11.74 |
|
|
|
SECTION |
11 |
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|
|
|
|
|
TABLE 11.26 Heating Temperatures, Composition of Weighing Forms, and Gravimetric Factors ( |
Continued |
) |
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
Thermal stability |
Final heating |
|
|
Composition of |
|
|
|
|||
Element |
range, C |
temperature, C |
|
weighing form |
Gravimetric factors |
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sn |
834 |
|
900 |
SnO |
|
2 |
|
|
Sn: 0.7877 |
|
|
Sr |
|
130– 140 |
Sr(NO |
|
|
3 )2 |
Sr: 0.4140 |
|
|
||
|
100– 300 |
100– 300 |
|
SrSO |
|
4 |
|
|
Sr: 0.4770; SrO: 0.5641 |
|
|
Te |
|
|
105 |
Te metal |
|
|
|
|
|
||
Th |
610– 946 |
700– 800 |
ThO |
|
2 |
|
|
Th: 0.8788 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
900 |
ThP |
|
2 O |
7 |
|
Th: 0.5863 |
|
|
Ti |
350– 946 |
900 |
|
TiO |
|
2 |
|
|
Ti: 0.5992 |
|
|
Tl(III) |
|
|
100 |
Tl(C |
|
12 |
H |
10 NOS) |
Tl: 0.4860 |
|
|
U |
|
|
1000 |
U |
3 O |
8 |
|
|
U: 0.8480; UO |
2 : 0.9620 |
|
V |
581– 946 |
700– 800 |
V |
|
2 O |
5 |
|
|
V: 0.5602 |
|
|
W |
674 |
800– 900 |
WO |
|
3 |
|
|
W: 0.7930 |
|
|
|
Zn |
1000 |
950– 1000 |
|
ZnO |
|
|
|
|
Zn: 0.8034 |
|
|
|
|
|
1000 |
Zn |
2 P 2 O |
7 |
Zn: 0.4292; ZnO: 0.5342 |
|
|||
|
|
|
125 |
Zn(C |
10 |
H |
6 NO 2 )2 · H 2 O |
Zn: 0.1529 |
|
|
|
Zr |
|
|
850 |
ZrP |
|
2 O |
7 |
|
Zr: 0.3440; ZrO |
2 : 0.4647 |
|
|
|
|
1200 |
ZrO |
|
2 |
|
|
Zr: 0.7403 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
Source: |
J. A. Dean, ed., Analytical Chemistry Handbook |
|
, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1995. |
|
|
||||||
11.6 VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
11.6.1Acid-Base Titrations in Aqueous Media
TABLE 11.27 |
Primary Standards for Aqueous Acid-Base Titrations |
|
|
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|
|||||
|
|
|
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|
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
Formula |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Standard |
weight |
|
|
|
Preparation |
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
Basic substances for standardizing acidic solutions |
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
(HOCH |
3 )3 CNHH |
2 |
121.137 |
Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane is available commercially as a |
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
primary standard. Dry at 100– 103 |
C ( |
110 |
C). In titrations with |
||||
|
|
|
|
a strong acid the equivalence point is at about pH 4.5– 5. Equiva- |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
lent weight is the formula weight. [J. H. Fossum, P. C. Markunas, |
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
and J. A. Riddick, Anal. Chem. , 23: 491 (1951).] |
|
||||||
HgO |
|
|
216.59 |
Dissolve 100 g pure HgCl |
2 in 1 L H |
2 O, and add with stirring to 650 |
|||||
|
|
|
|
mL 1.5 |
M NaOH. Filter and wash with H |
2 O until washings are |
|
||||
|
|
|
|
neutral to phenolphthalein. Dry to constant weight at or below |
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
40 |
C, and store in a dark bottle. To 0.4 g HgO ( |
40 mL 0.1 |
N |
||||
|
|
|
|
acid) add 10– 15 g KBr plus 20– 25 mL H |
|
|
2 O. Stir, excluding |
|
|||
|
|
|
|
CO |
2 , until solution is complete. Titrate with acid to pH 5– 8. |
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
Equivalent weight is one-half formula weight. |
|
||||||
Na 2 B 4 O |
7 · 10H |
2 O |
381.372 |
Recrystallize reagent-grade salt twice from water at temperatures |
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
below 55 |
C. Wash the crystals with H |
|
2 O, twice with ethanol, and |
||||
|
|
|
|
twice with diethyl ether. Let stand in a hygrostat oversaturated |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
NaBr · 2H |
2 O or saturated NaCl-sucrose solution. Use methyl red |
||||||
|
|
|
|
indicator. Equivalent weight is one-half the formula weight. |
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PRACTICAL LABORATORY INFORMATION |
|
11.75 |
TABLE 11.27 |
Primary Standards for Aqueous Acid-Base Titrations ( |
Continued |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
Formula |
|
|
Standard |
weight |
Preparation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Basic substances for standardizing acidic solutions ( continued |
) |
|
Na 2 CO |
3 |
NaCl
105.989 Heat reagent-grade material for 1 hr at 255– 265 C. Cool in an efficient desiccator. Titrate sample with acid to pH 4– 5 (first green
tint of bromocresol green), boil the solution to eliminate the carbon dioxide, cool, and again titrate to pH 4– 5. Equivalent weight is one-half the formula weight.
58.45Accurately weigh about 6 g NaCl and dissolve in distilled water.
Pass the solution through a well-rinsed cation exchange column (Dowex 50W) in the hydrogen form. The equivalent amount of
HCl is washed from the column (in 10 column volumes) into a volumetric flask and made up to volume. Equivalent weight is the formula weight.
Acidic substances for standardizing basic solutions
C 6 H 5 COOH |
122.125 |
Pure benzoic acid is available from NIST (National Institute for Sci- |
|
|
|
ence and Technology). Dissolve 0.5 g in 20 mL of neutral etha- |
|
|
|
nol (run a blank), excluding CO |
2 , add 20– 50 mL, and titrate us- |
|
|
ing phenolphthalein as indicator. |
|
o -C 6 H 4 (COOK)(COOH) |
204.22 |
Potassium hydrogen |
o -phthalate is available commercially as pri- |
|
|
|
mary standard, also from NIST. Dry at |
135 C. Dissolve in wa- |
|
|
|
ter, excluding CO 2 , and titrate with phenolphthalein as indicator. |
||
|
|
For Ba(OH) |
2 solution, perform the titration at an elevated temper- |
|
|
|
|
ature to prevent precipitation of Ba phthalate. |
||
KH(IO |
3 )2 |
389.915 |
Potassium hydrogen bis(iodate) is available commercially in a pri- |
||
|
|
|
mary standard grade. Dry at 110 |
C. Dissolve a weighed amount |
|
|
|
|
of the salt in water, excluding CO 2 , and titrate to pH 5– 8. [I. M. |
||
|
|
|
Kolthoff and L. H. van Berk, |
J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 48: 2800 |
|
|
|
|
(1926)]. |
|
|
NH |
2 SO 3 H |
97.09 |
Hydrogen amidosulfate (sulfamic acid) acts as a strong acid. Pri- |
||
|
|
|
mary standard grade is available commercially. Since it does un- |
||
|
|
|
dergo slow hydrolysis, an acid end point (pH 4 to 6.5) should be |
||
|
|
|
chosen unless fresh reagent is available, then the end point can be |
||
|
|
|
in the range pH 4 to 9. [W. F. Wagner, J. A. Wuellner, and C. E. |
||
|
|
|
Feiler, Anal. Chem. |
, 24: 1491 (1952). M. J. Butler, G. F. Smith, |
|
|
|
|
and L. F. Audrieth, |
Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed. , 10: 690 (1938)]. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
11.76 |
SECTION 11 |
|
TABLE 11.28 Titrimetric (Volumetric) Factors |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acids |
|
|
|
|
The following factors are the equivalent of 1 mL of |
normal acid. |
Where the normality of the solution being used |
is other than normal, multiply the factors given in the table below by the normality of the solution employed. The equivalents of the esters are based on the results of saponification.
The indicators methyl orange and phenolphthalein are indicated by the abbreviations MO and pH, respectively.
Substance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Formula |
Grams |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ammonia |
NH |
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.017031 |
Ammonium |
NH |
|
|
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.018039 |
Ammonium chloride |
NH |
|
|
4 Cl |
|
|
|
|
0.053492 |
||
Ammonium hydroxide |
NH |
|
|
4 OH |
|
|
|
|
|
0.035046 |
|
Ammonium oleate |
C |
17 |
|
H |
33 |
|
CO |
2 NH |
4 |
0.29950 |
|
Ammonium oxide |
(NH |
|
|
4 )2 O |
|
|
|
0.026038 |
|||
Amyl acetate |
CH |
|
|
3 CO |
|
|
2 C |
5 H |
11 |
0.13019 |
|
Barium carbonate (MO) |
BaCO |
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
0.09867 |
Barium hydroxide |
Ba(OH) |
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
0.085677 |
|
Barium oxide |
BaO |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.07667 |
Bornyl acetate |
CH |
|
|
3 CO |
|
|
2 C |
10 H |
17 |
0.19629 |
|
Calcium carbonate (MO) |
CaCO |
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
0.05004 |
Calcium hydroxide |
Ca(OH) |
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
0.037047 |
|
Calcium oleate |
(C |
|
17 |
H |
|
33 |
CO |
2 ) 2 Ca |
0.30150 |
||
Calcium oxide |
CaO |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.02804 |
Calcium stearate |
(C |
|
17 |
H |
|
35 |
CO |
2 ) 2 Ca |
0.30352 |
||
Casein (N 6.38) |
|
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
0.089371 |
||||||||
Ethyl acetate |
|
CH |
|
3 CO |
|
|
2 C |
2 H |
5 |
0.088107 |
|
Glue (N 5.60) |
|
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
0.078445 |
||||||||
Hydrochloric acid |
HCl |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.036461 |
Magnesium carbonate (MO) |
MgCO |
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
0.04216 |
Magnesium oxide |
MgO |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.02016 |
Menthyl acetate |
CH |
|
|
3 CO |
|
|
2 C |
10 H |
19 |
0.19831 |
|
Methyl acetate |
CH |
|
|
3 CO |
|
|
2 CH |
3 |
|
0.074080 |
|
Nicotine |
C |
10 |
|
H |
14 |
|
N |
2 |
|
|
0.16224 |
Nitrogen |
N |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.014007 |
Potassium carbonate (MO) |
K |
2 CO |
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
0.06911 |
||
Potassium carbonate, acid (MO) |
KHCO |
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
0.10012 |
Potassium nitrate |
KNO |
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
0.10111 |
|
Potassium oleate |
|
C 17 |
|
H |
33 |
|
CO |
2 K |
|
0.32057 |
|
Potassium oxide |
K |
2 O |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.04710 |
|
Potassium stearate |
C 17 |
|
K |
35 |
|
CO |
2 K |
|
0.32258 |
||
Protein (N 5.70) |
|
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
0.079846 |
||||||||
Protein (N 6.25) |
|
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
0.087550 |
||||||||
Sodium acetate |
CH |
|
|
3 CO |
|
|
2 Na |
|
|
0.082035 |
|
Sodium acetate |
CH |
|
|
3 CO |
|
|
2 Na · 3H 2 O |
0.13608 |
|||
Sodium borate, tetra- (MO) |
Na |
|
2 B |
4 O |
7 |
|
|
0.10061 |
|||
Sodium borate, tetra- (MO) |
Na |
|
2 B |
4 O |
7 · 10H |
2 O |
0.19069 |
||||
Sodium carbonate (MO) |
Na |
|
2 CO |
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
0.052994 |
|
Sodium carbonate (MO) |
Na |
|
2 CO |
|
|
3 |
· H 2 O |
|
0.062002 |
||
Sodium carbonate (MO) |
Na |
|
2 CO |
|
|
3 |
· 10H |
2 O |
0.14307 |
||
Sodium carbonate, acid (MO) |
NaHCO |
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
0.084007 |
Sodium hydroxide |
NaOH |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.39997 |
|
Sodium oleate |
C |
17 |
|
H |
33 |
|
CO |
2 Na |
|
0.30445 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PRACTICAL LABORATORY INFORMATION |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
11.77 |
TABLE 11.28 Titrimetric (Volumetric) Factors ( Continued |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acids ( |
continued |
|
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Substance |
|
|
|
|
|
Formula |
Grams |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sodium oxalate |
|
Na |
2 C |
2 O |
4 |
|
0.067000 |
|
Sodium oxide |
|
Na |
2 O |
|
|
|
0.030990 |
|
Sodium phosphate (MO) |
Na |
|
2 |
HPO |
4 |
|
0.14196 |
|
Sodium phosphate (MO) |
Na |
|
2 |
PHO |
4 |
· 12H 2 O |
0.35814 |
|
Sodium phosphate (MO) |
Na |
|
3 |
PO |
4 |
|
|
0.081970 |
Sodium phosphate (PH) |
Na |
|
3 |
PO |
4 |
|
|
0.16394 |
Sodium silicate |
|
Na |
2 Si 4 O |
9 |
|
0.15111 |
||
Sodium stearate |
|
C |
17 |
H |
35 CO |
|
2 Na |
0.30647 |
Sodium sulfide (MO) |
Na |
|
2 |
S |
|
|
|
0.039022 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Alkali |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
The following factors are the equivalent of the milliliter ofnormal alkali. |
Where the normality of the solution |
|||||||
being used is other than normal, multiply the factors given in the table below by the normality of the solution employed.
The equivalents of the esters are based on the results of saponification.
The indicators methyl orange and phenolphthalein are indicated by the abbreviations MO and PH, respectively.
Substance |
|
|
|
|
|
Formula |
Grams |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Abietic acid (PH) |
HC |
20 |
H |
29 |
O |
|
2 |
|
0.30246 |
|
Acetic acid (PH) |
CH |
3 CO |
|
2 H |
|
|
|
0.06005 |
||
Acetic anhydride (PH) |
(CH |
|
3 |
CO) |
|
2 O |
|
0.051045 |
||
Aluminum sulfate |
Al |
2 (SO |
4 ) 3 |
|
|
|
0.05702 |
|||
Amyl acetate |
CH |
3 CO |
|
2 C |
|
5 H |
11 |
0.13019 |
||
Benzoic acid (PH) |
C |
6 H |
5 |
CO |
|
2 H |
|
|
0.12212 |
|
Borate tetra- (PH) |
B |
4 O |
7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.03881 |
Boric acid (PH) |
H |
3 BO |
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
0.061833 |
Boric anhydride (PH) |
B |
2 O |
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.03486 |
Bornyl acetate |
CH |
3 CO |
|
2 C |
|
10 H |
17 |
0.19629 |
||
Butyric acid (PH) |
C |
3 H |
7 |
CO |
|
2 H |
|
|
0.088107 |
|
Calcium acetate |
(CH |
|
3 |
CO |
|
2 ) 2 Ca |
|
0.079085 |
||
Calcium oleate |
(C |
17 |
H |
33 |
CO |
|
2 ) 2 Ca |
0.30150 |
||
Calcium stearate |
(C |
17 |
H |
35 |
CO |
|
2 ) 2 Ca |
0.30352 |
||
Carbon dioxide (PH) |
CO |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.022005 |
Chlorine |
Cl |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.035453 |
Citric acid (PH) |
H |
3 C |
6 |
H |
5 O |
7 |
· H 2 O |
0.070047 |
||
Ethyl acetate |
CH |
3 CO |
|
2 C |
|
2 H |
5 |
0.088107 |
||
Formaldehyde |
HCHO |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.030026 |
Formic acid (PH) |
HCO |
|
|
2 H |
|
|
|
|
|
0.046026 |
Glycerol (sap. of acetyl) |
C |
3 H |
5 |
(OH) |
|
|
3 |
|
0.030698 |
|
Hydriodic acid |
HI |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.12791 |
Hydrobromic acid |
HBr |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.080917 |
Hydrochloric acid |
HCl |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.036461 |
Lactic acid (PH) |
HC |
3 H |
5 O |
3 |
|
|
|
0.090079 |
||
Lead acetate |
(CH |
|
3 |
CO |
|
2 ) 2 Pb · 3H 2 O |
0.18966 |
|||
Maleic acid (PH) |
(CHCO |
|
|
|
|
2 H) |
2 |
|
0.058037 |
|
Malic acid (PH) |
H |
2 C |
4 |
H |
4 O |
5 |
|
|
0.067045 |
|
Menthol (sap. of acetyl) |
C |
10 H |
|
19 |
OH |
|
|
|
0.15627 |
|
11.78 |
SECTION 11 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
TABLE 11.28 Titrimetric (Volumetric) Factors ( |
Continued |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
Alkali ( |
continued |
|
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
Substance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Formula |
Grams |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
Menthyl acetate |
|
|
|
CH |
|
3 CO |
2 C |
10 |
H |
19 |
0.19831 |
|||
Methyl acetate |
|
|
|
CH |
|
3 CO |
2 CH |
|
3 |
|
0.074080 |
|||
Nitrate |
|
|
|
NO |
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.062005 |
Nitric acid |
|
|
|
HNO |
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
0.063013 |
Nitrogen |
|
|
|
N |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.014007 |
Nitrogen pentoxide |
|
|
|
N |
2 O |
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.054005 |
|
Oleic acid (PH) |
|
|
C |
|
17 |
H |
|
33 |
CO |
|
2 H |
|
|
0.28247 |
Oxalic acid (PH) |
|
|
(CO |
|
|
|
2 H) |
2 |
|
|
|
|
0.045018 |
|
Oxalic acid (PH) |
|
|
(CO |
|
|
|
2 H) |
2 |
· 2H |
|
2 O |
0.063033 |
||
Phosphoric acid (MO) |
|
H |
|
|
3 PO |
|
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
0.097995 |
|
Phosphoric acid (PH) |
|
|
H |
|
3 PO |
|
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
0.048998 |
|
Potassium carbonate, acid (MO) |
|
|
KHCO |
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
0.10012 |
Potassium oleate |
|
|
|
C 17 |
K |
|
33 |
CO |
|
2 K |
|
|
0.32056 |
|
Potassium oxalate, acid (PH) |
|
|
KHC |
|
|
|
2 O |
4 |
|
|
|
|
0.12813 |
|
Potassium phthalate, acid (PH) |
|
|
HC |
|
|
8 H |
4 O |
4 K |
|
|
|
0.20423 |
||
Potassium stearate |
|
|
|
C 17 |
H |
|
35 |
CO |
|
2 K |
|
|
0.32258 |
|
Sodium benzoate |
|
|
|
C |
6 H |
5 CO |
|
2 Na |
|
|
0.14411 |
|||
Sodium borate, tetra- (PH) |
|
|
|
Na |
|
2 B |
4 O |
7 |
|
|
|
|
0.050305 |
|
Sodium borate, tetra- (PH) |
|
|
|
Na |
|
2 B |
4 O |
7 |
· 10H |
2 O |
0.095343 |
|||
Sodium carbonate, acid (MO) |
|
|
NaHCO |
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
0.084007 |
Sodium oleate |
|
|
|
C |
17 |
H |
|
33 |
CO |
|
2 Na |
|
0.30445 |
|
Sodium salicylate |
|
|
|
C |
6 H |
5 OCO |
|
2 Na |
|
0.16011 |
||||
Stearic acid (PH) |
|
|
C |
|
17 |
H |
|
35 |
CO |
|
2 H |
|
|
0.28449 |
Succinic acid (PH) |
|
|
(CH |
|
|
|
2 CO |
|
2 H) |
2 |
|
0.059045 |
||
Sulfate |
|
|
|
SO |
|
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.048031 |
Sulfur dioxide (PH) |
|
|
SO |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.032031 |
|
Sulfur trioxide |
|
|
|
SO |
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.040031 |
|
Sulfuric acid |
|
|
|
H |
2 SO |
|
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
0.049039 |
|
Sulfurous acid (PH) |
|
|
H |
|
2 SO |
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
0.041039 |
|
Tartaric acid (PH) |
|
|
H |
|
2 C |
4 H |
4 O |
6 |
|
|
|
0.075044 |
||
Tartaric acid (PH) |
|
|
H |
|
2 C |
4 H |
4 O |
6 |
· H 2 O |
0.084052 |
||||
|
Iodine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
The following factors are the equivalent of 1 mL of |
normal iodine. |
|
|
|
Where the normality of the solution being |
|||||||||
used is other than normal, multiply the factors given in the table below by the normality of the solution employed.
Substance |
|
|
Formula |
Grams |
|
|
|
|
|
Acetone |
(CH |
|
3 )2 CO |
0.0096801 |
Ammonium chromate |
(NH |
|
4 )2 CrO 4 |
0.050690 |
Antimony |
Sb |
|
|
0.06088 |
Antimony trioxide |
Sb |
2 O |
3 |
0.07287 |
Arsenic |
As |
|
|
0.037461 |
Arsenic pentoxide |
As |
2 O |
5 |
0.057460 |
Arsenic trioxide |
As |
2 O |
3 |
0.049460 |
Arsenite |
AsO |
|
3 |
0.061460 |
Bleaching powder |
CaOCl |
|
2 |
0.063493 |
Bromine |
Br |
|
|
0.079909 |
Chlorine |
Cl |
|
|
0.035453 |
Chromic oxide |
Cr |
2 O |
3 |
0.02533 |
|
|
|
|
|
PRACTICAL LABORATORY INFORMATION |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
11.79 |
|||
TABLE 11.28 Titrimetric (Volumetric) Factors ( |
Continued |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
Iodine (continued |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Substance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Formula |
|
Grams |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chromium trioxide |
|
|
CrO |
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
0.033331 |
Copper |
|
|
Cu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.06354 |
Copper oxide |
|
|
CuO |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.07954 |
Copper sulfate |
|
|
CuSO |
|
|
|
4 |
|
|
|
0.15960 |
|
Copper sulfate |
|
|
CuSO |
|
|
|
4 · 5H |
2 O |
|
0.24968 |
||
Ferric iron |
|
|
Fe |
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
0.05585 |
|
Ferric oxide |
|
|
Fe |
|
2 O |
3 |
|
|
|
|
0.07985 |
|
Hydrogen sulfide |
|
|
H |
2 S |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.017040 |
|
Iodine |
|
|
I |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.126904 |
Lead chromate |
|
|
PbCrO |
|
|
|
|
4 |
|
|
|
0.10773 |
Lead dioxide |
|
|
PbO |
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
0.11959 |
Nitrous acid |
|
|
HNO |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0.023507 |
Oxygen |
|
|
O |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.0079997 |
Potassium chlorate |
|
|
KClO |
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
0.020426 |
|
Potassium chromate |
|
|
K |
2 CrO |
|
4 |
|
|
|
0.064733 |
||
Potassium dichromate |
|
|
K |
2 Cr |
2 O |
7 |
|
|
0.049032 |
|||
Potassium nitrite |
|
|
KNO |
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0.042554 |
|
Potassium permanganate |
|
|
KMnO |
|
|
|
|
4 |
|
|
|
0.031608 |
Red lead |
|
|
Pb |
|
3 O |
4 |
|
|
|
|
0.34278 |
|
Sodium chromate |
|
|
Na |
|
2 |
CrO |
|
4 |
|
|
0.053991 |
|
Sodium dichromate |
|
|
Na |
|
2 |
Cr |
2 O |
7 |
|
|
0.043661 |
|
Sodium dichromate |
|
|
Na |
|
2 |
Cr |
2 O |
7 · 2H 2 O |
|
0.049666 |
||
Sodium nitrite |
|
|
NaNO |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
0.034498 |
|
Sodium sulfide |
|
|
Na |
|
2 |
S |
|
|
|
|
|
0.039022 |
Sodium sulfide |
|
|
Na |
|
2 |
S · 9H |
2 O |
|
|
0.12009 |
||
Sodium sulfite |
|
|
Na 2 |
SO |
|
3 |
|
|
|
0.063021 |
||
Sodium sulfite |
|
|
Na |
2 |
SO |
|
3 |
· 7H |
2 O |
|
0.12607 |
|
Sodium thiosulfate |
|
|
Na |
|
2 |
S 2 O |
3 |
|
|
0.15811 |
||
Sulfur |
|
|
S |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.016032 |
Sulfur dioxide |
|
|
SO |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.032031 |
Sulfurous acid |
|
|
H |
2 SO |
|
3 |
|
|
|
0.041039 |
||
Tin |
|
|
Sn |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.059345 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
Potassium dichromate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
The following factors are the equivalent of 1 mL of |
normal potassium dichromate. |
|
Where the normality of the |
|||||||||
solution being used is other than normal, multiply the factors given in the table below by the normality of the solution employed.
Substance |
|
|
|
Formula |
Grams |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chromic oxide |
Cr |
2 |
O |
3 |
|
0.025332 |
Chromium trioxide |
CrO |
|
|
3 |
|
0.033331 |
Ferrous iron |
|
Fe 2 |
|
|
0.055847 |
|
Ferrous oxide |
|
FeO |
|
|
|
0.071846 |
Ferroso-ferric oxide |
|
Fe3 |
O |
4 |
|
0.077180 |
Ferrous sulfate |
|
FeSO |
4 |
|
0.15191 |
|
Ferrous sulfate |
|
FeSO |
4 · 7H |
2 O |
0.27802 |
|
Glycerol |
C |
3 H |
5 (OH) |
3 |
0.0065782 |
|
Lead chromate |
PbCrO |
|
4 |
|
0.10773 |
|
Zinc |
Zn |
|
|
|
0.032685 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
11.80 |
SECTION 11 |
|
|
|
TABLE 11.28 |
Titrimetric (Volumetric) Factors ( |
Continued |
) |
|
|
|
|
||
|
Potassium permanganate |
|
||
|
|
|
||
The following factors are the equivalent of 1 mL of |
normal potassium permanganate. |
Where the normality of |
||
the solution being used is other than normal, multiply the factors given in the table below by the normality of the solution employed.
Substance |
|
|
|
|
|
Formula |
Grams |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ammonium oxalate |
(NH |
|
4 )2 C |
|
2 O |
4 |
|
0.062049 |
|
Ammonium oxalate |
(NH |
|
4 )2 C |
|
2 O |
4 |
· H 2 O |
0.071056 |
|
Ammonium peroxydisulfate |
(NH |
|
4 )2 S 2 O |
8 |
|
0.11410 |
|||
Antimony |
Sb |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.060875 |
Barium peroxide |
BaO |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
0.084669 |
Barium peroxide |
BaO |
|
2 · 8H |
2 O |
|
0.15673 |
|||
Calcium carbonate |
CaCO |
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
0.050045 |
|
Calcium oxide |
CaO |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.02804 |
Calcium peroxide |
CaO |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
0.036039 |
Calcium sulfate |
CaSO |
|
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
0.068071 |
Calcium sulfate |
CaSO |
|
4 |
· 2H |
2 O |
0.086086 |
|||
Ferric oxide |
Fe |
2 O |
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
0.079846 |
Ferroso-ferric oxide |
Fe3 O |
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
0.077180 |
|
Ferrous ammonium sulfate |
Fe(NH |
|
4 )2 (SO |
4 )2 · 6H 2 O |
0.39214 |
||||
Ferrous oxide |
FeO |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.071846 |
|
Ferrous sulfate |
FeSO |
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
0.15191 |
|
Ferrous sulfate |
FeSO |
4 |
· 7H |
2 O |
|
0.27802 |
|||
Formic acid |
HCO |
|
2 H |
|
|
|
|
0.023013 |
|
Hydrogen peroxide |
H |
2 O |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
0.017007 |
Iodine |
I |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.126904 |
Iron |
Fe |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.055847 |
Manganese |
Mn |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.010988 |
Manganese dioxide |
MnO |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
0.043468 |
Manganous oxide (Volhard) |
MnO |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.035469 |
Molybdenum trioxide titration from yellow ppt. |
MoO |
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
0.047979 |
|
after reduction |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Oxalic acid |
(CO |
|
2 H) |
|
2 |
|
|
|
0.045018 |
Oxalic acid |
(CO |
|
2 H) |
|
2 |
· 2H |
2 O |
0.063033 |
|
Phosphorus titration from yellow ppt. after reduc- |
P |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.0008604 |
tion |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Phosphorus pentoxide to titration from yellow ppt. |
P 2 O 5 |
|
|
|
|
|
0.0019715 |
||
after reduction |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Potassium dichromate |
K |
2 Cr |
2 O |
|
7 |
|
|
|
0.049032 |
Potassium nitrite |
KNO |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
0.042552 |
|
Potassium persulfate |
K |
2 S 2 O |
8 |
|
|
|
|
0.13516 |
|
Sodium nitrite |
NaNO |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0.034498 |
|
Sodium oxalate |
Na |
2 C 2 O |
4 |
|
|
|
0.067000 |
||
Sodium persulfate |
Na |
2 S 2 O |
|
8 |
|
|
|
0.11905 |
|
Tin |
Sn |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.059345 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PRACTICAL LABORATORY |
INFORMATION |
|
|
|
11.81 |
||
TABLE 11.28 Titrimetric (Volumetric) Factors ( |
Continued |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Silver nitrate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The following factors are the equivalent of 1 mL of |
normal silver |
nitrate. |
Where the |
normality of the solution |
|||
being used is other than normal, multiply the factors given in the table below by the normality of the solution |
|
|
|||||
employed. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Substance |
|
|
|
Formula |
|
Grams |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ammonium bromide |
NH |
|
|
4Br |
|
|
0.097948 |
Ammonium chloride |
NH |
|
|
4Cl |
|
|
0.053492 |
Ammonium iodide |
|
NH |
|
4I |
|
|
0.14494 |
Ammonium thiocyanate |
NH |
|
|
4SCN |
|
|
0.076120 |
Barium chloride |
|
BaCl |
|
2 |
|
|
0.10412 |
Barium chloride |
|
BaCl |
|
2 · 2H2O |
|
0.12214 |
|
Bromine |
|
Br |
|
|
|
|
0.079909 |
Cadmium chloride |
|
CdCl |
|
2 |
|
|
0.091653 |
Cadmium iodide |
|
CdI |
2 |
|
|
0.18310 |
|
Calcium chloride |
|
CaCl |
|
2 |
|
|
0.055493 |
Chlorine |
|
Cl |
|
|
|
|
0.035453 |
Ferric chloride |
|
FeCl |
|
3 |
|
|
0.054069 |
Ferrous chloride |
|
FeCl |
|
2 |
|
|
0.063377 |
Hydriodic acid |
|
HI |
|
|
|
0.12791 |
|
Hydrobromic acid |
|
HBr |
|
|
|
|
0.080917 |
Hydrochloric acid |
|
HCl |
|
|
|
|
0.036461 |
Iodine |
|
I |
|
|
|
|
0.126904 |
Lithium chloride |
|
LiCl |
|
|
|
|
0.042392 |
Lead chloride |
|
PbCl |
2 |
|
|
0.13905 |
|
Magnesium chloride |
MgCl |
|
|
2 |
|
|
0.047609 |
Magnesium chloride |
MgCl |
|
|
2 · 6H2O |
|
0.10166 |
|
Potassium bromide |
|
KBr |
|
|
|
0.11901 |
|
Potassium chloride |
|
KCl |
|
|
|
0.074555 |
|
Potassium iodide |
|
KI |
|
|
|
0.16601 |
|
Potassium oxide |
|
K |
|
2O |
|
0.047102 |
|
Potassium thiocyanate |
KSCN |
|
|
|
|
0.097184 |
|
Silver |
|
Ag |
|
|
|
0.10787 |
|
Silver iodide |
|
AgI |
|
|
0.23477 |
||
Silver nitrate |
|
AgNO |
|
|
3 |
0.16987 |
|
Sodium bromide |
|
NaBr |
|
|
|
0.10290 |
|
Sodium bromide |
|
NaBr · 2H |
2O |
0.13893 |
|||
Sodium chloride |
|
NaCl |
|
|
|
0.058443 |
|
Sodium iodide |
|
NaI |
|
|
|
0.14989 |
|
Sodium iodide |
|
NaI · 2H |
2O |
0.18592 |
|||
Sodium oxide |
|
Na |
|
2O |
|
0.030990 |
|
Strontium chloride |
|
SrCl |
|
2 |
|
0.079263 |
|
Strontium chloride |
|
SrCl |
|
2 · 6H2O |
0.13331 |
||
Zinc chloride |
|
ZnCl |
|
2 |
|
0.068138 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|