Laborator._praktikum_po_obschej_himii
.pdf12 . , 6,02 1023, -
(NA).
v |
N |
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m |
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V |
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(1.3) |
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N A M |
Vm |
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– ,
– ( ), Vm – .
M = 56 , M = 18 .
-
: V = m/ .
V (H2O)= 18 , . – 1 .
, , -
-
, -
, 22,4 .
(1811 .): -
.
,
, .
–
( ):
D |
M1 |
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(1.4) |
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M 2 |
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DH |
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M |
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(1.5) |
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2 |
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D |
M |
(1.6) |
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29 |
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DH – ( -
– 2 ),
D – (
29 ).
,
,
.
, -
, , . -
:
11
,
, .
, 1 -
1 2 , ,
: H2 + Cl2 = 2HCl.
-
:
-
: .
,
. -
1 1. ,
-
, -
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f |
1 |
(1.7) |
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, 2,
: f=1/2.
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f |
1 |
(1.8) |
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H |
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:
NaOH + H2SO4 = NaHSO4 + H2O
2NaOH + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + 2H2O
1 1/2 , -
, – .
f |
1 |
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(1.9) |
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H |
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f |
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1 |
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(1.10) |
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12
, Al2(SO4)3 -
: 3·2=6.
Al2(SO4)3: f =1/6.
:
= ·f, |
(1.11) |
– ,
– , f – .
: (Al2(SO4)3) = 342 , = 342·1/6 = 57 .
1
1.
(IV)
: -
.
: (CaCO3), HCl (1:1).
: , (250 ), -
, , (500 ), , -
.
, ,
, .
0,01 . .
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. 1.1. - |
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1 – , 2 – |
13
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1.1.
1.1
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t (oC), (K) |
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m1 ( ) |
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1. -
:
V |
V p T0 |
, T0 = 273 K, 0 = 101,3 . |
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0 |
p0 |
T |
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2. (m3) , = 1,29 (
.).
3. 2 (m4) : m4 = m2–(m1–m3).
4. (IV) :
D m4 . m3
5. (IV):
Mr = 29·D .
6. :
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Mr( ) Mr( ) |
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100% . |
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Mr( ) |
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14
2.
(IV)
: -
, , -
-
: Zn + 2HCl = ZnCl2 + H2 .
: Zn ( ), HCl (1:1).
:
( . 1.2), , , , .
, , -
(2), -
10–12 ( l).
. (3)
(1) .
(4).
!
(3) . ,
, -
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. -
( ),
. -
, .
.
. .
. 1.2. -
:
– , – -
1 – ; 2 – -
; 3 –
; 4 – ; 5 –
15
.
(V(H2)). 3 , -
1 (
). 1.2.
1.2
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1. |
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m( ) |
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2. |
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V1 |
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3. |
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V2 |
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4. |
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V(H2) |
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5. |
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t |
°C |
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6. |
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T |
K |
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7. |
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P |
. . |
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8. |
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P(H2O) |
. . |
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9. |
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P(H2) |
. . |
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10. |
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P(H2) |
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11. |
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M |
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12. |
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% |
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V = V2 – V1 -
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V |
V P(H2 ) T0 |
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V (P h) T0 |
, |
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0 |
P0 |
T |
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P0 (273 t) |
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P(H2) = (P – h) – , ( . .);– , ( . .);
h –
(t), ( . .) ( . 1.3).
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1.3 |
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(h) |
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t, °C |
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t, °C |
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t, °C |
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. . |
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. . |
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. . |
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10 |
1,23 |
9,21 |
17 |
1,94 |
14,52 |
22 |
2,64 |
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19,82 |
12 |
1,40 |
10,51 |
18 |
2,06 |
15,47 |
23 |
2,81 |
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21,06 |
14 |
1,59 |
11,98 |
19 |
2,20 |
16,47 |
24 |
2,98 |
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22,37 |
15 |
1,70 |
12,78 |
20 |
2,34 |
17,53 |
25 |
3,17 |
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23,75 |
16 |
1,82 |
13,63 |
21 |
2,49 |
18,64 |
26 |
3,36 |
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25,20 |
16
1. :
P0 V0( H 2 ) PH 2 VH 2
.
T0 TH 2
2. :
Zn , n
n – .
3.:
mZn |
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Zn |
, |
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(Zn) |
11200 mZn |
. |
V0( H2 ) |
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11200 |
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V0( H 2 ) |
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4.:
( ) 100% .
5.:
N (Zn) m(Zn) .
6. :
N (H2 ) V0 (H2 ) .
11200
7.-:
N , Zn
N , H 2
17
1., 1 -
1,0713 ?
2.. -
N2, CO2, SO2, Cl2.
3., 62,2% As, 75,5% As.
.
4., ,
0,2 (Zn)?
5.(200 )?
6.64,5% , -
– 15,4% . -
.
7.:
+ 2 u + 2 ,l2 3 + l l3 + 2 , N2O3 + NaOH NaNO2 + 2 .
: Na2HAsO4, Fe(HSO4)2, Bi(OH)2NO3, CrOHSO4.
9.740 . . 20°
650 0,737 . .
10. 2 · 1023 27°
600 .?
11. 1,8 883 -
, . -
.
12. , 65,2% As, 75,7% As. -
.
13.
Mg3H4Si2O9.
.
14. , ,
7,69% Ag, 23,08% N, 46,15% H, 23,08% O ( ).
15. , ,
: : H : N : = 12 : 5: 14 : 48.
.
16. 44 , 28 ( .).
2 1 ?
18
2.
: -
– . -
. – ,
, -
. -
:
. 2.1.
. -
: 1) , 2) (
,
), 3) , 4) , -
.
2.1.
2.1
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+ = |
1) Ca0 + Cl20= Ca2+Cl2- ( ) |
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2) CaO + CO2 = CaCO3 |
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= + |
1) 2Ag2O = 4Ag +O2 ( ) |
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2) Cu(OH)2 = CuO + H2O |
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AB +CD=AD + CB |
BaCl2 + Na2SO4 = BaSO4 +2NaCl |
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AB + C = CB + A |
Zn + Pb(NO3)2 = Pb + Zn(NO3)2 ( ) |
-
.
( ) – , -
, ,
–2. – –2.
( : Li2O, CaO, MgO ,FeO; : ZnO, Al2O3, SnO2, Cr2O3, Fe2O3; : B2O3 , SO3 , CO2, P2O5 Mn2O7) : N2O, NO, CO .
19
(MnO, MnO2, Mn2O7, NO, N2O3, NO2, N2O5).
, , , -
.
: « »,
, ( -
). : FeO – (II), P2O5 – (V).
, – -
. ,
. -
+1, +2 ( +3), : BaO, SrO, FeO, MnO, CrO, Li2O, Bi2O3, Ag2O.
:
1) : 2Mg + O2 = 2MgO,
2Cu + O2 = 2CuO.
, -
, Na2O, K2O
. 2) :
uS + 3O2 = 2CuO + 2SO2, 4FeS2 + 11O2 = 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2.
3) :
Cu(OH)2 = CuO + H2O.
. 4) : BaCO3 t BaO+CO2,
2Pb(NO3)2 t 2PbO+4NO2+O2
. -
;
,
O2–, -
.
. -
, -
. , -
,
. 1) .
, -
– . -
20