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The Duisburg School of CDA (Jäger 1993, 1999, 2001) draws on Foucault’s notion of discourse. According to (Jäger 1999: 116) discourse is “materiality sui generis” and discourse theory is a combination of the “materialistic cultural theory”, on the one hand, and Alexej N. Leontjev’s “speech activity theory” (Leontjev 1984) and Jürgen Link’s “collective symbolism” (Link 1988), on the other hand. As institutionalized and conventionalized speech modes, discourses express societal power relations, which in turn are influenced by discourses. This “overall discourse” of society, which could be visualised as a “diskursives Gewimmel” (literally: “discursive swarming”), becomes comprehensible in different discourse strands (composed of discourse fragments on the same subject) at different discourse levels (science, politics, media, and so on). Every discourse is historically embedded, and has repercussions on current and future discourse. In addition to the above levels, the structure of discourse may be dissected into: discursive events and discursive context, discourse position, overall societal discourse and interwoven discourses; themes, bundles of discourse strands, history, present and future of discourse strands. Discourse Analysis makes a contribution to (media) impact research, as it analyzes the impact of discourse on individual and collective consciousness. Individual discourse fragments are selected from the archived material for concrete analysis. These fragments are analyzed in five steps (institutional framework, text “surface”, linguistic-rhetorical means, program- matic-ideological messages, and interpretation), for which a range of concrete questions regarding the text is formulated (Jäger 1999: 175–187). The uniformity of the hegemonic discourse implies that analysis requires only a “relatively small number of discourse fragments”.
5. Conclusion
The field of CDA is developing fast, and the ‘critical’ perspective is penetrating into many fields of investigation of language usage. The critical dimension of linguistic pragmatics was forcefully advocated by Jacob Mey (1985), and the lack of critical awareness in traditional sociolinguistics exposed by Williams (1992). In the meantime critical approaches to specific topics in language studies have emerged (see e.g. Meeuwis ed. 1994 on intercultural communication) and more and more researchers are arguing that the study of language should be based on a sound socio-political intellectual basis allowing for better analyses of power in language and language usage (see Chilton et al. 2010; Heller 1988; Woolard 1985; Rickford 1986; Meeuwis & Blommaert 1994). CDA is also developing into interdisciplinary research domains par excellence, and thus offers interesting perspectives for integrated research on language in society.
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