- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •Who This Book Is For
- •What This Book Covers
- •How This Book Is Structured
- •What You Need to Use This Book
- •Conventions
- •Source Code
- •Errata
- •p2p.wrox.com
- •The Basics of C++
- •The Obligatory Hello, World
- •Namespaces
- •Variables
- •Operators
- •Types
- •Conditionals
- •Loops
- •Arrays
- •Functions
- •Those Are the Basics
- •Diving Deeper into C++
- •Pointers and Dynamic Memory
- •Strings in C++
- •References
- •Exceptions
- •The Many Uses of const
- •C++ as an Object-Oriented Language
- •Declaring a Class
- •Your First Useful C++ Program
- •An Employee Records System
- •The Employee Class
- •The Database Class
- •The User Interface
- •Evaluating the Program
- •What Is Programming Design?
- •The Importance of Programming Design
- •Two Rules for C++ Design
- •Abstraction
- •Reuse
- •Designing a Chess Program
- •Requirements
- •Design Steps
- •An Object-Oriented View of the World
- •Am I Thinking Procedurally?
- •The Object-Oriented Philosophy
- •Living in a World of Objects
- •Object Relationships
- •Abstraction
- •Reusing Code
- •A Note on Terminology
- •Deciding Whether or Not to Reuse Code
- •Strategies for Reusing Code
- •Bundling Third-Party Applications
- •Open-Source Libraries
- •The C++ Standard Library
- •Designing with Patterns and Techniques
- •Design Techniques
- •Design Patterns
- •The Reuse Philosophy
- •How to Design Reusable Code
- •Use Abstraction
- •Structure Your Code for Optimal Reuse
- •Design Usable Interfaces
- •Reconciling Generality and Ease of Use
- •The Need for Process
- •Software Life-Cycle Models
- •The Stagewise and Waterfall Models
- •The Spiral Method
- •The Rational Unified Process
- •Software-Engineering Methodologies
- •Extreme Programming (XP)
- •Software Triage
- •Be Open to New Ideas
- •Bring New Ideas to the Table
- •Thinking Ahead
- •Keeping It Clear
- •Elements of Good Style
- •Documenting Your Code
- •Reasons to Write Comments
- •Commenting Styles
- •Comments in This Book
- •Decomposition
- •Decomposition through Refactoring
- •Decomposition by Design
- •Decomposition in This Book
- •Naming
- •Choosing a Good Name
- •Naming Conventions
- •Using Language Features with Style
- •Use Constants
- •Take Advantage of const Variables
- •Use References Instead of Pointers
- •Use Custom Exceptions
- •Formatting
- •The Curly Brace Alignment Debate
- •Coming to Blows over Spaces and Parentheses
- •Spaces and Tabs
- •Stylistic Challenges
- •Introducing the Spreadsheet Example
- •Writing Classes
- •Class Definitions
- •Defining Methods
- •Using Objects
- •Object Life Cycles
- •Object Creation
- •Object Destruction
- •Assigning to Objects
- •Distinguishing Copying from Assignment
- •The Spreadsheet Class
- •Freeing Memory with Destructors
- •Handling Copying and Assignment
- •Different Kinds of Data Members
- •Static Data Members
- •Const Data Members
- •Reference Data Members
- •Const Reference Data Members
- •More about Methods
- •Static Methods
- •Const Methods
- •Method Overloading
- •Default Parameters
- •Inline Methods
- •Nested Classes
- •Friends
- •Operator Overloading
- •Implementing Addition
- •Overloading Arithmetic Operators
- •Overloading Comparison Operators
- •Building Types with Operator Overloading
- •Pointers to Methods and Members
- •Building Abstract Classes
- •Using Interface and Implementation Classes
- •Building Classes with Inheritance
- •Extending Classes
- •Overriding Methods
- •Inheritance for Reuse
- •The WeatherPrediction Class
- •Adding Functionality in a Subclass
- •Replacing Functionality in a Subclass
- •Respect Your Parents
- •Parent Constructors
- •Parent Destructors
- •Referring to Parent Data
- •Casting Up and Down
- •Inheritance for Polymorphism
- •Return of the Spreadsheet
- •Designing the Polymorphic Spreadsheet Cell
- •The Spreadsheet Cell Base Class
- •The Individual Subclasses
- •Leveraging Polymorphism
- •Future Considerations
- •Multiple Inheritance
- •Inheriting from Multiple Classes
- •Naming Collisions and Ambiguous Base Classes
- •Interesting and Obscure Inheritance Issues
- •Special Cases in Overriding Methods
- •Copy Constructors and the Equals Operator
- •The Truth about Virtual
- •Runtime Type Facilities
- •Non-Public Inheritance
- •Virtual Base Classes
- •Class Templates
- •Writing a Class Template
- •How the Compiler Processes Templates
- •Distributing Template Code between Files
- •Template Parameters
- •Method Templates
- •Template Class Specialization
- •Subclassing Template Classes
- •Inheritance versus Specialization
- •Function Templates
- •Function Template Specialization
- •Function Template Overloading
- •Friend Function Templates of Class Templates
- •Advanced Templates
- •More about Template Parameters
- •Template Class Partial Specialization
- •Emulating Function Partial Specialization with Overloading
- •Template Recursion
- •References
- •Reference Variables
- •Reference Data Members
- •Reference Parameters
- •Reference Return Values
- •Deciding between References and Pointers
- •Keyword Confusion
- •The const Keyword
- •The static Keyword
- •Order of Initialization of Nonlocal Variables
- •Types and Casts
- •typedefs
- •Casts
- •Scope Resolution
- •Header Files
- •C Utilities
- •Variable-Length Argument Lists
- •Preprocessor Macros
- •How to Picture Memory
- •Allocation and Deallocation
- •Arrays
- •Working with Pointers
- •Array-Pointer Duality
- •Arrays Are Pointers!
- •Not All Pointers Are Arrays!
- •Dynamic Strings
- •C-Style Strings
- •String Literals
- •The C++ string Class
- •Pointer Arithmetic
- •Custom Memory Management
- •Garbage Collection
- •Object Pools
- •Function Pointers
- •Underallocating Strings
- •Memory Leaks
- •Double-Deleting and Invalid Pointers
- •Accessing Out-of-Bounds Memory
- •Using Streams
- •What Is a Stream, Anyway?
- •Stream Sources and Destinations
- •Output with Streams
- •Input with Streams
- •Input and Output with Objects
- •String Streams
- •File Streams
- •Jumping around with seek() and tell()
- •Linking Streams Together
- •Bidirectional I/O
- •Internationalization
- •Wide Characters
- •Non-Western Character Sets
- •Locales and Facets
- •Errors and Exceptions
- •What Are Exceptions, Anyway?
- •Why Exceptions in C++ Are a Good Thing
- •Why Exceptions in C++ Are a Bad Thing
- •Our Recommendation
- •Exception Mechanics
- •Throwing and Catching Exceptions
- •Exception Types
- •Throwing and Catching Multiple Exceptions
- •Uncaught Exceptions
- •Throw Lists
- •Exceptions and Polymorphism
- •The Standard Exception Hierarchy
- •Catching Exceptions in a Class Hierarchy
- •Writing Your Own Exception Classes
- •Stack Unwinding and Cleanup
- •Catch, Cleanup, and Rethrow
- •Use Smart Pointers
- •Common Error-Handling Issues
- •Memory Allocation Errors
- •Errors in Constructors
- •Errors in Destructors
- •Putting It All Together
- •Why Overload Operators?
- •Limitations to Operator Overloading
- •Choices in Operator Overloading
- •Summary of Overloadable Operators
- •Overloading the Arithmetic Operators
- •Overloading Unary Minus and Unary Plus
- •Overloading Increment and Decrement
- •Overloading the Subscripting Operator
- •Providing Read-Only Access with operator[]
- •Non-Integral Array Indices
- •Overloading the Function Call Operator
- •Overloading the Dereferencing Operators
- •Implementing operator*
- •Implementing operator->
- •What in the World Is operator->* ?
- •Writing Conversion Operators
- •Ambiguity Problems with Conversion Operators
- •Conversions for Boolean Expressions
- •How new and delete Really Work
- •Overloading operator new and operator delete
- •Overloading operator new and operator delete with Extra Parameters
- •Two Approaches to Efficiency
- •Two Kinds of Programs
- •Is C++ an Inefficient Language?
- •Language-Level Efficiency
- •Handle Objects Efficiently
- •Use Inline Methods and Functions
- •Design-Level Efficiency
- •Cache as Much as Possible
- •Use Object Pools
- •Use Thread Pools
- •Profiling
- •Profiling Example with gprof
- •Cross-Platform Development
- •Architecture Issues
- •Implementation Issues
- •Platform-Specific Features
- •Cross-Language Development
- •Mixing C and C++
- •Shifting Paradigms
- •Linking with C Code
- •Mixing Java and C++ with JNI
- •Mixing C++ with Perl and Shell Scripts
- •Mixing C++ with Assembly Code
- •Quality Control
- •Whose Responsibility Is Testing?
- •The Life Cycle of a Bug
- •Bug-Tracking Tools
- •Unit Testing
- •Approaches to Unit Testing
- •The Unit Testing Process
- •Unit Testing in Action
- •Higher-Level Testing
- •Integration Tests
- •System Tests
- •Regression Tests
- •Tips for Successful Testing
- •The Fundamental Law of Debugging
- •Bug Taxonomies
- •Avoiding Bugs
- •Planning for Bugs
- •Error Logging
- •Debug Traces
- •Asserts
- •Debugging Techniques
- •Reproducing Bugs
- •Debugging Reproducible Bugs
- •Debugging Nonreproducible Bugs
- •Debugging Memory Problems
- •Debugging Multithreaded Programs
- •Debugging Example: Article Citations
- •Lessons from the ArticleCitations Example
- •Requirements on Elements
- •Exceptions and Error Checking
- •Iterators
- •Sequential Containers
- •Vector
- •The vector<bool> Specialization
- •deque
- •list
- •Container Adapters
- •queue
- •priority_queue
- •stack
- •Associative Containers
- •The pair Utility Class
- •multimap
- •multiset
- •Other Containers
- •Arrays as STL Containers
- •Strings as STL Containers
- •Streams as STL Containers
- •bitset
- •The find() and find_if() Algorithms
- •The accumulate() Algorithms
- •Function Objects
- •Arithmetic Function Objects
- •Comparison Function Objects
- •Logical Function Objects
- •Function Object Adapters
- •Writing Your Own Function Objects
- •Algorithm Details
- •Utility Algorithms
- •Nonmodifying Algorithms
- •Modifying Algorithms
- •Sorting Algorithms
- •Set Algorithms
- •The Voter Registration Audit Problem Statement
- •The auditVoterRolls() Function
- •The getDuplicates() Function
- •The RemoveNames Functor
- •The NameInList Functor
- •Testing the auditVoterRolls() Function
- •Allocators
- •Iterator Adapters
- •Reverse Iterators
- •Stream Iterators
- •Insert Iterators
- •Extending the STL
- •Why Extend the STL?
- •Writing an STL Algorithm
- •Writing an STL Container
- •The Appeal of Distributed Computing
- •Distribution for Scalability
- •Distribution for Reliability
- •Distribution for Centrality
- •Distributed Content
- •Distributed versus Networked
- •Distributed Objects
- •Serialization and Marshalling
- •Remote Procedure Calls
- •CORBA
- •Interface Definition Language
- •Implementing the Class
- •Using the Objects
- •A Crash Course in XML
- •XML as a Distributed Object Technology
- •Generating and Parsing XML in C++
- •XML Validation
- •Building a Distributed Object with XML
- •SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)
- •. . . Write a Class
- •. . . Subclass an Existing Class
- •. . . Throw and Catch Exceptions
- •. . . Read from a File
- •. . . Write to a File
- •. . . Write a Template Class
- •There Must Be a Better Way
- •Smart Pointers with Reference Counting
- •Double Dispatch
- •Mix-In Classes
- •Object-Oriented Frameworks
- •Working with Frameworks
- •The Model-View-Controller Paradigm
- •The Singleton Pattern
- •Example: A Logging Mechanism
- •Implementation of a Singleton
- •Using a Singleton
- •Example: A Car Factory Simulation
- •Implementation of a Factory
- •Using a Factory
- •Other Uses of Factories
- •The Proxy Pattern
- •Example: Hiding Network Connectivity Issues
- •Implementation of a Proxy
- •Using a Proxy
- •The Adapter Pattern
- •Example: Adapting an XML Library
- •Implementation of an Adapter
- •Using an Adapter
- •The Decorator Pattern
- •Example: Defining Styles in Web Pages
- •Implementation of a Decorator
- •Using a Decorator
- •The Chain of Responsibility Pattern
- •Example: Event Handling
- •Implementation of a Chain of Responsibility
- •Using a Chain of Responsibility
- •Example: Event Handling
- •Implementation of an Observer
- •Using an Observer
- •Chapter 1: A Crash Course in C++
- •Chapter 3: Designing with Objects
- •Chapter 4: Designing with Libraries and Patterns
- •Chapter 5: Designing for Reuse
- •Chapter 7: Coding with Style
- •Chapters 8 and 9: Classes and Objects
- •Chapter 11: Writing Generic Code with Templates
- •Chapter 14: Demystifying C++ I/O
- •Chapter 15: Handling Errors
- •Chapter 16: Overloading C++ Operators
- •Chapter 17: Writing Efficient C++
- •Chapter 19: Becoming Adept at Testing
- •Chapter 20: Conquering Debugging
- •Chapter 24: Exploring Distributed Objects
- •Chapter 26: Applying Design Patterns
- •Beginning C++
- •General C++
- •I/O Streams
- •The C++ Standard Library
- •C++ Templates
- •Integrating C++ and Other Languages
- •Algorithms and Data Structures
- •Open-Source Software
- •Software-Engineering Methodology
- •Programming Style
- •Computer Architecture
- •Efficiency
- •Testing
- •Debugging
- •Distributed Objects
- •CORBA
- •XML and SOAP
- •Design Patterns
- •Index
Appendix B
C++ Templates
Herb Sutter, Sutter’s Mill: Befriending Templates, C/C++ User’s Journal, www.cuj.com/ documents/s=8244/cujcexp2101sutter/sutter.htm.
The best explanation we could find about making function templates friends of classes.
David Vandevoorde and Nicolai M. Josuttis, C++ Templates: The Complete Guide, Addison Wesley, 2002, ISBN: 0-201-73484-2.
Everything you ever wanted to know (or didn’t want to know) about C++ templates. It assumes significant background in general C++.
C
Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie, The C Programming Language (second edition), Prentice Hall, 1998, ISBN: 0-13-110362-8.
“K and R,” as this book is known, is an excellent reference on the C language. It’s not as useful for learning it the first time.
Peter Prinz, Tony Crawford (Translator), Ulla Kirch-Prinz, C Pocket Reference, O’Reilly, 2002, ISBN: 0-596-00436-2.
A concise reference to all things C.
Eric S. Roberts, The Art and Science of C: A Library Based Introduction to Computer Science, Addison Wesley, 1994, ISBN: 0-201-54322-2.
Eric S. Roberts, Programming Abstractions in C: A Second Course in Computer Science, Addison Wesley, 1997, ISBN: 0-201-54541-1.
These two books provide a great introduction to programming in C with good style. They are often used as textbooks in introductory programming courses.
Peter Van Der Linden, Expert C Programming: Deep C Secrets, Pearson Education, 1994, ISBN: 0-131-77429-8.
An enlightening and often hysterical look at the C language, its evolution, and its inner workings.
Integrating C++ and Other Languages
Ian F. Darwin, Java Cookbook, O’Reilly, 2001, ISBN: 0-596-00170-3.
This book provides step-by-step instructions for using JNI to integrate Java with other languages, including C++.
806
Annotated Bibliography
Algorithms and Data Structures
Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, and Clifford Stein, Introduction to Algorithms (Second Edition), The MIT Press, 2001, ISBN: 0-262-03293-7.
This text is one of the most popular introductory algorithms books, covering all the common data structures and algorithms. The authors learned algorithms and data structures as an undergraduate from the first edition of this book.
Donald E. Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming Volume 1: Fundamental Algorithms (Third Edition), Addison Wesley, 1997, ISBN: 0-201-89683-4.
Donald E. Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming Volume 2: Seminumerical Algorithms (Third Edition), Addison Wesley, 1997, ISBN: 0-201-89684-2.
Donald E. Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming Volume 3: Sorting and Searching (Third Edition), Addison Wesley, 1998, ISBN: 0-201-89685-0.
For those of you who enjoy mathematical rigor, there is no better algorithms and data structures text than Knuth’s three-volume tome. It is probably inaccessible without undergraduate knowledge of mathematics or theoretical computer science.
Kyle Loudon, Mastering Algorithms with C, O’Reilly, 1999, ISBN: 1-565-92453-3.
An approachable reference to data structures and algorithms.
Open-Source Software
The Open Source Initiative at www.opensource.org.
The GNU Operating System — Free Software Foundation at www.gnu.org.
These Web pages for the two main open-source movements explain their philosophies and provide information about obtaining open-source software and contributing to its development.
sourceforge.net at www.sourceforge.net.
This Web site hosts many open-source projects. It’s a great resource for finding useful open-source software.
Software-Engineering Methodology
Barry W. Boehm, TRW Defense Systems Group, A Spiral Model of Software Development and Enhancement, IEEE Computer, 21(5):61-72, 1988.
This landmark paper described the state of software development at the time and proposed the Spiral Model.
807
Appendix B
Kent Beck, Extreme Programming Explained: Embrace Change, Pearson Education, 1999, ISBN: 0-201-61641-6.
One of several books in a series that promote Extreme Programming as a new approach to software development.
Robert T. Futrell, Donald F. Shafer, and Linda Isabell Shafer, Quality Software Project Management, Pearson Education, 2003, ISBN: 0-130-91297-2.
A guidebook for anybody who is responsible for the management of the software development process.
Robert L. Glass, Facts and Fallacies of Software Engineering, Pearson Education, 2002, ISBN: 0-321-11742-5.
This book discusses various aspects of the software development process and exposes hidden truisms along the way.
Philippe Kruchten, Rational Unified Process: An Introduction (Second Edition), Addison Wesley, 2000, ISBN: 0-201-70710-1.
Provides an overview of RUP, including its mission and processes.
Edward Yourdon, Death March (Second Edition), Prentice Hall, 2003, ISBN: 0-131-43635-X. A wonderfully enlightening book about the politics and realities of software development.
Rational Unified Process from IBM, www3.software.ibm.com/ibmdl/pub/software/ rational/web/demos/viewlets/rup/runtime/index.html
The IBM Web site contains a wealth of information about RUP, including the interactive presentation at the above URL.
Programming Style
Martin Fowler, Kent Beck, John Brant, William Opdyke, Don Roberts, Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code, Addison Wesley, 1999, ISBN: 0-201-48567-2.
This classic book espouses the practice of recognizing and improving bad code.
James Foxall, Practical Standards for Microsoft Visual Basic .NET, Microsoft Press, 2002, ISBN: 0-7356-1356-7.
Exhibits the tenets of Microsoft Windows coding style, using Visual Basic
Diomidis Spinellis, Code Reading: The Open Source Perspective, Addison Wesley, 2003, ISBN: 0-201-79940-5.
This unique book turns the issue of programming style upside down by challenging the reader to learn to read code properly in order to become a better programmer.
Dimitri van Heesch, Doxygen, http://www.stack.nl/~dimitri/doxygen/index.html.
A highly configurable program that generates documentation from source code and comments.
808
Annotated Bibliography
Computer Architecture
David A. Patterson and John L. Hennessy, Computer Organization & Design: The Hardware/Software Interface (Second Edition), Morgan Kaufman, 1997, ISBN: 1-558-60428-6.
John L. Hennessy and David A. Patterson, Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach (Third Edition), Morgan Kaufman, 2002, ISBN: 1-558-60596-7.
These two books provide all the information most software engineers ever need to know about computer architecture.
Efficiency
Dov Bulka and David Mayhew, Efficient C++: Performance Programming Techniques, Addison Wesley, 1999, ISBN: 0-201-37950-3.
One of the few books to focus exclusively on efficient C++ programming, it covers both language-level and design-level efficiency.
GNU gprof, www.gnu.org/software/binutils/manual/gprof-2.9.1/gprof.html. Information about the gprof profiling tool.
Rational Software from IBM, www-306.ibm.com/software/rational.
Rational Quantify is an excellent (but not free) profiling tool.
Testing
Elfriede Dustin, Effective Software Testing: 50 Specific Ways to Improve Your Testing, Addison Wesley, 2002, ISBN: 0-201-79429-2.
While this book is aimed at quality assurance professionals, any software engineer will benefit from its discussion of the software-testing process.
Debugging
The Gnu DeBugger (GDB), at www.gnu.org/software/gdb/gdb.html. GDB is an excellent symbolic debugger.
Rational Software from IBM, www-306.ibm.com/software/rational. Rational Purify is an excellent (but not free) memory error–debugging tool.
Valgrind, at http://valgrind.kde.org.
An open-source memory-debugging tool for Linux.
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