И. Р. Гальперин стилистика английского языка

Москва «Высшая школа» 1981

Contents

PART I INTRODUCTION 5

I. GENERAL NOTES ON STYLE AND Stylistics 5

2. EXPRESSIVE MEANS (EM) AND STYLISTIC DEVICES (SD) 20

3. GENERAL NOTES ON FUNCTIONAL STYLES OF LANGUAGE 27

4. VARIETIES OF LANGUAGE 30

5. A BRIEF OUTLINE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH LITERARY (STANDARD) LANGUAGE 35

6. MEANING FROM A STYLISTIC POINT OF VIEW 51

PART II STYLISTIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY 62

I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 62

2. NEUTRAL, COMMON LITERARY AND COMMON COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARY 64

3. SPECIAL LITERARY VOCABULARY 67

a) Terms 67

b) Poetic and Highly Literary Words 70

c) Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete Words 74

d) Barbarisms and Foreignisms 78

e) Literary Coinages (Including Nonce-Words) 83

4. SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARY 95

a) Slang 95

b) Jargonisms 100

c) Professionalisms 103

d) Dialectal words 105

e) Vulgar words or vulgarisms 108

f) Colloquial coinages (words and meanings) 109

PART Ш PHONETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES 112

GENERAL NOTES 112

Onomatopoeia 113

Alliteration 114

Rhyme 116

Rhythm 117

PART IV LEXICAL EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES 123

A. INTENTIONAL MIXING OF THE STYLISTIC ASPECT OF WORDS 123

B. INTERACTION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF LEXICAL MEANING 126

1. INTERACTION OF PRIMARY DICTIONARY AND CONTEXTUALLY IMPOSED MEANINGS 126

Metaphor 127

Metonymy 131

Irony 133

3. INTERACTION OF LOGICAL AND EMOTIVE MEANINGS 139

Interjections and Exclamatory Words 140

The Epithet 143

Oxymoron 149

4. INTERACTION OF LOGICAL AND NOMINAL MEANINGS 150

Antonomasia 150

C. INTENSIFICATION OF A CERTAIN FEATURE OF A THING OR PHENOMENON 152

Simile 153

Periphrasis 155

Euphemism 159

Hyperbole 161

D. PECULIAR USE OF SET EXPRESSIONS 162

The Cliche 163

Proverbs and Sayings 166

Epigrams 168

Allusions 172

Decomposition of Set Phrases 174

PART V SYNTACTICAL EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES 175

A. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 175

B. PROBLEMS CONCERNING THE COMPOSITION OF SPANS OF UTTERANCE LARGER THAN THE SENTENCE 177

Supra-Phrasal Units 178

The Paragraph 182

C. COMPOSITIONAL PATTERNS OF SYNTACTICAL ARRANGEMENT 186

Stylistic Inversion 187

Detached Construction 189

Parallel Construction 191

Chiasmus (Reversed Parallel Construction) 192

Repetition 194

Enumeration 198

Suspense 200

Climax (Gradation) 201

Antithesis 203

D. PARTICULAR WAYS OF COMBINING PARTS OF THE UTTERANCE (LINKAGE) 206

Asyndeton 207

Polysyndeton 208

The Gap- Sentence Link 209

E. PARTICULAR USE OF COLLOQUIAL CONSTRUCTIONS 211

Ellipsis 212

Break-in-the-Narrative (Appsiopesis) 214

Question-in-the-Narrative 215

Represented Speech 217

a) Uttered Represented Speech 218

b) Unuttered or Inner Represented Speech 221

F. STYLISTIC USE OF STRUCTURAL MEANING 224

Rhetorical Questions 224

Litotes 226

PART VI FUNCTIONAL STYLES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 228

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 228

A. THE BELLES-LETTRES STYLE 229

1. LANGUAGE OF POETRY 231

a) Compositional Patterns of Rhythmical Arrangement 231

Metre and Line 231

The Stanza 236

Free Verse and Accented Verse 239

b) Lexical and Syntactical Features of Verse 242

2. EMOTIVE PROSE 248

3. LANGUAGE OF THE DRAMA 258

B. PUBLICISTS STYLE 264

1. ORATORY AND SPEECHES 265

2. THE ESSAY 269

3. JOURNALISTIC ARTICLES 271

C. NEWSPAPER STYLE 272

1. BRIEF NEWS ITEMS 274

2. ADVERTISEMENTS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS 277

3. THE HEADLINE 279

4. THE EDITORIAL 281

D. SCIENTIFIC PROSE STYLE 283

E. THE STYLE OF OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS 288

FINAL REMARKS 293