Exercise 8 p. 49.

Analyse the forms of the verbs in bold type and say, which forms are used in the adverbial clause of time joined by since and the clause it modifies: (a) if both actions are viewed from the present moment, (b) if both actions are viewed from a past moment.

1) I’ve known him since I started to work on the railroad (Sxt). 2) He said he had been chairman of the group hospital committee since the health service began in 1948 (Dw). 3) “Have you been going together since you were kids?” Rita asked (Sxt). 4) And who’s paid for the food and the coal since I have been here? (Sxt) 5) Pappy’s eyes were pink, and Martin knew that she had shed tears since he had last seen her (Twd). 6) For a week, since she had heard the doctor’s verdict, she had felt that she was cut off from life (Cs). 7) Suddenly he realized how much they had both changed since they last walked together in the night of this town (Lnd).

Exercise 9 p. 50.

Paraphrase the sentences using adverbial clauses of time introduced by since. Give variants with different verb forms wherever possible.

Models: I haven’t seen them since that incident.

I haven’t seen them since that happened.

He admitted that he had forgotten their faces since their meeting.

He admitted that he had forgotten their faces since they (had) met.

1) You have never reproached me once since our separation (Sxt). 2) I found Mr. Chou’s go-down. Nothing had changed since my last visit (Gr). 3) Ever since our days on the farm I’ve wanted to tell you but could not (Gdn). 4) I said, “I haven’t seen you since Phat Diem” (Gr). 5) This “Department of Dirty Tricks”, as it is called. Has had a hand in every American plot against peace since the end of the war (Dw). 6) And as for himself – work, work, work that’s all he had been since his discharge from the army (Gdn). 7) Since his reunion with Ren Anthony had spent all the time he could with her (Gdn).

Exercise 10 p. 51.

Analyse the forms of the verbs in bold type and say which forms are used in the adverbial clause of time joined by since (a) when the action is viewed from the present moment, (b) when the action is viewed from a past moment.

1) It’s a long time since I talked to you much (Sxt). 2) It’s ten months now since he had his last bout, the landlady went on (Crn). 3) It was a long time since he had headed that direction (Sxt). 4) It was four months since she had been in the room (Sxt). 5) Your letter was a big surprise. I had given up the hope of ever hearing from you, seeing that it was over a year since I wrote¹ to you and you never replied (Gdn).

Exercise 11 p. 51.

Make up complex sentences with adverbial clauses of time according to the patterns.

Pattern I
Principal clause It is …	since	Subordinate clause (a) past indefinite (b) present perfect (non-continuous or continuous)
e.g. (a) It is two hours since I saw them last. (b) It is two hours since she has been in the room.

1) It is ten months since … . 2) It is over a year since … . 3) It is ages since … . 4) It is eight hours since … . 5) It is twenty minutes since … . 6) You’ve changed a lot. It is five years since … . 7) How time flies! It … since she … in hospital. She is taking treatment and is slowly getting better.

Pattern II
Principal clause It was …	since	Subordinate clause (a) past perfect (b) past indefinite
e.g. (a) It was eight hours since the children had left. (b) It was a long time since we discussed the matter.

1) It was ages since … . 2) It was a long while since … . 3) It was over twenty years since … . 4) It was some time since … . 5) It was nine hours since … . 6) The house was empty and cold. It was no less than … since … . 7) The boy had grown into a young man and we could hardly recognize him: it was over three years since … . 8) What a pleasure it was to be out in the fresh air again! It was four months since … . 9) It … since we moved to our new flat. 10) … since he had returned from his last expedition to the Arctic.

Exercise 12 p.52.

Open the brackets using the necessary verb forms.

1) “Hello,” he said, “how life (to treat) you since we last (to meet)?” (Glh) 2) She lighted the gas. She hardly (to speak) since they (to leave) Walter’s Tavern (Sxt). 3) You (to lose) weight since you (to leave) Chicago (Blw). 4) He was afraid. He probably (to forget) this trade since he (to work) as car builder (Sxt). 5) All sorts of people (to come) here since you (to go away) (Ald). 6) Lally was a girl from the house next to theirs. They (to be) friends since they (to be) kids (Cs). 7) Oliver realized that this was a sign that education (to become) more relaxed since he (to be) a boy (Sh). 8) Let me see, it (to be) over twenty years now since we (to see) each other (James). 9) She wore her best flowered silk robe because it (to be) two years a day since we (to meet) in the Grand Mond in Cholon (Gr). 10) “I never cry. Can you?” “It (to be) some time since I (to try)” (Sxt). 11) She looked at her wrist watch and saw that only minutes (to slip) by since they (to turn off) the road (Ab). 12) It (to be) some while since the plan (to return), now that I was lying still and holding my breath (Gr). 13) We (not to have) much in the way of boxing since we (to see) you (Brnd). 14) It (to be) a long time since we (to see) Ronnie (Brnd).

Exercise 13 p. 53.

Make up sentences with adverbial clauses of time according to the patterns.

Pattern I
Principal clause Past perfect scarcely Hardly Barely	when	Subordinate clause past indefinite
e.g. He had scarcely entered the room when the bell rang. Scarcely had he entered the room when the bell rang.

1) Mary had hardly seen her mother enter when … . 2) … when she cried. 3) The doctor had scarcely examined the patient … . 4) … when the train arrived. 5) Scarcely had … . 6) The postman had barely knocked at the door … . 7) Hardly had the day broken … . 8) … when the door was flung open. 9) We had hardly unfastened the parcel … . 10) … when the boy awoke.

Pattern II
Principal clause No sooner + past perfect	than	Subordinate clause past indefinite
e.g. He had no sooner entered the room than the bell rang.

1) She had no sooner left the house … . 2) … than they rushed out of the room. 3) No sooner had the teacher asked the question … . 4) No sooner … than the icicle fell on the pavement. That was really a narrow escape! 5) The singer had no sooner appeared on the stage … . 6) … than the pupils burst out laughing. 7) … than the child went to sleep.

Exercise 15 p. 54.

Translate the sentences into English using adverbial clauses of time. Give variants with different conjunctions and verb forms.

1) Как поживает Аня? – Не знаю. Я ее не видела, с тех пор как вернулась из Крыма. 2) Нам нет смысла сейчас обсуждать работу. Когда я напишу вторую часть, мы встретимся и обсудим обе части вместе. 3) Он очень устал и после того как поужинал, лег спать. 4) Мы едва узнали друг друга. Я не видела ее, с тех пор как кончила школу. А у нее уже большие дети. 5) Они уже ушли, когда мы вернулись. 6) Машинистка сказала, что только когда она кончит печатать статью, она сможет напечатать упражнения. 7) Отец был расстроен. Он чувствовал себя гораздо хуже, с тех пор как начал принимать это лекарство. 8) Пока он ел, он рассказывал им о том, что произошло. 9) Его жена вошла в комнату, когда он еще не кончил бриться. 10) Мальчик жил у бабушки все то время, что мать была в отъезде. 11) Они не разговаривали, в то время как шли по дороге, так как сердились друг на друга. 12) Только посмотрите, кто пришел, - сказала тетя, когда мы входили. 13) Я осень волнуюсь. Уже три часа как она ушла и до сих пор не вернулась. 14) Ее подруга писала, что вот уже три года, как она вышла замуж, что муж ее врач и что у нее есть сын. 15) Женщина выглядела старой, потому что она очень много работала, с тех пор как умер ее муж: ей нужно было прокормить пятерых детей. 16) Я знала, что они побеседовали, до того, как началось собрание. 17) Дети прекрасно говорили по-французски, потому что уже несколько лет занимались языком. 18) На ней было то же синие платье, в котором она была, когда мы познакомились. 19) Мы были озадачены. Снова и снова мы вспоминали, что он нам сказал, когда мы вместе ехали в поезде. 20) Прошло пятнадцать или шестнадцать лет, с тех пор как Семеновы переехали в Ленинград? – Думаю, что пятнадцать… 21) Казалось, ничего в комнате не изменилось, хотя она не была в ней уже четыре месяца.