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§ 10. Would.

Would was originally the past tense of will in the same way as should was the past tense of shall. But while the latter has acquired new shades of meaning, would has preserved those of will. Thus it expresses volition, persistence referring to the past.

  1. Volition.

In this meaning it is mostly used in negative sentences.

She was going away and would not say where she was going. (Dreiser)

Она уезжала и не хотела сказать, куда едет.

  1. Persistence.

1 asked him not to bang the door, but he would do it. Я просил его не хлопать дверью, а он все продолжал хлопать. Several times Eckerman tried to get away, but Goethe would not let him go. (Maugham)

Несколько раз Эккерман пытался уйти, но Гбге ни за что не отпускал его.

It is also used in speaking about lifeless things in the same way as will (see § 9), but in this use would is more common than will.

... and that was all he could see, for the sedan doors wouldn't open and the blinds wouldn't pull up. (Dickens) ... и это было все, что ему было видно, ибо двери портшеза никак не открывались и занавеси никак не поднимались.

§11. Dare.

Dare means 'to have the courage (or impertinence) to So some­thing'. In the negative it denotes the lack of courage to do something.

"How dare you ask the little Kelveys into the courtyard," said her cold, furious voice. (Mansfield)

The verb dare as well as need has some peculiarities which make it different from other modal verbs.

It is used both as a normal verb (taking the auxiliary do in the interrogative and negative forms, -s in the third person singular and the ^Infinitive) and as an anomalous verb (without any auxilia­ry in its interrogative and negative forms, without -s in the third person singular and without the particle to before the infinitive which follows it). Dare has two forms —dare for the Present and dared for the Past.

Did he dare to strike me when I was down? (E. Bronte)

He did not dare to meet his uncle. (Kruislnga)

How dare you go out by yourself after the orders I gave you?

(Shaw)

You dare address me in that tone! (Shaw)

Sometimes dare takes the auxiliary but is followed by the bare infinitive.

You know you didn't dare give the order to charge the bridge until you saw us on the other side. (Shaw)

Dare is mostly used in interrogative and negative sentences. However, we often come across / dare say which has become a stock phrase and acquired a new meaninig 'I suppose'. Dare is used only with the Indefinite Infinitive.

§ 12. Need.

Need expresses necessity. It is mostly used in negative and interrogative sentences.

You needn't be in such a fright. Take my arm. (Shaw) He надо так бояться. Возьміте меня под руку.

Note.—When need is used in the meaning of 'to be in want of it is treated as a normal verb.

He needs a new pair of shoes.

Need has only one tense form —the Present. In the same way as dare, need is used as a normal and as an anomalous verb; the latter is much more common in colloquial English.

One need to be careful. (Zandvoort)

He did not need to be told twice. (Zandvoort)

Why need he bother us? (Kruisinga)

I am here. You needn't be afraid. (Greene)

I need hardly say 1 would do anything in tlie world to ensure

Gwendolen's happiness. (Wilde)

Need is used both with the Indefinite and with the Perfect Infinitive.

I suppose I needn't have made that observation. (Pinero) Пожалуй, не к чему мне было делать такое замечание.

мрой

Mood is a grammatical category which indicates the attitude of the speaker towards the action expressed by the verb from the point of view of its reality.

In Modern English we distinguish three moods:

  1. The Indicative Mood.

  2. The Imperative Mood.

  3. The Subjunctive Mood.

THE INDICATIVE MOOD

The Indicative Mood shows that the action or state expressed by the verb is presented as a fact.

We went home early in the evening. (Dickens)

The Indicative Mood is also used to express a real condition, i. e. a condition the realization of which is considered possible.

If it rains, 1 shall stay at home.

If Catherine disobeys us, we shall disinherit her. (Eliot)

THE IMPERATIVE MOOD

The Imperative Mood expresses a command or a request. In Modern English the Imperative Mood "паз only one io'rm which coincides with the infinitive without the particle to; it is used in the second person (singular and plural).

Be quiet and hear what 1 tell you. (Eliot)

Please put the papers on the table by the bed. (Hemingway)

In forming the negative the auxiliary verb to do is always used, even with the verb to be.

Hush! Don't make a noise! (Eliot) Don't be angry... (Hemingway)

The auxiliary verb to do may also be used in affirmative sen­tences to make the request more emphatic.

But now, do sing again to us. (Eliot)

To make a request or an order more emphatic the subject expressed by the pronoun you is sometimes used. It is character­istic of colloquial speech.

I'll drive and you sleep awhile. (Hemingway)

N о t е. — Л command addressed to the third person singular and plural is usually expressed with the help of the vcib to let. Let the child go home at once. Пусть ребРпок сейчас же идет домой. Let the children go home at once. Пусть дети сейчас же идут домой.

With the first person plural the verb to let is used to express an exhortation to a joint action.

Let's go and have some fresh coffee. (Mansfield) Пойдемте выпьем свежего кофе.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

§ 1. The Subjunctive Mood shows that the action or state expressed by the verb is presented as a non-fact, as something imaginary, or desired. The Subjunctive Mood is also used to express an emotional' attitude of the speaker to real facts. (A detailed treatment of this use of the Subjunctive Mood is given in § 16.)

In Modern English the Subjunctive Mood has synthetic and analytical forms.

"I wish I were ten years older," I said. (Braine) «Хотел бы я быть па десять лет старше», — сказал я. 1 wish you would speak rationally. (E. Bronte) Я хогел бы, чтобы вы говорили разумно.

§ 2. The synthetic forms of the Subjunctive Mood can be traced to the Old English period, when the Subjunctive xWood was chiefly ex­pressed by synthetic forms. In Old English the Subjunctive Mood had a special set of inflections, different from those of the Indicative.

In course of time most of the inflections were lost and the difference between +he forms of the Subjunctive and those of the Indicative has almost disappeared. However, in Modern English there are a few synthetic forms of the Subjunctive which have survived; they are as follows: the Present Subjunctive of all the verbs and the Past Subjunctive only of the verb to be.

The Present Subjunctive

to be

to have, to know, to speak, etc.

1 behe, she, it be we be you be they be

I have, know, speak he, she, it have, know, speak we have, know, speak you have, know, speak they have, know, speak

I. The Present Subjunctive. In the Present Subjunctive the verb to be has the form be for- all the persons singular and plural, which differs from the corresponding forms of the Indicative Mood (the Present Indefinite). In all other verbs the forms of the Present Subjunctive differ from the corresponding forms of the Indicative Mood only in the third person singular, which in the Present Subjunctive has no ending -s.

The Past Subjunctive

to be

to have, to know, to speak, etc.i ^

I werehe, she, it were we were you were they were

The Present Subjunctive denotes an action referring to the present or future. This form is but seldom used in Modern English. It may be found in poetry and in elevated prose, where these forms are archaisms used with a certain stylistic aim. It is also used in scientific language and in the language of official documents, where it is a living form.

Wretched is the infant's lot,

Born within the straw-roof'd cot;

Be he generous, wise or brave,

He must only be a slave. (Southey)

Печальна судьба ребенка,

Родившегося в хижине с соломенной крышей,

Как бы великодушен, умен и храбр он ли был,

Он все равно будет рабом.

Though all the world be false, still will I be true. (Trollope) Даже если весь мир будет лживым, все же я буду правдива.

The Present Subjunctive also occurs in some set expressions. Be it so!

Пусть будет так! Да будет так! Suffice it to say that he soon came back. Достаточно сказать, что он скоро вернулся. God forbid!

Боже упаси! Сохрани бог!

Far be it from me to contradict you.

У меня и в мыслях не было противоречить вам.

In American English the Present Subjunctive is used not only in the above mentioned cases but also in colloquial language.

Yates called the hospital and insisted that one of the doctors come to the phone, (ffeym)

Йейтс позвонил в госпиталь и потребовал, чтобы кто-нибудь из врачей подошел к телефону.

II. The Past Subjunctive. In the Past Subjunctive the verb to be has the form were for all the persons singular and plural, which in the singular differs from the corresponding form of the Indicative Mood (the Past Indefinite).

Note.— Occasionally the form was, which coincides with the form of the Indicative Mood, can be found in the singular.

I know I am affectionate. I wouldn't say it, if I wasn't certain that I am. (Dickens)

The Past Subjunctive is widely used in Modern English and occurs not only in literature but also in colloquial language.

The term 'Past Subjunctive' is merely traditional as in Modern English it does not necessarily express a past action. In adverbial clauses of condition it denotes-, an unreal conditioa referring to- the present or future. In other types of subordinate clauses it denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed in the principal clause; thus it may refer to the present and to the past.

If 1 were ill I should like to be nursed by you. (Bennett) Если бы я был болен, я бы хотел, чтобы за мной ухаживали вы. I want to go everywhere, I wish I were a gipsy. (Galsworthy) Мне хочется всюду побывать. Я хотела бы быть цыганкой. I wished he were less remote. (Du Maurier) Я хотела бы, чтобы он не был таким отчужденным.

§ 3. The analytical forms of the Subjunctive Mood consist of the mood auxiliaries should, would, may (might) or shall (which is seldom used) and the infinitive of the notional verb.

Mr. Barkis... proposed that my pocket-handkerchief should be spread upon the horse's back to dry. (Dickens) Мистер Баркис предложил положить мой носовой платок на спину лошади, чтобы он просох.

Yates wished Bing would stop thanking him, but Bing went on. (Heym)

Ilefircy хотелось, чтобы Бипг перестал благодарить его, но Бинг все благодарил.

Whoever you may be, Sir, I am deeply grateful to you. (Dickens) Кто бы вы ни были, сэр, я вам глубоко признателен. She lowered the blind and closed the shutters that he might not see the sun set. (Voynich)

Она спустила шторы и закрыла ставни, чтобы он не видел, как заходит солнце.

I propose that you shall come along with me. (Dickens) Я предлагаю вам пойти со мной.

Mood auxiliaries have developed from modal verbs, which have lost their modality and serve to form the analytical Subjunctive. Still there are cases when mood auxiliaries retain a shade of moda­lity, for instance the verb might in adverbial clauses of purpose.

Lizzie stood upon the causeway that her father might see her.

(Dickens)

Лиззи стояла на дамбе, чтобы отец увидел ее (мог увидеть ее).

§ 4. In modern English the same meaning as is expressed by the Subjunctive Mood may also be rendered by the forms of the Indicative Mood the Past Indefinite, the Past Perfect and occa­sionally the Past Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous.

In adverbial clauses of condition the Past Indefinite denotes an unreal condition referring to the present or future; the Past Perfect denotes an unreal condition referring to the past.

The room is so low that the head of the tallest of the visitors would touch the blackened ceiling if he stood upright. (Dickens) Комната такая низкая, что голова самого высокого из посетите­лей коснулась бы закопченного потолка, если бы он выпрямился. The noise about her was frightful, so deafening that if she had shouted aloud she would not have heard her own voice. (Cronin) Шум вокруг нее был ужасный, такой оглушительный, что, если бы она громко закричала, она не услышала бы своего соб­ственного голоса.

In other types of subordinate clauses the Past Indefinite de­notes an action simultaneous with the action expressed in the principal clause; the Past Perfect denotes an action prior to that of the principal clause.

He (Mr. Barkis) sat looking at the horse's ears as if he saw something new there. (Dickens)

Мистер Баркис сидел, глядя на уши лошади, как будто он видел там что-то новое.

I felt as if the visit had diminished the separation between Ada and me. (Dickens)

У меня было такое чувство, как будто этот визиг сблизил нас с Адой.

The Past Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous are less frequently used.

They looked as if they were fighting for their life. (Eliot) Они выглядели гак, как будго они боролись за свою жизнь. The mother's delicate eyelids were pink, as if she had been crying half the night (Eliot)

Нежные веки матери покраснели, как будто бы она проплакала половину ночи.

Note. — In some grammars these forms are considered to be the forms of the Subjunctive Mood, homonymous with the forms of the Indicative Mood.

THE USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

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