
- •Iноземною мовою
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •Introduction Letters
- •7 Tips for writing an effective introduction letter to introduce
- •7 Tips for writing a letter to introduce another individual:
- •8 Tips for introducing a company, organization, product, or service:
- •7 Tips for introducing a new product or service to an established
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •Introductions (by Christopher j. Brunner)
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •1. Speak slowly and clearly
- •2. Make sure you understand the other speaker
- •3. Practise with a friend
- •4. Use businesses and recordings
- •5. Learn telephone etiquette (manners)
- •6. Practise dates and numbers
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •Vary your approach
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •Import and export
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •Interna tional business
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •Inter nati onal tr ade
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •Ins uran ce
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
- •2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
- •3. Translate into English.
2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.
3. Translate into English.
1. Ринкова економіка висунула найефективнішу форму організації
функціонування економічних агентів — домогосподарство (фірму).
2. Головною дійовою особою фірми є підприємець. 3. У ринковій еко-
номіці фірма завжди є виробником і споживачем. 4. Поведінка фірми
у сферах виробництва і обміну визначається багатьма чинниками:
витратами виробництва і обігом, корисністю її продукції, величиною
постійного і змінного капіталу, цінами на її продукцію і субститути,
цінами на сировину і комплектуючі вироби, доходами покупців, що
купують її продукцію, станом конкуренції на ринку, рівнем рівно-
ваги ринку. 5. У практиці виробничо-комерційної діяльності скла-
лося така підприємницька форма, як індивідуальне підприємство.
6. Бренд (англ. brand)— комплекс понять, що узагальнюють уявлен-
ня людей про відповідний товар, послугу, компанію або особистість.
7. Широко використовується в маркетингу та рекламі, проте є фінан-
совим поняттям. 8. Бренд може бути у вигляді власного імені, симво-
лу або графічного зображення, яке представляє економічний об’єкт
та однозначно з ним асоціюється в свідомості споживачів. 9. Існує
кілька основних трактувань бренду. 10. Згідно із першим, бренд — це
сума всіх почуттів, спогадів, образів та емоцій, які виникають у люди-
ни, коли вона з ним стикається. 11. Згідно із другим, це обов’язково
дуже позитивний образ, який говорить про високу якість та гарну ре-
путацію свого власника.
Task 28
1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.
ADVERTISING
Advertising is paid, one-way communication through a medium
in which the sponsor is identified and the message is controlled by
the sponsor. Variations include publicity, public relations, product
placement, sponsorship, underwriting, and sales promotion. Every major
medium is used to deliver these messages, including: television, radio,
movies, magazines, newspapers, video games, the Internet (see Internet
advertising), and billboards.
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Advertisements can also be seen on the seats of grocery carts, on the
walls of an airport walkway, on the sides of buses, heard in telephone hold
messages and in-store public address systems. Advertisements are usually
placed anywhere an audience can easily and/or frequently access visuals
and/or audio.
Advertising clients are predominantly, but not exclusively, profitgenerating
corporations seeking to increase demand for their products or
services. Some organizations which frequently spend large sums of money
on advertising but do not strictly sell a product or service to the general
public include: political parties, interest groups, religion-supporting
organizations, and militaries looking for new recruits. Additionally, some
non-profit organizations are not typical advertising clients and rely upon
free channels, such as public service announcements. For instance, a wellknown
exception to the use of commercial ads is Krispy Kreme doughnuts
which relies on word-of-mouth.
The advertising industry is large and growing. In the United States
alone in 2005, spending on advertising reached $144.32 billion, reported
TNS Media Intelligence. That same year, according to a report titled
Global Entertainment and Media Outlook: 2006–2010 issued by global
accounting firm PricewaterhouseCoopers, worldwide advertising
spending was $385 billion. The accounting firm’s report projected
worldwide advertisement spending to exceed half-a-trillion dollars by
2010.
While advertising can be seen as necessary for economic growth, it is
not without social costs. Unsolicited Commercial Email and other forms
of spam have become so prevalent as to have become a major nuisance
to users of these services, as well as being a financial burden on internet
service providers. Advertising is increasingly invading public spaces, such
as schools, which some critics argue is a form of child exploitation.
The same advertising techniques used to promote commercial goods
and services can be used to inform, educate and motivate the public
about non-commercial issues, such as AIDS, political ideology, energy
conservation, religious recruitment, and deforestation.
Advertising, in its non-commercial guise, is a powerful educational tool
capable of reaching and motivating large audiences. “Advertising justifies
its existence when used in the public interest — it is much too powerful
a tool to use solely for commercial purposes.” — Attributed to Howard
Gossage by David Ogilvy.
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Public service advertising, non-commercial advertising, public interest
advertising, cause marketing, and social marketing are different terms
for (or aspects of) the use of sophisticated advertising and marketing
communications techniques (generally associated with commercial enterprise)
on behalf of non-commercial, public interest issues and initiatives.