Russian customs
The current Russian word for Customs, tamozhnya, appeared in the times of Mongol-Tatar yoke. The word tamga in Tatar, meant “Customs tax, the official who collected it, and the stamped seal or statement showing that it had been paid”. Each market had its tamozhnya, and the right to collect duties could be purchased from the State. The right was often given to powerful merchants.
The Russian Customs service, however, predates even the Mongol-Tatar yoke (1237-1480). Some three centuries before, in Kievan Rus, taxes were collected for the transportation of goods through the frontiers of the individual princedoms.
Thus, Russia has had a Customs service in some form during the past 1000 years. Moreover, for almost all of that history, it has been much more than a force for keeping out contraband. In fact, it has been a powerful administrative body, serving mainly protectionist interests.
The first Russian Customs statute was handed down in 1667. It was strict towards foreigners, who were allowed to trade only in frontier towns on pain of confiscation. A special tsar’s certificate was required for trading further inside the country.
Such protectionism went on for most of the next 300 years. Every tsar, from Peter the Great to Nicolas II, approved laws limiting the import of foreign goods and defending Russian producers.
РАБОТА НАД ТЕКСТОМ
Упражнение 1. Прочтите текст, пользуясь словарем.
Российская таможня
Современное русское слово «таможня» появилось во времена Татаро –монгольского ига. Слово «тамга» на татарском означало «Таможенная пошлина, чиновник, собирающий ее и ставящий штампы или подтверждение того, что она была уплачена». Каждый рынок имел свою таможню, и право собирать налоги могло быть получено у государства. Это право часто предоставлялось влиятельным торговцам.
Российская таможенная служба, однако, существовала еще до Татаро- монгольского ига (1237-1480). Тремя веками ранее, в Киевской Руси, взимались налоги за провоз товаров через границы личных княжеств.
Таким образом, у России была таможенная служба в особой форме во время последнего тысячелетия. Более того, в течение почти всей истории она являлась чем-то большим, чем сила для изъятия контрабанды. На самом деле она была могущественной административной структурой, служащей, в основном, протекционистским интересам.
Первый Российский таможенный устав был принят в 1667. Он был достаточно строг к иностранцам, которым было позволено торговать только в пограничных городах под угрозой конфискации. Специальный сертификат, выдаваемый царем, требовался для торговли внутри страны.
Такой протекционизм продолжался в течение следующего трехсотлетия. Каждый царь, от Петра 1 до Николая 2, поддерживал законы, ограничивающие импорт заграничных товаров и поддерживающих российского производителя.
Упражнение 2.Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
When did the word tamozhnya appear? The world tamozhnya appeared in the times of Mongol – Tatar yoke.
What did the word tamga mean? Tamga meant “Customs tax, the official who collected it, and the stamped seal or statement showing that it had been paid”.
Who was given the right to collect duties? Powerful merchants were often given to the right to collect duties.
How long has Russia had Customs Service? Russia has had Customs service during the past 1000 years.
What were the functions of Russian Customs? Russian customs kept out contraband and served mainly protectionist interests.
When was the first Russian Customs statute handed down? The first Russian Customs statute was handed down in 1667.
Where were foreigners allowed to trade according to the statute? Foreigners were allowed to trade according to the statute only in frontier towns.
What was required for trading further inside the country? A special tsar’s certificate was required for trading further inside the country.
Упражнение 3.Какие из следующих предложений соответствуют/не соответствуют содержанию текста? Обоснуйте свой ответ.
The current Russian word for Customs tamozhnya appeared in the 17th century. False. The current Russian word for Customs, tamozhnya, appeared in the times of Mongol-Tatar yoke.
The word tamga meant a Customs tax. True.
The Russian Customs Service predates the Mongol-Tatar yoke. True.
In Kievan Rus no taxes were collected at the frontiers of princedoms. False. Some three centuries before, in Kievan Rus, taxes were collected for the transportation of goods through the frontiers of the individual princedoms
Collecting duties was the only function of Russian Customs.
False. For almost all of the history, it has been much more than a force for keeping out contraband and a powerful administrative body, serving mainly protectionist interests.
The first Russian Customs statute was handed down in 1667.True.
The first Russian Customs statute was loyal to foreigners.
False. It was strict towards foreigners, who were allowed to trade only in frontier towns on pain of confiscation.
Упражнение 4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты для следующих слов и словосочетаний:
современное слово - thecurrentword,
таможенная служба - Customs,
таможенный налог - Customstax,
служащий (сотрудник) – theofficial,
собирать налоги – to collect taxes,
печать - the stamped seal,
право собирать пошлину - the right to collect duties, перемещение товаров через границу – the transportation за goods through the frontiers ,
пресекать провоз контрабанды – to keep out contraband,
торговать, под страхом конфискации- to trade on pain of confiscation, ограничивать ввоз товаров иностранного производства – to limit the import of foreign goods,
защищать российских производителей- to defend Russian producers, протекционизм- protectionism.
Упражнение 5. Изложите письменно краткое содержание текста, используя ключевые слова и словосочетания.
To begin with, the Russian Customs service predates even the Mongol-Tatar yoke though the current Russian word for Customs, tamozhnya, appeared in the times of Mongol- Tatar yoke. We know that taxes were collected for the transportation of goods through the frontiers of the individual princedoms in Kievan Rus.
Russia has had a Customs service in some form during the past 1000 years. For almost all of the history it has been much more than a force for keeping out contraband and it has been a powerful administrative body.
The first Russian Customs statute was handed down in 1667. It was strict towards foreigners, who were allowed to trade only in frontier towns on pain of confiscation. A special tsar’s certificate was required for trading further inside the country.
ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
Упражнение1. Поставьте следующие предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную форму.
Mike has just found a new job at the customs.
Has Mike just found a new job at the customs?
Mike hasn’t just found a new job at the customs.
The customs inspector had finished examining the passengers’ baggage by 3 o’clock.
Had the customs inspector finished examining the passengers’ baggage by 3 o’clock?
The customs inspector hadn’t finished examining the passengers’ baggage by 3 o’clock.
I have been working at the Customs for 5 years now.
I haven’t been working at the Customs for 5 years now.
Have I been working at the Customs for 5 years now?
We will have been discussing this problem for a long time before you come.
We won’t have been discussing this problem for a long time before you come.
Will we have been discussing this problem for a long time before you come.
Customs business has always been important and prestigious.
Has Customs business always been important and prestigious?
Customs business hasn’t always been important and prestigious.
The customs officer had been looking through the passenger declaration for a minute when he noticed a mistake.
Had the customs officer been looking through the passenger declaration for a minute when he noticed a mistake?
The customs officer hadn’t been looking through the passenger declaration for a minute when he noticed a mistake.
Import laws have become a barometer of economic and political conditions of the time.
Have Import laws become a barometer of economic and political conditions of the time?
Import laws haven’t become a barometer of economic and political conditions of the time.
The customs officers will have been clearing the cargo for 2 hours by the time they arrive.
Will the customs officers have been clearing the cargo for 2 hours by the time they arrive?
The customs officers won’t have been clearing the cargo for 2 hours by the time they arrive.
We will have prepared the documents by Monday.
Will we have prepared the documents by Monday?
We won’t have prepared the documents by Monday.
The delegation has already arrived at the airport.
Has the delegation already arrived at the airport?
The delegation hasn’t already arrived at the airport.
Упражнение 2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect или Past Simple.
A foreigner has just arrived at the airport and is going through customs control now.
The customs officers confiscated narcotics last Friday.
I have already passed through customs and passport control.
Russia has had a Customs service during the past 1000 years.
Derzhavin worked out the customs tariff in 1795.
The President has signed a new law limiting import of foreign goods recently.
Alexei Michailovitch Romanov signed the New Trade Statute and established customs regimes.
Has the Government imposed customs duties yet?
Mendeleev was sure that protectionist policy stimulated industrial production.
Drug contraband has grown considerably since last year.
Упражнение 3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Simple или Past Perfect.
Before Radischev became Head of St.Petersburg customs house he had worked for Commerce Board.
He had been the Customs Office chief for 10 years. Then he retired.
It was clear that he hadn’t paid the customs duties yet.
The customs officer detained the passenger after he had found an icon in his traveling bag.
Our chief informed us of new customs tariffs after he had returned from the business trip.
They had cleared the cargo before he phoned.
The customs officer asked the passenger when and where he had bought his ring.
The arrival hall was full of people. They had just arrived in Moscow.
The passenger was a French businessman who had come to Washington to have talks with the head of the company.
Only when I boarded the plane I understood that I had left my handbag somewhere.
Упражнение 4. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Simple, Present Progressive, Present Perfect или Present Perfect Progressive.
1. a) My friend works at the customs.
b) My friend is working at a very interesting project
now.
c) My friend has already worked at this project.
d) My friend has been working at the customs since 2000.
2. a) I always fill in a customs declaration form when I travel abroad.
b) I am filling in a customs declaration form now. Don’t disturb me.
c) I haven’t filled in a customs declaration form yet. Wait a minute.
d) I have been filling a customs declaration form for 15 minutes
now. 3. a) Customs officers often uses different inspectional techniques to
detect contraband.
b) The customs officers is using the inspectional techniques at the
moment to make sure there is no contraband in this petrol tank.
c) The customs officers has just used the inspectional techniques. There
are no concealments in this part of the ship.
d) The customs officers found no drugs though they have been using all the inspectional techniques they had at their disposal for an hour.
4. a) Our team usually clears the cargo.
b) Our team is very busy at the moment. We are clearing the cargo.
c) Our team has cleared all the cargo today.
d) Our team has been clearing the cargo for 2 hours now.
a) Passengers who arrive in our country always pass through
customs Control.
b) The passengers who have just arrived in Moscow are passing through
customs control now.
c) The passengers have passed through customs control and now they are
leaving the terminal.
d) The passengers have been passing through customs control for the last 15 minutes.
Упражнение 5. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Simple, Past Progressive, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Progressive.
1. a) I looked through the passengers’ declarations very attentively a few
minutes ago.
b) I was looking through the passengers’ declarations when you found
me.
c) I had looked through just the passengers’ declarations before you
asked for help.
d) I had been looking through the passengers’ declarations for quite a while when I realized that I needed a rest before it happened.
2. a) This company imported its products into our country in 2010.
b) This company wasn’t importing its products into our country from 2007
till 2009.
c) This company hadn’t imported its products into our country before
2005.
d) This company had been importing its products into our country for many years.
3. a) We prepared all the necessary documents in time.
b) We were preparing all the necessary documents when we got the news.
c) We had prepared all the necessary documents by 6.
d) We had been preparing all the necessary documents for a week before we got the news.
4. a) This man tried to bring exotic reptiles into Russia yesterday.
b) This man was trying to bring exotic reptiles into Russia when he was
detained by Customs.
c) This man had tried to bring exotic reptiles into Russia twice before
finally he was detained by Customs.
d) This man had been trying to bring exotic reptiles into Russia for many years before 2009.
5. a) The students studied the Customs Code last term.
b) The students were studying the Customs Code at the lesson yesterday.
c) The students had studied the Customs Code before they began to study
the Criminal Code.
d) The students had been studying the Customs Code for the whole semester
before they had an examination.
Упражнение 6. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Future Simple, Future Progressive, Future Perfect, Future Perfect Progressive.
1. a) I will buy a new car in less than a year.
b) I will be buying a new car at this time tomorrow.
c) I will have bought a new car by April.
d) I will have been buying a new car for an hour when you come to help me.
2. a) We will keep these goods in the warehouse until we pay the duties.
b) We will be keeping these goods in the warehouse the whole winter.
c) We will have already kept these goods in the warehouse by the time they
can be cleared.
d) We will have been keeping these goods in the warehouse for two months by the 1st of December.
3. a) He will translate the Customs Convention into Russian next week.
b) He will be translating the Customs Convention into Russian from 9 till12
on Tuesday.
c) He will have translated the Customs Convention into Russian by 3.
d) He will have been translating the Customs Convention into Russian for 2 hours by the time you appear.
4. a) They will repair our X-ray machine in two days.
b) They will be repairing our X-ray machine the whole day tomorrow.
c) They will have repaired our X-ray machine by Monday, I hope.
d) They will have been repairing our X-ray machine for 3 days by Monday.
5. a) The Customs Office chief will sign the permits in a minute.
b) The Customs Office chief will be signing the permits when you come in.
c) The Customs Office chief will have signed the permits by the time you
come to take them.
d) The Customs Office chief will have been signing the permits for 10 minutes when you come to take them.
Упражнение 7.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
Вы заполнили таможенную декларацию?
Have you filled in a customs declaration?
До того как сотрудники таможни растаможили груз, он находился на складе больше месяца.
The cargo had been kept in the warehouse for more than a month before the customs officers cleared it.
Они изменят пошлины на автомобили к концу года.
They will have changed the car taxes by the end of the year.
С самого утра начальник таможни инструктирует сотрудников.
The Custom Office chief has been giving instructions to his staff since morning.
Как долго вы работаете в таможне?
How long have you been working at the Customs?
Контрабанда наркотиков в этот регион за последние 10 лет значительно возросла.
Narcotics contraband in this region has grown considerably for the last 10 years.
Я проверял документы уже два часа, но не проверил еще и половины.
I have been checking the documents for 2 hours already but haven’t checked even a half of it.
Через 5 минут будет два часа, с тех пор как я начал объяснять вам таможенные правила, а вы так ничего и не поняли.
In 5 minutes it will have been 2 hours since I began explaining to you the Customs Code but you haven’t understood anything yet.
Я надеюсь, к 5 часам мы проверим все контейнеры.
I hope we will have inspected all the containers by 5 o’clock.
Вы пришли в 10 часов. К этому времени он уже ушел на терминал.
You came at 5 o’clock. He had already left for the terminal by that time.
Glossary
|
certificate (n) |
сертификат,справка |
|
to certify (v) |
сертифицировать, подтверждать |
|
confiscation (n) ; syn. seizure, forfeiture |
конфискация |
|
current (adj) |
современный, действующий |
|
to defend (v) |
защищать |
|
frontier (n) |
граница |
|
to keep out (v) |
пресекать, препятствовать |
|
to limit (v) |
ограничивать |
|
limited |
ограниченный |
|
a merchant (n) |
торговец, купец, коммерсант |
|
syn. a trader |
|
|
an official (n) |
служащий, чиновник |
|
to predate (v) |
предшествовать, возникать до |
|
princedom (n) |
княжество |
|
to purchase (v) |
покупать, приобретать |
|
a purchase (n) |
покупка |
|
to require (v) |
требовать |
|
requirement (n) |
требование |
|
a seal (n) |
печать, пломба |
|
to seal (v) |
опечатывать, опломбировать |
|
strict (adj) |
строгий |
|
transportation (n) |
перевозка, перемещение |
|
yoke (n) |
Иго
UNIT 3
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Лексическая тема: «Customs Areas».
Грамматическая тема: Система времен английского глагола. Страдательный залог. Времена группы Indefinite (Simple). Времена группы Continuous (Progressive).
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