Section 13 complex sentence with adverbial clauses of concession

Exercise 1 p. 82.

Analyse the connectives used to join the adverbial clauses of concession and write them out under the following headings

Number of sentence	Connectives				Asyndetic subordination
	conjunctions	conjunctive pronouns	conjunctive adverbs

Answer the following question.

What is the position of the adverbial clause of concession in the complex sentence in relation to the principal clause?

1. And though I had been to school in the cities and had come to Europe, I was still a son of the tribe (Ab). 2. However disagreeable Sam's very close watch and great vigilance were to Mr. Winkle, he thought it better to bear with them (CD). 3. Even though it was winter, flowers were blooming on the rockery — a mist of small blue flowers frailed over the marbled rocks (O'Brien). 4. And I always want to be let do as I like, no matter whether it is the will of gods or not (Sh). 5. Mr. Gibson bowed, much pleased at such a compliment from such a man, was he lord or not (Kr). 6. Although the sun was sinking, the heat did not seem to abate (Bt). 7. In a different tone he said firmly: "Surely you will marry me even if we've got to wait, won't you, Mary?" (Crn). 8. Whatever happened now he would never quite get over this (Gls). 9. She walked North-East towards the Meads, trying to soothe her own anxiety by thinking that everyone she passed no matter how they looked had anxieties of their own (Gls). 10. He does so in spite of the fact that his own literary life is a surrender, or perhaps because of this (Fox), 11. And dimly as they saw each other, they could not have done that without the aid of the fire (CD), 12. It's a bad sign whichever it was (Crn). 13. If that gentleman ever comes here again, Miss Raina will marry him: whether he likes it or not (Sh). 14. They may attempt to break open the fortress gates and take him out, They won't succeed, I'll take care of that, if I have to sweep them from the gates with powder and shot (V).¹15. Now, wherever you go, you charm the world (Wld). 16. But at any rate, however right or wrong these explanations were, one thing was certain — namely, that the ship had vanished (Ck), 17. Do what I might, nothing could turn her from me (Dl). 18. Notwithstanding it was enlivened by several exciting incidents, I was very glad when it was over (L), 19. Even had he been able to make his lips move the man would not have understood him (St).

Exercise 2 p. 83.

Analyse the moods of the verbs in bold type and point out the modal verbs used in adverbial clauses of concession.

1, I don't believe in children being slaves of habit, however small they are (Bt), 2. The sun was hot now although the breeze was rising (Hm), 3. But even if that day never comes, Cora and I still had what you can't destroy (W). 4. However numerous they may be, they are all to be seen (CD). 5. Whatever Charlie Potts may have been he certainly was unsuccessful (Jsph). 6. Really, his family remained hopelessly provincial, however much of London they might possess between them (Gls). 7. For years he had been sure that though the inevitable might happen to others it could not happen to him (Dr). 8. He did not propose to lose her whatever she might think (Dr). 9. He had done a foolish and a contemptible thing which was not warranted however bad her actions might have been (Dr). 10. Though she could not stand without support, she managed by clinging to the bed to reach a chair (Bt). 11. Nevertheless Sophia had been determined whatever should happen to complete an honest fumigation of the entire flat (Bt). 12. Even if Bart should be held up at the last moment as he was last Sunday, she wouldn't let it upset her (Cs). 13. We will start tomorrow, though it rain cats and dogs (Ash).¹14. Erik carried the books silently down to his office, picked up his hat and coat as though he were in a daze and left the building (W). 15. "How find out why without appearing to take interest?" and suddenly she thought: "Even if I could I wouldn't. Anything that matters he must tell me himself" (Gls). 16. Whatever happened she would return to the Five Towns (Bt). 17. Even if I had not seen this magnificent canvas, I should have known you anywhere as an artist (Crn). 18. I always understood you did so as a form of expiation, even though you had asked Dinny to marry you (Gls).

Exercise 3 pp. 84.

Make up complex sentences with adverbial clauses of concession according to the patterns.

10Pattern I1
Principal Clause		Subordinate Clause
11indicative mood	any connective		indicative mood2
e. g. The boy plays chess well though he is only ten years old.

1. Although Belgium ... small it has a large population. 2. I won't do it even if ... . 3. Though he has been warned .... 4. I am going to help the man whatever mother .... 5. No matter what your friend has written ... . 6. ... whether he wanted it or not. 7. However ... she practised without a moment's interruption. 8. I'll join them no matter how ... . 9. Even though he has asked you to do it ... . 10. She has made that major mistake again in spite of the fact that .... 11. They reached the place of destination before dark though....

Pattern II
Principal Clause	Subordinate Clause
indicative mood	any connective	may (might) + non-perfect or perfect infinitive should+ non-perfect infinitive
e. g. (a) He will not succeed however hard he may try. He did not succeed however hard he may have tried. He knew he would not succeed however hard he might try. (b) He will not succeed however hard he should try.

1. No matter how ... you can't make him stop. 2. We shall insist upon this course of action whether they .... 3. Whoever they ... they could not get a satisfactory answer. 4. She realized that whatever ... . 5. Even though he ... he is deter mined to proceed. 6. However much the boy should work ... . 7. Although the ship may have altered its course in the fog .... 8. ... no matter when the patient might recover. 9. Even though the plane may be delayed ... . 10. No matter how hard he should ... . 11. Whatever the boy may have done ... . 12. However late you should get the telegram ... 13. No matter how well you should feel tomorrow the doctor's order is ... . 14. ... though the results of the new experiment should be slightly different.

Pattern III
Principal Clause		Subordinate Clause
oblique mood forms of the type should/would speak (should!would have spoken)	Even If, even though		oblique mood forms of the type were, spoke(had been, had spoken)
e. g. They would not come on time even though we warned them. They would not have come on time even though we had warned them.

1. Even though the trip had been more dangerous ... , 2.I should never play the piano as well as you do even if ... . 3. Even if ..., they would stay there overnight. 4. The crew would have been rescued even though ... . 5. The man ... even if you had not asked him for help. 6. Even though the travellers were aware of the danger .... 7. ... even though you could not get him on the phone. 8. ... it will reach the place of destination in time.

Exercise 4 p. 86.

Paraphrase the sentences using the connectives suggested in brackets.

Model 1: Carrie applied to many places but she could not find any work (no matter where, wherever). No matter where (wherever) Carrie applied (may have applied) she could not find any work.¹

1. Andrew made many calls and received many patients but Mrs. Page was not satisfied (no matter how many) (after Crn). 2. Everything Christine said or did in those days, annoyed Andrew (whatever, no matter what) (after Crn). 3. The guest (Mr. Griffiths) was very careful and secretive and yet the landlady soon noticed that there was something queer about him (though, even though, no matter how) (after Wl). 4. Lanny and Sarie could have reached Cape Town, but they would have never lived in peace there (no matter whether, even though) (after Ab). 5. Dr. Kemp was interested in Griffith's experiments but he would have never agreed to work with him (no matter how much, no matter how, however much, though) (after Wl). 6. Montanelli could have helped the Gadfly to escape, but they would have never come to an understanding for neither of them would give up his beliefs (although, even though) (after V). 7. Professor Higgins taught Eliza the standard English pronunciation but never the less she could not pass for a lady (even though) (after Sh)

M о d e 1 2: If the doctor had examined the young man more carefully, he would have found something wrong with him.

Even if the doctor had examined the young man more carefully he would not have found anything wrong with him.¹

1. If David had behaved better, Mr. Murdstone would have treated him differently. 2. Mr. Murdstone wouldn't have sent David to Salem House if his mother had protested against it more strongly. 3. If Pegotty had not been sent away, David's life would not have been miserable. 4. David would never have found Miss Trotwood's cottage if he had not accidentally met Janet, his aunt's maid. 5. If Mr. Dick had not given her any advice, Miss Trotwood would not have known what she should do with David (after CD). 6. If Andrew Manson had been a little more experienced, he would have put an end to the outbreak of typhoid at once. 7. Had he known what kind of a job he was taking he would never have accepted Mrs. Page's offer (after Crn). 8. If Tom had not come to see Aunt Polly that night, she would not have forgiven him for running away to the uninhabited island (after Tw). 9. If Tom had expected to meet Injun Joe in the cave, he would not have ventured to search for the treasure. 10. If Tom had not met Huck on the way to school, he would never have come late to the lesson (after Tw).

Exercise 5 p. 87.

Translate the sentences into English using adverbial clauses of concession. Give variants with different connectives, moods, and modal verbs.

1. Что бы ты там ни говорил, я буду поступать так, как решила. 2. Кто бы ни пришел, не мешайте мне. 3. Где бы он сейчас ни был, немедленно найдите его и приведите сюда. 4. Когда бы вы ни пришли домой, позвоните мне по телефону. 5. Как бы поздно он ни ложился спать, он всегда встает в 6 часов утра. 6. Как бы рано вы ни встали, разбудите меня 7. Каков бы ни был ответ, дайте мне знать сразу. 8. К кому бы я ни обращался, никто не может решить эту задачу. 9. Куда бы я ни пошла, всюду встречаю знакомых. 10. Сколько бы я ни занимался, все мне кажется, что я плохо знаю урок. 11. Кем бы вы ни хотели быть — переводчиком или преподавателем, прежде всего вы должны хорошо знать язык. 12. Пусть даже он не сможет довести работу до конца, он сделает большую часть и облегчит этим нашу задачу. 13. Хотя бы даже было и очень холодно, я бы с удовольствием пошел пешком. 14. Пускай бы даже его и не было сейчас дома, все равно надо отнести ему книгу, как мы обещали. 15. Мы всегда знали, — что бы ни случилось, мы могли обратиться к нашей старой учительнице за советом и помощью.

Exercise 7 p. 89.

Complete the sentences adding the principal clause or an adverbial clause of concession using inverted word order wherever necessary.

1. Exhausted as he was (as was the man, as the man was)¹... .2. The woman spoke calmly excited as ... . 3. Coward though he was ... . 4. Hard as the boy tried to break the pole ... . 5. The blood would not stop, much as ... . 6. Come what may ... .7. Try as they would ... .8. The tourists were not willing to change the plan hard as... . 9. Strange ... at first, his arguments proved to be very reasonable. 10. Brave though he ... the hunter ... . 11. Weak as the patient was ... . 12. Experienced as was the man ... . 13. Child that you are ... . 14. Obstinate as she is ... .

1¹ The connectives used in complex sentences are subdivided into conjunctions, which have no independent syntactical function, and conjunctive pronouns and adverbs fulfilling independent syntactical functions.

1 The conjunction whatever (as well as whoever, wherever and the like) commonly used to join concessive subordinate clauses retains the meaning of concession when joining other types of clauses (see Section 13).

2¹ The predicates may have a common meaning, yet be different in structure, namely “it is Str” – a compound nominal predicate with an adjective as predicative; “it is a surprise” – the same with a noun as predicative; “it surprises me” – a simple verbal predicate.

3² In this Pattern the verb should is regarded by different grammarians either as modal or as a mood auxiliary; as compared to the indicative mood should makes the sentence more emotional.

4¹ Forms of the type be, speak are rare and in British English occur only in official style; in American English they are more common.

1 The subordinate clauses in this type of sentences are sometimes termed “complement clauses”. They are included in this section because they resemble subject clauses in that they are anticipated by a formal subject, the emphatic it

1 The conjunction lest is rare and is confined to bookish style.

1 The conjunction for fear introducing an object clause expresses an additional meaning of cause.

1 Restrictive clauses restrict the meaning of the antecedent by singling out the object it denotes from all the objects of the class or by limiting the class to which the object belongs.

Non-restrictive (descriptive) clauses give additional information about the thing denoted by the antecedent without singling it out from the class or limiting the class. Non-restrictive clauses which modify the entire principle clauses are termed “continuative clauses”.

2 Attributive clauses can be preceded by prepositions. In colloquial English the preposition is often placed at the end of the clause; in clauses joined asyndetically it always stands at the end (see sentence 9).

1 Whose usually refers to an antecedent denoting an animate thing, but may sometimes refer also to an inanimate thing.

1 The relative pronoun in the function of the subject is sometimes left out when the sentence contains the construction there is or the emphatic it

6¹ With nouns denoting animate things who may be used.

7¹ The noun in this pattern is not obligatory.

1 Relative attributive clauses restrict the meaning of the antecedent or give some additional information about it; the antecedent may be expressed by any noun or an entire clause. Appositive attributive clauses disclose the meaning of the antecedent, which is always expressed by an abstract noun.

1 The conjunction whence is highly literary or archaic.

8 The clauses connected by no sooner than, although conveying time relations, may be regarded as coordinate or mutually dependent (see also sentences 16 and 17 with adverbial clauses of time of similar meaning).

1 The Past Indefinite Tense is less common than Past Perfect in this case.

1 The conjunction because is the most frequent of all; because as well as as is stylistically neutral, whereas the other conjunctions are more characteristic of bookish style.

2 - Unlike the other conjunctions, which express cause proper for expresses the grounds for the conclusion made in the principal clause (основание для заключения) (sentence 3) or else a cause presented as an afterthought (sentence 4). For may be also regarded as a coordinating conjunction (see section 1, the Compound Sentence).

1 With the adverb of degree so or the pronoun such the word order in the principal clause may be inverted.

1 The conjunction so that is the most frequent of all and is stylistically neutral.

2. Lest and for fear are confined to bookish style; as they have a negative meaning there is no negation in the subordinate clause.

1 The verbs can and may are frequent in adverbial clauses of purpose; should with the non-perfect infinitive is common in clauses of negative meaning.

2 The use of the oblique mood form of the type be, speak is rare.

1 To distinguish between the clauses see whether or not the principal clause expresses a deliberate action and whether the conjunctions lest and for fear have a negative meaning.

1 The perfect form is used here to express a highly unreal action simultaneous to the action of the principal clause; this use of the perfect form is rare.

1 The form of the oblique mood was instead of were is common in colloquial English.

9¹ The pattern with the indicative mood is less common than Pattern I and is confined to colloquial English.

1 Asyndetic subordination of conditional clauses is confined to bookish style.

1 When would is used in the adverbial clause of condition, it is a modal verb (see also Exercise 3, sentences 2, 3, 6).

2 The order of the clauses in this and the following patterns may vary.

1 The conjunction If is rarely used to join adverbial clauses of concession.

1 Oblique mood forms of the type rain (be) are rare in adverbial clauses of concession.

10¹ The order of the clauses in the patterns may vary.

11² For the use of modal verbs see Pattern II.

1 The use of verb forms may vary depending on the original sentence.

1 In paraphrasing the sentences change the form in the principal clause from affirmative to negative or vice versa.

1 With compound predicates the link-verb precedes or follows the subject expressed by a noun; it follows the subject expressed by a pronoun.

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