Genomics- The Science and Technology Behind the Human Genome Project. Charles R. Cantor, Cassandra L / genomics1-10 / booktext[1]

Optimization of BAC clones, 290 Ordered libraries, 239–241 Ordering methods

for libraries, 269–276 for restriction fragments, 246

Orientation

of gel fibers in electrophoresis, 137

of DNA measured by linear dichroism, 151 of molecules in gels, 139

Orphan peak analysis, 462 Overlap fraction

methods for estimation, 271–272 of clones, definition, 269

Overshoots during PFG, 152

P1 bacteriophage

clone insert sizes, 241 use in cloning, 267 use in libraries, 50

PAC cloning, 267 Padlock probes, 88

Painting of chromosomes, 230 Par function inE. coli, 29

Parallel processing in programming, 558 Parallel strands in triplexes, 473

Parallel strategies for DNA sequencing, 364 Partial digests

Smith-Birnstiel mapping of, 255–256 use in restriction mapping, 259–262

Pathogenicity, 434

Patterns of gene location and use, 547 Pausing in protein synthesis, 533 pBR322 sequence error, 545

PCR

based on Alu primers, 510–515 detection of circulating tumor cells, 449 finding new mutations by, 466

for chomosome assignment, 208

for connecting different libraries, 292 for detecting heteroduplexes, 458

for the production of aptamers, 517 of single sperm, 215–218

subdividing genes to search for mutations, 462

to examine exons for mutations, 456 use in attaching GC clamps, 461

use in closing gaps in libraries, 276 use in differential cloning, 494–495 use in differential display, 500

use in triplex capture, 482 Pedigree

analysis with Alumorphs, 513 for fragile X disease, 442 in genetics, 180

Pena, Sergio, 462 Penalty for gaps, 557 Penetrance, defined, 171

Peptide antigens, 448

INDEX 589

Periodate oxidation of ribonucleosides, 409–410

Perlin, Mark, 318

Permanganate cleavage of triplexes, 491 PFG

as a direct source of DNA for mapping, 320

as a source for coincidence cloning, 506 gel slice analysis by inter-Alu PCR,

512–515

of genomic restriction fragments, 238 pH effects on triplexes, 471 Pharmacia, AB, 334

Phase

as defined in genetics, 172 effects in linkage, 181

Phenol-water emulsion in subtraction, 493 Phenotype, 171

resulting from multiple genes, 565 Phosphatase, 10

use in DNA detection, 93 Phosphoramidites in DNA synthesis, 8 Phosphorothioates in SDA, 123 Phosphorous 32 in DNA sequencing, 331 Phosphotriesters

as uncharged backbone analogs, 488 use in SBH, 420

Photocleavage of DNA, 490–491 Photocrosslinking of DNA by psoralen, 524

Physical and genetic maps compared, 173 Physical size of human chromosomes, 195 Physiology, a cDNA view, 384

Pichia chromosomal DNA in PFG, 159 Pin tools for array making, 295, 411 Plasmids

E. coli F + , 30 replication of, 30 use in cloning, 12

Ploidy, 51

in yeast cells, 51 Plus–minus sequencing, 397

use in PSBH, 428 PNA’s, 490–492

as drugs, 523

p-Nitrobenzoylamide DNA cleavage, 490–491 Poisson equation in PFG, 144

Poisson statistics of Alu distribution, 250 poly A tails

in mRNA, 380, 532 Polyacrylamide gels

for separating single-stranded DNA, 155 optimized for mutation detection, 459 use in electrophoresis, 133

Polyamide nucleic acids, 490–492

590 INDEX

Polycistronic prokaryotic messages, 532 Poly-L-lysine for immobilizing DNA, 269 Polymer diffusion on gels, 139

Polymerase chain reaction, 98–122 basic scheme, 100

effect of DNA length on, 79 Polymerases from thermophiles, 101

Polymorphic amplifiable fragments, 499 Polymorphic sequence tags in mapping, 302 Polymorphism(s)

as evidenced by RLGS, 321 frequency of, 65

in chromosome 21 restriction maps, 279 in tandom repeats, 447

Polynucleotide kinase, 10

use in DNA sequencing, 331 use in end labeling, 252

Polyoma virus DNA sequence, 556 Polypeptide nucleic acids in SBH, 420 Polysomes in aptamer production, 518 Polytene chromosomes in mapping, 234–235 Pool screening methods, 296

Pooling

cosmids as a hybridization probe, 293 for sample storage, 291

from microtitre plates, 300 generalized schemes, 312 ideal properties, 303

in multiplex DNA sequencing, 375 in PCR or hybridization, 208

of families in genetics, 179 of probes, 297

Population genetics, 191 Pore(s)

in gel electrophoresis, 139 sizes in gels, 158

Posfai, Janos, 546 Positional cloning, 434

Positional labeling in PSBH, 430 Positional SBH, 425–430 Positional variation, 37 Practical aspects of PFG, 162–163 Prader-Willi syndrome, 206

Premutation carriers in fragile X, 444 Prenatal diagnosis, 450

Presymptomatic diagnosis, 448 Prevention of vector arm ligation, 287 Primate sequencing targets, 526

Primed in situ hybridization, 219 Primer(s)

based on the Alu repeat sequene, 510–511 for amplicon selection, 98

for repeated sequences, 107 jumping in DNA sequencing, 373 length effects in sequencing, 364 RNA in telomerase, 35

using transposon sequences, 369 utilization by DNA polymerase, 19

walking in DNA sequencing, 363–367 with tags, 107

Primer dimers in PCR, 101

removal by tagged random primer PCR, 118

Primer extension preamplification in PCR, 117–118

Principle component analysis, 565 Probes

as used in hybridization, 67 ligation of, 88

Processivity

of DNA polymerases, 101

of enzymes in single-molecule sequencing, 395

of enzymes used for DNA sequencing, 336 Prokaryotic mRNAs, 532

Promoters, 564

addition in amplification primers, 124 Proofreading

by DNA polymerases, 21 by ligation, 424

Protein A

role in molecular rulers, 18 use in AFM of DNA, 399 use in immuno-PCR, 120

Protein folding, 533

use in analysis of protein function, 549 Protein-primed amplification, 126

Protein synthesis, 23

Protonation of bases in triplexes, 472–473 Protozoa DNA repeats, 463

Pseudoautosomal region, 56–57, 197–199 Pseudo-first order hybridization kinetics, 385 Pseudogenes in the globin family, 38

Pseudoknot

found in aptamers, 518 structure of, 4

Pseudo-vitamin D-deficiency, 513 Psoralen, 524

Puffer fish as target for sequencing, 526 Pulse programs

in PFG, 148

in SPFG, 159

Pulse times in PFG, 146

Pulsed field gel electrophoresis, 140–163 in chromosome purification, 48

Purification

of DNA by inter-Alu PCR, 510–515 of specific DNA sequences, 478

Pyrococcus furiosis DNA polymerase, 101 Pyrophosphate

detection in stepwise sequencing, 401 removal in full length cDNA cloning, 381 role in Pyrosequencing, 403

Q replication for amplification 127-128

Quadratic discriminant method for exons, 538 Quantitative PCR or rtPCR, 499

Quantitative trait loci, 565

Quantum yield and detection sensitivity, 91

Radiation hybrid(s), 212 analyzed by inter-Alu PCR, 512 map of human chromosome 21, 215

use in inner product mapping, 318–319 Radioisotopes

for DNA detection, 91

use in in situ hybridization, 218–222 Random primed single-sperm PCR, 218

Random segregation of YACs in budding, 289 Random walk model for DNA in FISH, 226

RAPD

for mutation detection, 462 mapping by PCR, 113

Rare cDNAs, enrichment methods for, 386 RARE cleavage, 477–480

Rare cutters

PFG fractionation of digests, 142 table of properties, 244

use in primer jumping, 373

used to produce cloneless libraries, 320 Ratchet model for PFG, 148

Rate limiting steps in DNA sequencing, 358 Rates of DNA sequencing, 526

Raw DNA sequence, 327 accuracy of, 342

rDNA gene chromosome locations, 59 Read length in SBH, 406

Reading frames in protein synthesis, 24, 531 Reannealing in coincidence cloning, 501

rec A protein

role in recombination, 176

use in Achilles’ heel methods, 477 Receptors for oligonucleotides, 521–522 Recessive, defined, 171

Reciprocal translocation, 54–55

Recognition of DNA sequence by triplex, 470 Recognition sites on restriction enzymes, 244 Recombination

between Alu sequences, 509 between YACs, 287

breakpoints in gene finding, 436 chromosome circularization by, 48 detailed model for, 176

effect on linkage disequilibirum, 192 in meiosis, 168

mitotic, 52 non-uniformity of, 197 role of rec A protein in, 477 site specific, 267

Recombination frequency, 173 estimation of, 183

hot spot effects on linkage disequilibrium, 193

fork structure, 22

Representation difference analysis, 495 Reptation models

in gels, 138 inadequacy for PFG, 148

Resolution

effect of isotopes in MS, 357

in electrophoretic DNA sequencing, 330 in PFG, 162

in SPFG, 157

of DNAs in electrophoresis, 132

of flourescent in situ hybridizaiton, 224 of mass spectrometry, 351

Resonance energy transfer in PCR, 115 Resonance ionization MS, 351–352 Restriction endonucleases

biological function of, 6 cleavage patterns of, 10

PCR incorporation of recognition sites, 107 PFG fractionation of digests, 142 possible role in sexual inheritance, 55 with interrupted sites, 273

Restriction map, 235 construction, 246–265

592 INDEX

Restriction map (Continued) of a human telomere, 269 ofE. coli, 277

of human chromosome 21, 278–279 Restriction methylases in DNA cleavage,

477

Restriction site polymorphisms by PCR, 466 Retention of DNAs in radiation hybrids, 213 Retinoblastoma, 452

Retrograde motion in PFG, 148 Reverse dot blot, 88

in PCR detection, 114 Reverse transcriptase

for the production of aptamers, 518 gene in HIV, 463–464

use in cDNA cloning. 380

use in isothermal amplification, 123 use in PCR, 119

Reversible terminators, 402

Revertants in sequence comparisons, 554 RFLP(s), 202

arising from mutations in CpG, 263 Ribosomal RNA in DNA diagnostics, 463 Ribozymes, 521

Rice as target for sequencing, 526 Ricketts, 513

RLGS for polymorphisms, 320 RNA

alkaline hydrolysis, 1 detection by PCR, 119 helicase, 523

polymerase synthesis initiation, 564 probes in QB replication, 127

RNAse nicking of heteroduplexes, 458 RNaseH

activity in reverse transcriptase, 123 use in QB replication, 128

Robbins, Robert, 529

Roberts, Richard, 546

Robertsonian fusion in chromosome 2, 229

Robotics

for liquid handling, 294 for pooling, 315

use in array manufacture, 411 Rolling circle amplification, 126 Roninsen, Igor, 88

Ropers, Hilger, 434

Rossman, Michael, 561

ROX dye in DNA sequencing, 333

S1 hypersensitivity, 471–473

S1 nuclease

cleavage of heteroduplexes, 457 use in cDNA cloning, 380

use in studying PNA -DNA interactions, 491

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

as a host for telomere cloning, 265 as model organism, 25

centromere of, 32

chromosomal DNA separation, 144 gene density in, 541

lambda clone ordering, 270

recombination in chromosome III, 548–549 sequences purified by triplex capture,

485–486

Sakaki, Yoshiyuki, 515 Saliva

as a source of DNA, 449

head and neck tumor cells in, 455 Salt-independence of PNA duplexes, 491 Sample

chips in Format II SBH, 412 contamination in PCR, 103 handling methods for DNAs, 295 pooling robotics, 294 preparation by PSBH, 430

Sampling theory, 312

Sander, Christian, 541, 560 Sandwich assay for DNA detection, 93 Sanger sequencing

in an array format, 431

variants for mutation detection, 462 Sanger, Frederick, 329

Satellite DNA in centromeres, 33 Scaffold

in chromosome structure, 31 Topoisimerase II in, 36

Scale up in DNA sequencing projects, 529 Scaling of FISH images and DNA length,

227–228

Scanning tip microscopy, 398–400 Scanning tunneling microscopy of DNA, 398

Schizosaccharomyces pombe

as model organism, 26 centromere of, 34

chromosomal DNA separation, 144

chromosomes as hybridization probes, 305 circular chromosome in, 48

cosmid maps of, 280–283

filter hybridization of cosmid clones, 118 ordered cosmid map, 309

pooling strategies used for mapping, 305 possible use in YAC cloning, 289

sequencing projects, 377 Schwartz, David, 269 Scoring matrice, 551 Scoring schemes, 551

Screening libraries, 434 Secondary PFG, 157–158 Secondary structure

effect on array hybridization, 419 supression in PNA hybridization, 491

Segmental organization of organisms, 547 Segregation of markers, 170

Selectable markers for linking cloning, 255 SELEX, 517–518

Self-annealing of cDNA libraries, 383 Self-complementary sequence, 2

melting of, 70 Semiconductor methodology, 411 Sensitivity of detection

in sequencing by electrophoresis, 335 of detectors in DNA sequencing, 349

Sequenase for DNA sequencing, 336 Sequence of the Alu repeat, 508 Sequence analysis, 526

by neural nets, 535–540 Sequence comparison, 551–561

Sequence homology for finding errors, 546

Sequence ready libraries, 234, 322, 368, 379 Sequence tagged polymorphism, 302

Sequence tagged sites

use in mapping, 391

use in inner product mapping, 318–319 Sequence-specific capture, 480–488

Sequencing for cDNA abundance, 500 Sequencing by hybridization, 403–425 Sequencing by synthesis, 400–403

Serial analysis of gene expression, 500 Serine esterases, 561

Sex averaged maps, 196 Sex determination, 198

chromosomes involved in, 54

Sex-dependent transmission of fragile X, 445 Sexes, number of different, 55–56

Sfi I

fragments of E. coli , 238 recognition site, 242

Shaw, Barbara, 338

Shear breakage of DNA for shotgunning, 361 Short primers

in directed DNA sequencing, 365 in PCR, 113

Shotgun sequencing, 361–363

use in large scale projects, 541–543 Shuffling, 116

Sickle cell anemia mutations, 449 Sieving by gels, 134–136 Silencing of genes, 37

Silent variations, 447 Silicon surfaces in SBH, 415

Simple repeat absence in codons, 534 SINES, 508

Single base mismatches

detection in heteroduplexes, 456–462 effect on melting temperature, 421

Single cells

cDNAs from, 500 DNA content of, 64

Single chromosome libraries preparation, 47

use, 50

INDEX 593

Single DNA molecules

amplification by PCR for genetic use, 218 detection by fluorescence, 91

mapping of, 269

seen in electrophoresis, 149 Single mismatches in SBH, 413 Single nucleotide polymorphisms

detection by array hybridization, 422 example of, 201

frequency of, 65

use in mapping, 302

detected by allele specific PCR, 115 Single-copy probe preparation, 512 Single-molecule sequencing, 394–397 Single-sided PCR, 107–111

potential use in DNA sequencing, 374 using Alu primers, 512

Single-sperm PCR, 215–218 Single-stranded binding protein, 367 Single-stranded DNA

effect of conformation on mobility, 133, 461

electrophoretic separation of, 155 Sister chromatid(s)

exchange, 52–54 in meiosis, 168

pairing and crossovers in recombination, 200

role in recombination, 176 Size-selected jumping library, 258 Skare, James, 228

Slayter, Gary, 138

Slippage mechanism of mutagenesis, 204 Small restriction fragment mapping, 264 Small rnp peptide imprinting, 206 Smith, Hamish, 255

Smith, Lloyd, 334, 483

Smith-Birnstiel mapping of large DNA, 260 Soares, Bento, 383

Sodium dodecyl sulphate, 134 Software tools, 569–573 Solenoid chromosome structure, 36 Solid state methods

for DNA handling, 295 in DNA sequencing, 345

Somatic cell genetics, 208–218 Somatic mutations, 433

in cancer, 451 new, 465

Sommer, Steven, 462 Southern blot(s), 86

for detecting heteroduplexes, 458

of chromosome 21 Not I fragments, 251 use in chromosome assignment, 208

use in studying RFLP’s, 201

use of repeated sequences as probes, 272–274

using inter-Alu PCR products, 515

594 INDEX

Southern, Edwin, 148, 408–411, 413, 417 Spacers in oligonucleotide arrays, 410 Species dependence of start codons, 532 Sperm cells for PCR, 217

Spermatogenesis in fragile X disease, 445 Splicing

consensus sequences for, 531 intermediates in, 538 of RNA, 24

Splints

in PCR, 108–110

use in finding small restriction fragments, 264

Spotting in array manufacture, 407 Spraying in array manufacture, 407 SSCP

for mutation detection, 461 origins of, 133

Stability of PNA-DNA duplexes, 491 Stable hairpins, 344

Stacking hybridization in SBH, 421–424 Stacking interactions in duplexes, 71 Staphylococcal nuclease loop cleavage, 491 STARS, 258

use in mapping, 301 Start codons, 531 Statistical models

See binomial, Poisson, Markov, Bayesian. Statistics

Bayesian, in genetics, 180

for estimation of clone overlaps, 271

of fragment retention in radiation hybrids, 213–215

of random clone picking, 240 Stepwise sequencing, 400–403 Stereoisomers of phosphotriesters, 488 Stop codons, 531

Storage

of clone libraries, 291 of DNA arrays, 295

Strand displacement

activity of DNA polymerase, 19 amplification method, 123–126 by PNAs, 488

Strand exchange in recombination, 177 Strategies in sequencing, 326

Straus, R., 493

Streptavidin

as a support in PSBH, 426 in capture PCR, 109

in DNA detection, 91 symmetry, 4

three dimensional structure, 95

use in affinity capture electrophoresis, 486 use in AFM of DNA, 399

use in comparative genome hybridization, 230

use in differential cloning, 493

use in DNA rulers, 18

use in DNA trapping electrophoresis, 155 use in immuno-PCR, 120

use in in situ hybridization, 220 use in Q replication, 128

use in triplex capture, 481

use on beads in DNA sequencing, 347 use on pins for DNA sequencing, 348

Streptavidin chimeras

metallothionein, for metal labeling, 353 protein A, for immuno-PCR, 121

Stringency

in PCR primers, 104

of hybridization, 325 Structural matrix, 553 Structure

comparisons, 560

of chromosomes, 36–39 of renatured DNA, 84

of telomeres, 34 Studier, William, 365

Subtractive cloning, 492–499

Sulfur isotopes in MS DNA sequencing, 351 Sulfur 35 in DNA sequencing, 331 Sulston, John, 543

Supercoiling effects on triplexes, 471 Superfamily, 548

Suppression PCR, 116 SV40 DNA sequence, 556

Sverdlov, Eugene, 303, 388, 493, 499 Six-tuple word preferences, 535 Symmetry

in Restriction enzyme cleavage, 10 of DNA, 1

of streptavidin, 4

Synteny of mammalian chromosomes, 59–63 Synthesis of oligonucleotide arrays, 407–411 Szybalski, Wacslaw, 366, 477–478

Tactics in sequencing, 326 Tagged primers

for reverse dot blotting, 114 introduction by PCR, 107

use in coincidence cloning, 503 Tagged random primer PCR, 117–118 TAMRA in DNA sequencing, 333

Tandem repeats

capture by triplex formation, 483–485 in centromeres, 33

in telomeres, 34 PCR based on, 516

TaqMan assay for PCR, 115

Targets for large scale sequencing, 378 T-cell receptor, 16

genes, 548

gene rearrangements in, 433

T-cells, oligonucleotide receptors in, 522 Telomerase

replication of telomeres by, 35 Telomeres

chromosome banding of, 44 cloning of, 265–269

role in recombination, 49 shortening of, 35 structure of, 34

Telomeric DNA

isolation by RARE cleavage, 477

use in restriction mapping, 260 Telomeric light bands

repeats in, 510 Template strand, 531

Ter function inE. coli, 30 Terminal transferase, 11 Terminators

in DNA sequencing, 329

use in stepwise sequencing, 402 Tetramethylammonium salts in SBH, 417 Tetraploidy in meiosis, 169

The Institute for Genome Research, 384 Thermal cyclers in PCR, 103

Thermodynamics

of base staking interactions, 72 of DNA mismatches, 75–76

of mismatched duplexes, 423 Thermosequenase, 336

Thermostable polymerases in PCR, 101 Thierry, Agnes, 261

Thin gels

advantages and disadvantages, 348 used in DNA arrays, 408

used in DNA sequencing, 336 Threading, 560

Three-dimensional pooling, 313 Three-dimensional structure

use in analysis of protein function, 550 use in sequence comparison, 560

3-Periodicity, 534 3’-End sequences in EST’s, 302 3’-Exonuclease

activity of DNA polymerase, 20 use in PCR, 107

use in stepwise sequencing, 401 3’-Untranslated regions of cDNAs, 302 3SR isothermal amplification, 123 Threshold in a neural net, 536 Throughput

in current DNA sequencing, 348 in SBH, 412

of an ordered library, 239

Time of flight mass spectrometry, 356 Tobacco pyrophosphatase, 381

Top-down mapping strategy, 236 Topoisomerases

mechanisms of, 31

role in replication, 23 Topology

effects in DNA hybridization, 87 effect in velocity sedimentation, 132 effect on hybridization, 31

in chromosome structure, 36

Total genome amplification by PCR, 116 Trace back in dynamic programming, 558 Tracer DNA in subtraction, 496–499 Traits, genetic, 165

Transcript imaging, 500 Transcription, 19, 23

effect on mutagenesis, 465

for inactivation of centromeres, 289 Transcription factors, 564 Transfection, 13

Transformation, 13

Transformation matrices for rearraying, 316 Transitions in sequences, 551

Translocation

effect on X chromosome inactivation, 57 in chromosomes, 52–53

Transposition of mobile elements, 510 Transposons in DNA sequencing, 368 Trans-splicing, 531

Transversions in sequences, 551 Trapping

electrophoretic linking clone isolation, 255 of chromosomal DNA in agarose gels, 48

of DNA in gels, 149 Trask, Barb, 228

Trinomial statistics of clone overlap, 271 Trinucleotide repeat expansions, 439 Triple-stranded helices

See Triplexes

Triplex capture, 480–486 Triplexes, 14, 470–486

as potential therapeutics, 522–524 effects in SBH, 413

Tucker, Philip, 372

Tumor cell detection in blood, 449 Tumor genes, 451–455

Turner’s syndrome, 59

Twisting, kinetics of DNA, 79

Two allele polymorphism frequency, 65 Two color

detection for allele specific PCR, 115

Two-dimensional pooling, 313 Two-dimensional separations in RLGS, 321 Two-stage model of recombination, 177 Type IIS restriction endonuclease

use in PSBH, 430

use in differential display, 500

Uberbacher, Edward, 537

Uhlen, Mathias, 345–347, 401, 463 Ulanovsky, Levy, 155, 367 Ultracentrifugation

separation of DNA by, 131 to fractionate human DNA, 544

Unequal sister chromatid exchange, 437 as a mechanism of mutagenesis, 204 Uniformativeness of markers, 167

Universal primers in M13 vectors, 361 Unknown sequence amplification by PCR,

108–112

Untwisting time of DNA duplexes, 79 Uptake of oligonucleotides by cells, 522 Uracil DNA glycosylase

role in DNA repair, 6

use in end capture electrophoresis, 487–488 use in PCR, 103

Urea in DNA sequencing electrophoresis, 327 Urine, prostate tumor cells in, 455

Use of alternate arrays, 316

Van der Waals forces in STM, 398

Variable number tandem repeats. See VNTRs Vector primers

for amplifying the ends of clones, 301 use in coincidence cloning, 503

Vectors

designed for improved YAC cloning, 287 for small insert cloning, 12

used in single chromosome libraries, 47 Velocity of DNA in electrophoresis, 330 Vent polymerase in PCR, 101

Ventor, Craig, 543

Viovy, Jean, 160 Virulence factors, 434 VNTRs

as a cause of human disease, 440 as a mutation hot spot, 466 examples of, 202–204

PCR based on, 516

triplex formation in, 480

Walking primer sequencing strategy, 363–367 Waterman, Michael, 275

Waterston, Robert, 543 Watson-Crick structure, 5,7

as a component of triplexes, 473 Weigant halo, 225

Weight of a matrix in clone ordering, 311 Weiss, Robert, 376

Weissman, Sherman, 385

Who will be sequenced, 390 Window

in neural net analysis, 537 in sequence comparisons, 555

Word preferences, 535 Wu, Raymond, 326, 397

X chromosome

biological role of, 54 inactivation of, 57

suppression of recombination in, 197 X-linked mental retardation, 437

X-ray crystallography, 550

X-ray chromosome breakage, 210–212

Y chromosome

biological role of, 54 heterochromatin in, 37 ordered clone maps, 280

pseudoautosomal region of, 56, 197–199 Yaar, Ron, 499

YAC clones

analyzed by inter-Alu PCR, 512 built around Eag I fragments, 256 insert sizes, 241

methods for cloning, 267 pooling, 300

YAC contig on chromosome 21, 280 YAC map

of chromosome 21, 281

of human chromosome 11, 318–319 ofS. pombe , 280–283

YAC vectors, 285–290

Yeast chromosomal DNA separation, 143 Yield of PCR, 102

Z helix, 5

promotion by 5-methyl C, 6 Zhang, Tai Yong, 157 Zimm, Bruno, 138

Zinc fingers, 561–562

Zone of high resolution electrophoresis, 156