IV. Test

 

1.     Выберите из колонки справа по смыслу слова, пропущенные в предложениях.

1)     The choice might be to … a new warehouse in Exeter, Plymouth or Torquay. 2)     It might decide to … a new product in order to diversify. 3)     The size of the business can affect who makes … . 4)     An example of such s decision might be deciding the best way to close a … making branch. 5)     A strategic decision can affect the profitability and … of the business. 6)     As a small firm …, the owner might employ a manager. 7)     The board of directors controls the business on … of the shareholders. 8)     In small firms … decisions are made by the owner. 9)     Some … decisions might be taken by directors are also managers in the business. The … of employees can be improved by letting them become involved in decision making.

a)     behalf b)    decisions c)     launch d)    locate e)     profit f)      performance g)     policy h)     management i)       survival j)       loss k)     expands

2. Выберите существительные, которые по смыслу могут следовать за данными глаголами.

1) to employ        a) owners                               2) to locate     a) products

                            b) workers                                                      b) profits

                            c) shareholders                                               c) premises

 

3) to carry out     a) decision                              4) to launch    a) a product

                            b) discussion                                                  b) a process

                            c) depreciation                                                c) a price

 

5) to improve      a) preference

                            b) performance

                            c) consequence

 

3.     Выберите из приведенного списка термины, соответствующие данным определениям.

1)     waste resulting from losing; 2)     a decision between alternative goods; 3)     a course of action adopted by government, party, etc; 4)     a person employed for wages; 5)     body of persons carrying on work under manager; 6)     to confer with view to compromise or agreement; 7)     to demand a price for a good or a service; 8)     to keep a person in one's service; 9) to pay a person to give up his or her property.

9)     to buy out 10)to charge 11)to employ 12)choice 13)loss 14)policy 15)staff 16)to negotiate 17)employee

Tapescripts

(Тексты, записанные на кассете)

 

Unit 1

 

Text B

 

  This morning we're going to start looking at the second of the three economic issues I mentioned last week. The first you have already read something about, so let's turn to the second. That is the question of income. By that I mean income distribution, the way in which income - that's what people earn - is distributed or shared around.

  Let's look at income more closely. You, and your family, have an income. You have an annual income, that is what you earn in a year. This income allows you to enjoy various goods and services. It means you have a certain standard of living. Your standard of living, of course, includes what you think of as necessary to your life, things like food, water, somewhere to live, health and education. But your income doesn't just cover the necessities of life. It also includes recreation, whether that's sport or TV, or a holiday. Now, as you know, your income will be less than that of some of your neighbours, but it wiil be more than that of some of your other neighbours. By your neighbours, I mean not just people living in your own country, but also people living in other countries.

  Now, just as you and your family have an income, so nations, different countries, also have an income - the national income, it's often called. Now a national income is not the money the government  gets. The national income is the sum total of the incomes of all the people living in that country, in other words, everyone's income added together. In the same way we can think of world income as the total of all the incomes earned by all the people in the world.

  I want now to look at the distribution of world income, and of national income. Then we can ask the questions: who, in the world, gets what share of these incomes? The distribution of income, either in the world or in a country, tells us how income is divided between different groups or individuals. Let's look at this table. I want you to note down the figures I give you at this point, and later we can discuss what they mean. You can see there are three headings down the left-hand side of the table: income per head, percentage of world population and percentage of world income. Let's look  at poor countries first. In poor countries, like India, China and the Sudan, the income per head is only one hundred and fifty-five pounds per year. But at the same time, they have fifty point seven percent of the world's population. These poor countries only have five percent of the world's income. Have you got those figures? Good.

  Now let's complete the table. In the middle-income countries the income per head is eight hundred and forty pounds, that's in countries like Thailand and Brazil. In the major oil countries, like Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, it's seven thousand, six hundred and seventy. In industrial countries it's six thousand, two hundred and seventy. And finally, in Soviet bloc, it's two thousand eight hundred. OK?

  Turning to middle-income countries again, they have twenty five point one percent of world population, with fourteen point two percent of world income. The major oil countries have point four percent of population, the industrial countries fifteen point six and the Soviet bloc eight point two. The oil countries have one point five percent of world income, the industrial countries sixty-four point eight and the Soviet bloc fourteen point five.

 

  Let's come back now to our three questions, the three you read about. The first is for whom does the world economy produce? Well, as you can see, it produces essentially for the people living in the rich industrial countries. They get sixty percent of the world's income, although they only have sixteen percent of its population. This suggests an answer to the second question, that of what is produced. The answer is that most of world production will be directed towards the goods and services that these same rich, industrialised countries want.

 

  Our third question was how goods are produced. In poor countries, workers produce much less than workers in rich countries. And poverty is very difficult to escape. It continues on and on. And this goes some way towards accounting for the differences in national incomes. It accounts for an unequal distribution of income, not just between countries but also between members of the same country, although there individual governments can help through taxation, for example. In other words, governments can act to help distribute income throughout their population.