2. Study the vocabulary:

1. Expand расширяться

2. security гарантия

3. yield урожай

4. slow замедляться

5. primarily прежде всего, главным образом

6. level уровень

7. salinity соленость

8. waterlogging затопление, заболачивание

9. tubewell

10. lower понижать

11. extraction извлечение, добывание

12. small-holder мелкий собственник, мелкий арендатор

TEXT 6. IRRIGATION WATER SUPPLIED FROM LARGE DAMS

Irrigation is the single largest consumptive use of fresh water in the world today. It is linked to food production and food security. About one fifth of the world’s agricultural land is irrigated , and irrigated agriculture accounts for about 40% of the world’s agricultural production . The total area irrigated expanded dramatically during the first years of the green revolution in the 1960s, increasing yields and bringing down food prices. From 1970 to 1982, global growth in the irrigated area slowed to 2%a year. In the post green revolution period between 1982 and 1994 it declined to an annual average of 1.3%.

Half the world’s large dams were built exclusively or primarily for irrigation, and an estimated 30 to 40% of the 268 million hectares of irrigated lands worldwide rely on dams. Ground water irrigation typically has higher yields, for a given amount of water, than surface water irrigation because of better control of the resource at farm level.

Four countries – China, India, United States and Pakistan account for more than 50% of the world’s total irrigated area. Dams supply the water for almost 100% of irrigated production in Egypt – most coming from the Aswan High Dam – while in Nepal and Bangladesh dams provide only 1% of irrigation water. In the two countries with the largest irrigated areas – India and China- official statistics suggest large dams supply approximately 300 to 35% of irrigation water, with the balance coming mainly from ground water sources.

Unsustainable irrigation practices have affected more than a fifth o the world’s irrigated area in arid and semi-arid regions. As a result, soil salinity and waterlogging either make agriculture impossible, or limit yields and the types of crop that can be grown. In other regions, over-use of tubewells has depleted ground water aquifers, lowering water tables and making extraction increasingly expensive and especially difficult for small-holders.

LESSON 7

1. Study the vocabulary:

1. Reliable надежный

2. drought-prone склонный к засухе

3. consider считать, рассматривать

4. designate предназначать

5. extent степень, мера

6. location район

7. whereas тогда как

8. Read the text and answer the questions:

- What is the share of hydropower in the world’s total electricity supply?

- Why was hydropower especially attractive to governments with limited fossil fuel resources?

TEXT 7. WATER FOR INDUSTRIAL USE AND URBAN CENTRES

Globally, urban water consumption accounts for 7% of total freshwater withdrawals from rivers, and 22% from lakes. Many reservoirs were built to provide a reliable supply of water to meet rapidly growing urban and industrial needs, especially in drought-prone regions where natural ground water sources and existing lakes or rivers were considered inadequate to meet all needs. Globally, about 12% of large dams are designated as water supply dams. About 60% of these dams are in North America and Europe.

The extent to which cities rely on dams and reservoirs for urban and industrial water varies greatly even within countries. In the Saxony region of Germany, reservoirs provide 40% of the water supplied to two million people, while Los Angeles derives 55% of its water supply from local ground water resources and 37% from a system of reservoirs and pipelines that bring water from more distant locations. Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam gets 89% of its water from surface sources, whereas Hanoi gets 100% from ground water.

9. Look in the text and find the adjectives that describe the following words:

1. reason ..…………………………………………

2. purpose ..………………………………………..

3. function ………………………………………….

4. electricity ………………………………………….

5. amount …………………………………………

6. source ………………………………………….

7. technology …………………………………………

8. use of water …………………………………………

9. life …………………………………………

10. scale …………………………………….

11. Levels of hydropower generation ……………………………