прагматика и медиа дискурс / 语用学关键概念 Key Notions for Pragmatics (2009)
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Key Notions for Pragmatics
Handbook ofPragmatics Highlights (HoPH)
The ten volumes ofHandbookofPragmatics Highlights focus on themost salient topics in thefield of pragmatics, thus dividing its wide interdisciplinary spectrum in a transparentand manageable way. Each volume starts with an up-to-date overview of its field of interest and brings together some 12-20 entries on its most pertinent aspects.
Since 1995 the Handbook ofPragmatics (HoP) and theHoP Online (in conjunction with theBibliographyofPragmaticsOnline) have provided continuously updated state-of-the-art information for students and researchers interested in the sdence of an ua in use. Their value as a basic reference tool is nowenhanced with the publication ofa topically organized series of paperbacks presenting HoPHighlights. Whether your interests are predominantly philosophical, cognitive, grammatical, social, cultural. variational. interactional, or discursive, theHoPHighlights volumes make sure you always have the most relevant encyclopedic articles at yourfingertips.
Editors
JefVerschueren |
Jan-Oia Ostman |
Url/Vetslty ofAnrwerp |
Unwer'$/ryofHelsinki |
Volume 1
Key Notions for Pragmatics
Edited byJefVerschueren and Jan-Oia Ostman
Key Notions for Pragmatics
Edited by
Jef Verschueren
University of Antwerp
Jan-Oia Ostman
University of Helsinki
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam I Philadelphia
'fhe paper usC'd in this publication mects thC' minimum rcquir mcnts of American National Standard for Information Sciences - Permanence of Paper for Printed LibraryMatenals,ANSI Z39.48-19.84.
Cover design: Fran oisc Bcrscrik
library ofCon tress Catalogjn -m-Public-.atton Data
Kcr notio!U for prngmatics I editedbr kfVC'rschucrcn, Jan-OlaOstlThln. p. c:m.(Handbook ot Pr.1gmatics Highlights.ISSN 1877·6)4X •v.1)
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fohn B nJamuls J>ubl•sl11nsCllmpany• P.O. BoxJ6!24 • ao2.o MF.Aml>tt!J1.l m •TheNetherland!. John ll)lffiii'IS otth Amer•c:a • P.O. Box 17519 • Pha!:h.lelptua PA t9118·0St?• USA
Table of contents
Preface to the series
Acknowledgements
Introduction: 1l1e pragmatic perspective
XI
XIII
fcf Verschueren
1.
2.
3·
4· s.
Pragmatics and its formative traditions 2 Pragmaticsas a repositOI)' of interesting topics 8 The problem ofdelimitation 10
On dimensions, perspectives methodology, and evidence 14 A fwKtionaJ perspective on language 19
Adaptability |
28 |
fef Versclweren & Frtmk Brisard
1. |
Introduction: The pragmatic perspective 28 |
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2. |
Biological adaptability and language 28 |
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2 1 |
The adaptive emergence oftanguage |
29 |
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2.2 |
Theadapth•e functioning oflanguage |
39 |
3· |
Social interactive adaptability and language use |
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3.11 |
An adaptability theory ofpragmatics |
41 |
3.2Applications ofan adaptability perspective
4· Conclusion 45
40
42
Channel
Stef Slembrouck
1. |
Digging underneath the speech/writing distinction 48 |
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1.1 |
Print and handwriting 49 |
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1.2 |
Televization and secondaryorality so |
2. |
Beyond the verbal: 'The visual and the digital 54 |
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2.1 |
Multi-modality and the visual 54 |
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2.2 |
Digital hypertext 56 |
3· |
Afterthought 6o |
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VI Handbookof Pragmatics H1gM,ghts
Comnmnication |
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Peter Harder |
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1. |
Language and communication |
62 |
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2. |
Communication in an evolutio1tary perspective 63 |
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3. |
The mathematical theory of communication 66 |
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4· |
Human communication |
67 |
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5· |
The study of language as communication 70 |
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6. |
Communication and backgrotmd 74 |
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7· |
Intercultural communication |
77 |
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8. |
Business communication |
79 |
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9· |
Mass communication 81 |
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Context and contextualization |
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86 |
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PeterAuer |
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1.Preliminaries 86
2. |
Context is more than deixis 87 |
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3· |
Which contexts do we need to consider? 90 |
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4· |
The nature of the contextual link |
95 |
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4.1 |
The creativity of contextualization |
95 |
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4.2 |
The vagueness of contextualization |
96 |
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4·3 |
The negotiability of context |
97 |
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4·4 |
The groundedness of context in interactional work 97 |
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4·5 |
The culturality of contextualization |
98 |
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4.6 |
Jndexicality |
iconicity - symbolization 98 |
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4·7 |
Using contexts |
98 |
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Conversational logic |
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102 |
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Robin Tolnwch Lakoff |
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1.Origins 102
2. |
TI1e basic system of conversational logic 102 |
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3. |
TI1e universality of CP |
107 |
4. |
CP and discourse genre |
109 |
5.
6.
7·
CP and politeness 110
Other discussion of indirectness 111 TI1e future ofCL 112
DeL\:is |
114 |
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jack Sidnell |
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1. |
Definitional and theoretical issues 114 |
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2. |
Deictic semantics and morphology in a typological perspective |
119 |
T ble ofcontents VII
3· |
Formulating place: Deictics in interaction 127 |
4 |
Directions for further research 136 |
Implicitness
Mnrcella Bertuccelli Papi
1. |
Historical note 140 |
2 |
Semantic and pragmatic categories of implicitness 141 |
2.1Entailment 141
2.2 |
Semantic presupposition |
141 |
2 3 |
Pragmatic presuppositions |
147 |
2.4Implicatures 149
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2.4.1 |
Generalized and particularized implicatures 151 |
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2.4.2 |
Conventional implicatures 152 |
2.5 |
Scalar implicatures 153 |
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2.6 |
Politeness implicatures 155 |
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2.7Explicatures 156
2.8Implicitures 158
3· |
Implicitness and cognition 159 |
139
Non-verbal communication |
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163 |
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Lluis Payrato |
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1. |
Introduction 163 |
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1.1 |
Broad conception and scope (literal definitions) |
163 |
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1.2 |
Some basic concepts & distinctions (narrow definitions) |
164 |
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1.3 |
(Sub)categories of non-verbal communication |
166 |
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1.4 |
Functions of non-verbal communication |
167 |
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2. |
A historical oven•iew and a synthesis of contemporary trends |
168 |
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2.1 |
The psychological viewpoint |
169 |
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2.2 |
The anthropological viewpoint 170 |
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2.3 |
The sociological vie'lt\rpoint |
170 |
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2.4 |
The semiotic viewpoint |
170 |
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2.5 |
The linguistic viewpoint |
171 |
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3· |
Psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics and non·verbal communication 172 |
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3.1 |
Ge ticulation, speech and thought 172 |
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3.2 |
Acquisition ofnon-verbal communication |
173 |
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3·3 |
Pathologies of non-verbal communication |
174 |
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4 |
Pragmatics, discourse analysis and non-verbal communication |
175 |
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4-1 |
. on-verbal (speech?) acts |
175 |
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4-2 |
Deictic gestures and spatial orientation 176 |
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43 |
Discursive styles, functional variation and conversation |
176 |
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VIII HandbookofPragmatics H1gM1ghts
5· |
Sociolinguistics.. linguistic anthropology and |
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non-verbal communication 177 |
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5.1 |
Sociocultural factors and non·verbal communication 177 |
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5.2 |
Multilingualism and non verbal cornmunication 178 |
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6. |
Applied linguistics and non verbal communication 179 |
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6.1 |
Lexicography of gesture |
179 |
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6.2 |
Language learning 180 |
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7· |
Concluding remarks |
180 |
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7.1 |
Theoretical considerations |
180 |
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7.2 |
Methodological considerations 181 |
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7.3 |
Final historical comments |
182 |
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7·4 |
Afterthought |
183 |
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Presupposition |
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195 |
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Francesca Delogu
1.Introduction 195
2.From semantic presuppositions to pragmaticpresuppositions:
Historical backgrounds 196
3.Pragmatic presuppositions 198
4· |
Pragmatic accounts of presupposition projection 199 |
5· |
Informative presuppositions: Context and accommodation 200 |
6.Hybrid presuppositions 202
Primate communication |
208 |
J\tficluzel Tomasello
1.Introduction 208
2. |
Primate vocal communication |
209 |
3. |
Primate gestural communication |
211 |
4· |
Where is the pragn1atics? 214 |
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Semiotics |
217 |
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Christiane A tderself |
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1.Introduction 217
2. |
Basic concepts of semiotics |
218 |
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3· |
Basic sign theorie,c; 219 |
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3.1 |
Logical approaches 220 |
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3.2 |
Structuralist approaches 220 |
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3·3 |
Phenomenological approaches 221 |
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3·4 |
Pragmatic approaches |
222 |
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3·5 |
Cultural approaches |
224 |
4· |
Interdisciplinary extensions |
226 |
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Tc:.ble ofcont nts IX |
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Speech act theor}' |
229 |
Mari1ta Sbisa
1.\"/here does speech act theory come from? 229
1.1 |
Frege and the assertion sign |
229 |
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1.2 |
\"/ittgenstein and the uses of language |
23.0 |
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1.3 |
Austin and the performative utterance |
230 |
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1.4 |
Grice and speaker's meaning |
231 |
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2. |
Utterances as acts :231 |
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2 1 Austin's distinction oflocutionary, illocutionaryt |
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and perlocutionary acts |
231 |
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2.1.1 |
The complexities ofsaying |
232 |
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2.1.2 |
The three kinds of effects ofthe illocutionary act 232 |
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2.1.3 |
The distinction between illocution and perlocution 233 |
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2.2 |
Searle's notion of the speech act as illocutionary act |
233 |
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2.2.1 |
Illocutionary force and propositional content |
234 |
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2.2.2 |
Felicity conditions as rules |
234 |
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2.2.3 |
Intention and perlocution |
235 |
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3· |
Main problems in speech act theory |
235 |
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3.1 |
Jllocutionary force-indicating devices |
235 |
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3.2 |
The classification of illocutionary acts |
236 |
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3·3 |
Modes of understanding 237 |
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3·4 |
Speech acts and truth |
238 |
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3·5 |
Universality vs. the linguistic and cultural relativity of speech acts 239 |
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4 |
Trends ofdevelopment in speech act theory |
23'9 |
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4.1From the conventionality of performatives to the
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naturality of inferences |
239 |
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4.2 From interpersonal action to the intentionality |
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ofthe speakers mind |
240 |
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4·3 Some collateral endeavors 241 |
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5· |
Open issues and possibilities offurther development 242 |
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Index |
245 |
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Preface to the series
In 1995, thefirst installmentsof the Handbook of Pragmatics (HoP) werepublished.The HoP was to be oneof the major tools of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) to achieve its goals (i) of disserninating knowledge about pragmatic aspects of language, (ii) of stimulating various fields of application by making this knowledge accessible to an interdisciplinary community of scholars approaching the same general subject area from different pointsof view and with different methodologies, and (iii)offinding.in the process, a significant degree of theoretical coherence.
The HoPapproaches pragmatics as the cognitive, social,and cultural science of lan guage and communication. Its ambition is to provide a practical and theoretical tool for achieving coherence in the discipline, for achieving cross-disciplinary intelligibility in a necessaril)'diversifiedfield of scholarship.It wasthereforedesignedto provideeasy access for scholars with widely divergent backgrounds but with converging interests in the use and functioning oflanguage,inthetopics, traditions,and methods which, together,make up the broadly conceived field of pragmatics. As it was also meant to provide a state of-the-art report, a flexible publishing format was needed. This is why the print ver sion took the form of a background manual followed by annual loose-leaf installments, enabling the creation of a continuously updatable and expandable reference work. lhe flexibility of this format vastly increased with the introduction of an online version, the Handbook of Pragmatics Online (see www.benjamins.com/online).
WhiJe the HoP and the HoP-online continue to provide state-of-the-art infor mation for students and researchers interested in the science of language use, this new series of Handbook of Pragmatics Highlights focuses on the most salient topics in the field of pragmatics, thus dividing its wide interdisciplinary spectrum in a transparent and manageable way. The series contains a total of ten volumes around the following themes:
Key notions for pragmatics
Philosophical perspectives
Grammar, meaning and pragmatics
Cognition and pragmatics
Society and language use
Culture and languageuse
The pragmatics of variationand change
The pragmatics of interaction