III. Make up a plan of the text.

IV. Translate the paragraph in italics in a written form.

V. Questions for discussion:

1. What organization gives all leather terms and its definitions?

2. What are the common leathers?

3. What is the difference between buckskin and dear skin leathers?

4. Why does Louis Vuitton use vachetta leather in trimming of luggage and handbags?

5. What leather is valued for use in making gloves?

6. What kind of leather is nubuck?

7. In what goods can we found nappa leather?

8. Is bounded leather really true one?

9. Bicast leather is a man-made product, isn’t it?

10. Can we find bicast leather in our furniture now?

TEXT C

I. Mind the following words and word-combinations:

1. cattle skin – шкіра домашньої (свійської) худоби

2. lamb – ягня

3. bullwhip – батіг для погоничів

4. abrasion resistance – опирання тертю

5. extinction –

6. ostrich – страус

7. side product – побічний продукт

II. Listen to the text ‘LEATHER FROM OTHER ANIMALS’ and decide if the statements are true or false:

1. Certain snakes and crocodiles have been hunted to near extinction for their popular exotic skins.

2. Ostrich leather is considered one of the most rugged with a waxy feel.

3. The most commonly used leather types are Cow leather, Sheep leather, Buffalo Leather and Ox leather.

4. Sting ray leather is as tough and durable as hard plastic.

5. Kangaroo leather is used for upholstery and clothing.

III. Listen to the text again and be ready to answer the questions:

1. Which leather is used in more expensive apparels?

2. Where is Kangaroo leather most commonly used?

3. Which leather is currently used by many major fashion houses such as Hermes, Prada, Gucci, and Louis Vuitton?

4. What characteristics does sting ray leather have?

5. Which leather is the most expensive one?

UNIT 8

FOOTWEAR DESIGN AND DESIGNERS

TEXT A

1. Read and remember the words and their translation:

1. profound – глибокий, ретельний

2. quest – прагнення, ретельне вивчення

3. heritage – спадщина, традиція

4. broader – ширший

5. stitching – з’єднання, вишивка, строчка

6. perforation – перфорація, декорування

7. last – колодка

8. intermediary – перехідний, посередник

9. expedient – засіб досягнення цілі

10. diverse – різноманітний

2. Read and remember the following phrases:

1. to stay in vogue – залишатися в моді

2. chiseled toe – вугловатий , рельєфний носок

3. Cuban heel – високий прямий каблук, каблук “стовпчик”

4. Louis heel – високий каблук з крокулем

5. wedge heel – клиноподібний каблук

6. manual dexterity – вправність рук

7. adhesive gummed paper – проклеєний гумований папір

8. lacing – шнурівка

9. price point – встановлена ціна

10. sufficient – достатній

3. Read and translate the following text:

Footwear design

Footwear design is a department of decorative applied art and calls for deep and profound many sided knowledge. The tasks of decorative art and footwear design are in correlation of the whole and the parts, the quests for the artistically expressive form of lines, shapes, colour scheme, harmonious colour combinations. Footwear design has become very important because shoes are a part of the dress. Modern shoes must be not only comfortable but elegant too. In this connection the role of designers has grown considerably over the last few years. The designer faces many difficulties in the process of creating a new model. These difficulties can be overcome only by those who possess excellent taste, sufficient knowledge of history and modern style of art. A modern footwear designer should be able to create works which will live long and stay in vogue. Fashion designers adorn our life, create new fabrics, clothes and footwear – excellent things meeting the highest demand made by modern aesthetics.

In working fashion trends designers draw on national traditions and on the rich heritage of the folk art. Designers are seeking ways of broader introduction of models based on folk art into industrial production. The designers work out the new models of boots and casuals, slippers and mules, moccasins and pumps, play-shoes and ballerinas. They study different forms of heels and toes, different stitchings, perforations and straps. They choose silhouettes which will be in fashion next year or toes which can be round, chiseled, square or pointed. They choose heels which will make up a single ensemble with the clothes. Lady’s heels may be Cuban or Louis, wedge heel or clog heel, etc. The designers are instructed in the new fashionable materials: calf, kid leather, patent leather, suede or pig grain leather. Designers must pay attention not only to the appearance of a shoe but how the shoe fits on the foot. The overall quality of the fit is based on the last that the shoe is built around. Lasts are basically models of the foot. The better the model of the foot is, the better the last is. All designers pay special attention to creating the “standard” – the phase which goes from covering the last (with adhesive gummed paper heated and then stuck to the last under vacuum) to “de-standardizing” and laying out of two standards obtained (inner and outer intermediary). This rather complex process requires a great deal of expertise and manual dexterity, and is personalized by each designer by using different expedients and techniques. The designer’s tendency to personalize his work means there are no standard methods of creating standards or models. Other factors that the designer must also take into consideration include such things as diverse as other sub-systems that affect the fit of a shoe (like lacing system), the overall weight of the shoe, different working methods, the aesthetics (how it looks) and the "price point" (how much the shoe will cost) as this will influence the types of materials that can be used.

The main task of footwear designers is to create modern comfortable and beautiful shoes for millions of people.