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INTRODUCTION TO HYBRID VEHICLE SYSTEM MODELING AND CONTROL

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Cover design: Michael Rutkowski

Copyright ♥ 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Liu, Wei, 1960 Aug 30-

Introduction to hybrid vehicle system modeling & control / Wei Liu. p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-118-30840-0

1. Hybrid electric vehicles–Simulation methods. 2. Hybrid electric vehicles–Mathematical models. I. Title.

TL221.15.L58 2012 629.22 93–dc23

2012009797

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

To my wife, Mei, and son, Oliver

4.3DC–AC Inverter, 94

4.3.1Basic Concepts of DC–AC Inverters, 95

4.3.2Single-Phase DC–AC Inverter, 99

4.3.3Three-Phase DC–AC Inverter, 102

4.4Electric Motor Drives, 106

4.4.1BLDC Motor and Control, 106

4.4.1.3BLDC Motor Control, 108

4.4.1.4BLDC Motor Torque–Speed Characteristics

4.4.2AC Induction Motor and Control, 115

4.4.2.1Basic Principle of AC Induction Motor Operation, 115

4.4.2.2 Controls of AC Induction Motor, 118

4.5Plug-In Battery Charger Design, 124

4.5.1Basic Configuration of PHEV/BEV Battery Charger, 124

4.5.2Power Factor and Correcting Techniques, 125

4.5.3Controls of Plug-In Charger, 127

References, 129

5.1Introduction, 131

5.2Methods of Determining State of Charge, 133

5.2.1Current-Based SOC Determination, 133

5.2.2Voltage-Based SOC Determination, 136

5.2.3Extended Kalman Filter–Based SOC Determination, 145

5.2.4SOC Determination Based on Transient Response Characteristics, 147

5.2.5Fuzzy Logic–Based SOC Determination, 149

5.2.6Combination of Estimated SOCs by Different Approaches, 151

5.2.7Further Discussion of SOC Calculations in Hybrid Vehicle Applications, 152

5.3Estimation of Battery Power Availability, 154

5.3.1PNGV HPPC Power Availability Estimation, 156

5.3.2Revised PNGV HPPC Power Availability Estimation, 158

5.3.3Power Availability Estimation Based on Electrical Circuit Equivalent Model, 159

5.4Battery Life Prediction, 165

5.4.1Aging Behavior and Mechanisms, 165

5.4.2Definition of State of Life, 167

5.4.3SOL Determination under Storage Condition, 168

5.4.4SOL Determination under Cycling Condition, 172

5.4.4.1Offline Lifetime Determination under Cycling Condition, 173

5.4.4.2Online SOL Determination under Cycling Condition, 173

5.5Cell Balancing, 180

5.5.1SOC Balancing, 181

5.5.2Hardware Implementation of Balancing, 181

5.5.3Cell Balancing Control Algorithms and Evaluation, 184

5.6Estimation of Cell Core Temperature, 192

5.6.1Introduction, 192

5.6.2Core Temperature Estimation of Air-Cooled Cylinder-Type HEV Battery, 193

5.7Battery System Efficiency, 196 References, 197

6.1Introduction, 199

6.2Rule-Based Energy Management Strategy, 200

6.3Fuzzy Logic–Based Energy Management Strategy, 201

6.3.1Fuzzy Logic Control, 202

6.3.2Fuzzy Logic–Based HEV Energy Management Strategy, 209

6.4Determination of Optimal ICE Operating Points of Hybrid Vehicle, 218

6.4.1Mathematical Description of Problem, 219

6.4.2Procedures Determining Optimal Operating Points, 220

6.4.3Golden Section Search Method, 221

6.4.4Determining Optimal Operating Points, 221

6.4.5Example of Optimal Determination, 222

6.4.6Performance Evaluation, 226

6.5Cost Function–Based Optimal Energy Management Strategy, 233

6.5.1Mathematical Description of Cost Function–Based Optimal Energy Management, 234

6.5.2Example of Optimization Implementation, 237

6.6Optimal Energy Management Strategy Incorporated with Cycle Pattern Recognition, 239

6.6.1Driving Cycle/Style Pattern Recognition Algorithm, 239

6.6.2Determination of Optimal Energy Distribution, 240 References, 242

7.1Basics of Internal Combustion Engine Control, 245

7.2Engine Torque Fluctuation Dumping Control Through Electric Motor, 247

7.2.1Sliding-Mode Control, 248

7.2.2Engine Torque Fluctuation Dumping Control Based on Sliding-Mode Control Method, 251

7.3High-Voltage Bus Spike Control, 253

7.4Thermal Control of HEV Battery System, 258

7.4.1Combined PID Feedback with Feedforward Battery Thermal System Control Strategy, 260

7.4.2Optimal Battery Thermal Control Strategy, 262

7.5HEV/EV Traction Motor Control, 265

7.5.1Traction Torque Control, 265

7.5.2Anti-Rollback Control, 266

7.6Active Suspension Control of HEV/EV Systems, 267

7.6.1Suspension System Model of a Quarter Car, 269

7.6.2Active Suspension System Control, 270

References, 277

8.1Introduction, 279

8.2Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle Battery System and Charging Characteristics, 280

8.2.1AC-120 Plug-In Charging Characteristics, 280

8.2.2AC-240 Plug-In Charging Characteristics, 281

8.2.3Characteristics of Rapid Public Charging, 284

8.3Impacts of Plug-in Charging on Electricity Network, 284

8.3.1Impact on Distribution System, 286

8.3.2Impact on Electric Grid, 288

8.4Optimal Plug-In Charging Strategy, 289

8.4.1Optimal Plug-In Charge-Back Point Determination, 290

8.4.2Cost-Based Optimal Plug-In Charging Strategy, 291 References, 298

9.1Hybrid Vehicle Simulation System, 299

9.2Typical Test Driving Cycles, 300

9.3Sizing Components and Drivability Analysis, 306 9.3.1 Drivability Calculation, 307

9.3.2Preliminary Sizing of Main Components of Hybrid Vehicle, 310

9.3.2.1Sizing Prime Mover, 310

9.3.2.2Sizing Transmission/Gear Ratio, 312

9.3.2.3 Sizing Energy Storage System, 312

9.3.2.4Design Examples, 315

9.4Fuel Economy and Emissions Simulation Calculations, 320 References, 323