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2. Make 5 questions to the text and answer them.

3. Translate into English.

1. Бізнес (справа, діло) — підприємницька, комерційна чи будь-

яка інша діяльність, що не суперечить закону і спрямована на отри-

мання прибутку. 2. Жодна з трьох форм організації бізнесу не є уні-

версальною. 3. Одноосібний бізнес має таку перевагу, як простота.

4. Партнерство сприяє об’єднанню капіталів і талантів декількох осіб.

5. Корпорації пропонують обмежену відповідальність і необмеже-

ну діяльність самої організації отримання прибутку. 6. Центральна

постать будь-якого бізнесу — менеджери, які формують організацій-

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ну структуру бізнесу, контролюють взаємодію всіх ресурсів тощо.

7. Після проголошення державної незалежності в Україні бізнес роз-

вивається на основі різних форм власності, що формуються відповід-

но до чинного законодавства.

Task 18

1. Read, translate (into Ukrainian) and retell (in English) the text.

TRADE

Trade is the voluntary exchange of goods, services, or both. Trade is

also called commerce. A mechanism that allows trade is called a market.

The original form of trade was barter, the direct exchange of goods and

services. Modern traders instead generally negotiate through a medium

of exchange, such as money. As a result, buying can be separated from

selling, or earning. The invention of money (and later credit, paper money

and non-physical money) greatly simplified and promoted trade. Trade

between two traders is called bilateral trade, while trade between more

than two traders is called multilateral trade.

Trade exists for many reasons. Due to specialisation and division of

labor, most people concentrate on a small aspect of production, trading

for other products. Trade exists between regions because different

regions have a comparative advantage in the production of some tradable

commodity, or because different regions’ size allows for the benefits

of mass production. As such, trade at market prices between locations

benefits both locations.

Trading can also refer to the action performed by traders and other

market agents in the financial markets.

Patterns of organizing and administering trade include:

• State control — trade centrally controlled by government

planning.

• Laws regulating trade and establishing a framework such as trade law,

tariffs, support for intellectual property, opposition to dumping.

• Guild control — trade controlled by private business associations

holding either de facto or government-granted power to exclude

new entrants.

• In contemporary times, the language has evolved to business and

professional organisations, often controlled by academia. For

example in many states, a person may not practice the professions

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of engineering, law, law enforcement, medicine, and teaching unless

they have a college degree and, in some cases, a license.

• Free enterprise — trade without significant central controls;

market participants engage in trade based on their own individual

assessments of risk and reward, and may enter or exit a given market

relatively unimpeded.

• Infrastructure in support of trade, such as banking, stock market.

• Technology in support of trade such as electronic commerce, vending

machines.