кромка

9. cavity – порожнина, впадина

10. dampening down impact – знижуючий вплив

11. shank – геленок

12. heel breast – передня частина каблука

II. Read the text and define the main idea of it:

The bottom of the shoe

The bottom or the lower of the shoe is sometimes called the sole. The term sole derives from “solea”, a Latin word meaning soil or ground. The sections of the sole consist of insole, outsole, shank, heel and welt.

Insole or inner sole is a layer of material shaped to the bottom of the last and sandwiched between the outsole (or midsole) and the sole of the foot inside the shoe. The insole covers the join between the upper and the sole in most methods of construction and provides attachment for the upper, toe box linings and welting. This provides a platform upon which the foot can operate and separates the upper from the lower. The insole board is necessary in shoes that are constructed using cemented or Goodyear welt techniques because it is the attachment for upper and lower components. The majority of insole boards is made of cellulose and is treated with additives to inhibit bacterial growth. Athletic shoewear will often have a sockliner, a piece of material placed over the top of the insole board, glued in the position or removable.

Outsole is the outer sole of the shoe which is directly exposed to abrasion and wear. Traditionally made from a variety of materials, the outsole is constructed in different thickness and degrees of flexibility. Ideal soling materials must be waterproof, durable and possess a coefficient of friction high enough to prevent slipping. Leather has poor gripping capabilities and synthetic polymers are much preferred. There is also an infinite variety of surface designs. Extra grip properties can be incorporated in the form of a distinctive sole pattern with well-defined ridges. Alternatively they can be moulded with cavities to reduce the weight of the sole. These cavities need to be covered with a rigid insole or can be filled with light foam to produce a more flexible sole. In some cases two or more materials of different densities can be incorporated into the sole to give a hard wearing outer surface and a softer, more flexible midsole for greater comfort. Synthetic soling materials will offer the physical property of dampening down impact levels (shock attenuation).

The shank bridges between the heel breast and the ball treed. The shankpiece or shank spring can be made from wood, metal, fiberglass or plastic and consists of a piece approximately 10 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. The shank spring lies within the bridge or waist of the shoe, i. e. between the heel and the ball corresponding to the medial and lateral arches. The shankpiece reinforces the waist of the shoe and prevents it from collapsing or distorting in wear. The contour of the shank is determined by heel height. Shoes with low heels or wedged soles do not require a shank because the torque between the rear and forefoot does not distort the shoe.

The raised component under the rear of the shoe is the heel. Heels consist of a variety of shapes, heights and materials and are made of series of raised platforms or a hollowed section. The part of the heel next to sole is usually shaped to fit the heel, this is called the heel seat or heel base. The heel breast describes front face of the heel. The ground contact section is called the top piece. Heels raise the rear of the shoe above the ground. A shoe without a heel or midsole wedge may be completely flat. When the heel section sits lower than the forefoot the style is called a “negative heel”.

And final part of the bottom is welt, the strip of material which joins the upper to the sole. Most shoes will be bonded by Goodyear-welted construction. Some shoes use an imitation welt stitched around the top flat edge of the sole for decorative purposes but it is not a functional part of the shoe.