§ 13. Adverbial clauses of place.

An adverbial clause of place shows the place of the action ex­pressed in the principal clause. Adverbial clauses of place are intro­duced by the conjunctions wliere and wherever (где бы ни, куда бы ни).

... I am quite comfortable where 1 am. (Wilde) 1 looked where she pointed. (Collins)

... the street singers and players were making their nightly pil­grimage, pausing, wherever they saw a lighted window or a dark

figure on a balcony. (Hichens)

Note. —One should not contuse the conjunction wliere introducing adverbial clauses of place with the adverb where introducing subject clauses, predicative clauses, object clauses; and attributive relative clauses.

Deronda placed himself where he could see her ... (Eliot) (.\d\er-

bial clause OF place)

This must be where my sister lives. This is where she came for a temporary lodging, soon after father's death. (Dickens) (predic-

at1ve clause)

Artois wondered where they were going. (Hichens) (Object clause) He turned immediately towards the hearth where Silas Marner sat lulling the child. (Eliot) (attributive clause)

§ 14. Adverbial clauses of cause.

An adverbial clause of cause (reason) shows the cause of the action expressed in the principal clause. Adverbial clauses of cause are introduced by the conjunctions as, because, since, for fear (that); in official style they may also be introduced by the conjunctions on the ground that, for the reason that and some others.

As he had a liking for the spot, he seldom let a week pass with­out paying it a visit. (Dickens)

Letters were infrequent in his world and not very welcome be­cause more often than not they contained bad news. (Priestley) Since he had a certain talent for composition, his English master encouraged him to write little pieces... for the college magazine. (Cronin)

§ 15. Adverbial clauses of purpose.

Adverbial clauses of purpose state the purpose of the action expressed in the principal clause. They are introduced by the con­junctions that, in order that, so that, lest (чтобы не) and some others.

She kept her back to the window that he might not see her rising colour. (Hardy)

He is suspicious and jealous for fear anyone else might want to share in his power. (Lawrence)

Wounds sometimes must be opened in order that they may be healed. (Trollope)

I crouched against the wall of the gallery so that I should not be seen. (Du Marnier)

... he made all these exclamations in a carefully suppressed voice, lest the valet should overhear anything. (Dickens)

§ 16. Adverbial clauses of condition.

Adverbial clauses of condition state the condition which is ne­cessary for the realization of the action expressed in the principal clause. They are introduced by the conjunctions if, unless (если не), suppose, in case (в случае если), on condition that, provided (при условии что), etc.

If he is not here by the end of the week, I shall go after him. (Austen) I do not wish you to be my wife unless you are bound to me by love. (Trollope)

... my father, just at the last, consented to let him teach you, on condition that he never attempted to see your mother. (Voy-nich)

I will do anything you wish, my brother, provided it lies in my power. (Dickens)

Adverbial clauses of condition can be joined to the principal clause asyndetically. In this case we find inversion in the subor­dinate clause.

... should Frank marry to-morrow, I shall have no ground for blaming him. (Trollope)

Had she been an Englishwoman, Artois would have guessed her to be near fifty. (Hlchens)