Анализ элементного состава почв. Йонко О.А

ɝɞɟ 0,0203 (1/2 MgO) – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ, ɝ/ɦɦɨɥɶ.

Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ

Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. 1. 10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ HCI: ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 1 ɥ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜɧɨɫɹɬ 236,4 ɦɥ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ.

2.10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NH4OH (ɫɦ. ɫɬɪ. 21).

3.10 % Na2HPO4: 10 ɝ Na2HPO4 ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 100 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ.

4.25 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NH4OH.

5.2,5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NH4OH: 100 ɦɥ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ NH4OH ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 900 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ.

6.1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ AgNO3.

7.HNO3 (ɩɥ. 1,4).

8.0,1 ɧ. ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ HCI ɢɥɢ H2SO4 ɝɨɬɨɜɹɬ ɢɡ ɮɢɤɫɚɧɚɥɚ.

9.0,1 ɧ. ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NaOH ɢɥɢ ɄɈɇ 0,4 ɝ NaOH ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɛɟ ɜ 40–50 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ 100 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ. Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ 0,1 ɧ ɮɢɤɫɚɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɭ HCI

ɢɥɢ H2SO4. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɪɭɬ 10 ɦɥ ɮɢɤɫɚɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ H2SO4 (0,1 ɧ), ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 2–3 ɤɚɩɥɢ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ Ƚɪɨɚɤɚ ɢ ɬɢɬɪɭɸɬ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ NaOH ɞɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɜ ɡɟɥɟɧɭɸ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ (Ɇ1) ɜɟɞɭɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:

M υV

M1 0 1 .

V2

ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ɆȺɊȽȺɇɐȺ ɉȿɊɆȺɇȽȺɇȺɌɇɕɆ ɎɈɌɈɆȿɌɊɂɑȿɋɄɂɆ ɆȿɌɈȾɈɆ (ɉȿɊɋɍɅɖɎȺɌɇɕɃ ȼȺɊɂȺɇɌ)

ɉɟɪɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɚ

(ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ) ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬ Mn2+ ɞɨ MnO4-: 2Mn2++5S2O82-+8H2O 2MnO4-+10SO42-+16H+,

ɬ. ɟ. Mn2+-5e Mn7+.

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Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ MnO4- ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɜ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɨɧ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɨɧ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:

2MnO4-+10CI+16H+=Mn2++5CI2+8H2O.

Ɉɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɇ3ɊɈ4, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɞɜɭɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ ɜ ɛɟɫɰɜɟɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɢɨɧ [Fe(PO4)2]3-. Ʉɨɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɮɨɬɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ. Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ İ = 2300 ɩɪɢ Ȝ = 525 ɧɦ.

ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɨɣ 20 ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɜɵɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɭɸ ɱɚɲɤɭ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ (ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ 72–93 ɦɦ) ɢ ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɛɚɧɟ ɞɨɫɭɯɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɭɸ ɫɨɥɹɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ.

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɨ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɢɰɵ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɞɧɨ ɱɚɲɟɱɤɢ ɤɚɩɥɹɦɢ HNO3 ɩɥ. 1,4. ɋɬɚɜɹɬ ɱɚɲɤɭ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɹɧɭɸ ɛɚɧɸ ɢ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɟɟ ɞɨɫɭɯɚ. Ɍɚɤɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɫɭɯɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɪɚɡ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ CI-.

Ɉɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ CI- ɢɞɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɨɜ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ:

NaCI, KCI, CaCI2, MgCI2, MnCI2, FeCI3, AICI3 ɢ ɞɪ.+nHNO3=NaNO3, KNO3, Ca(NO3)2, Mg(NO3)2, Mn(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)3, AI(NO3)3 ɢ ɞɪ.+nHCI.

ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ CI- ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɧɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɢɩɹɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ HCI.

ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɜ ɱɚɲɤɟ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ CI-, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ Fe2+ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɦɟɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ.

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ HNO3 ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɱɚɲɟɱɤɭ 25 ɦɥ 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ H2SO4, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 1 ɦɥ H3PO4 ɞɥɹ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɬɪɟɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ MnO4-, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɜɧɨɫɹɬ 2 ɦɥ 1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ AgNO3. Ɂɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɱɚɲɟɱɤɭ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ ɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɧɚ ɤɢɩɹɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɛɚɧɟ 30 ɦɢɧ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɨ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɨɜ ɯɥɨɪ – ɢɨɧɚ.

Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ (ɫɢɧɹɹ ɥɟɧɬɚ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ 7 ɦɦ), ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 100–150 ɦɥ.

ɉɟɪɟɞ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɨɬ ɫɥɟɞɨɜ ɯɥɨɪ – ɢɨɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ɉɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɞɨ 3-ɯ ɪɚɡ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɦ 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ H2SO4.

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ȿɫɥɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɱɚɲɟɱɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɭɬɧɵɦɢ, ɟɝɨ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɵɜɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ.

ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ, ɱɚɲɟɱɤɭ ɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ 3–4 ɪɚɡɚ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɦ 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ H2SO4. Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɟ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ 40 ɦɥ.

ɉɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ 1–2 ɝ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤɚ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɥɢɬɤɭ. ɇɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ, ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɫ ɨɝɧɹ, ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɦɢɧɭɬɵ ɬɪɢ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɪɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ. Ɉɯɥɚɠɞɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɨɣ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ (NH4)2S2O8 ɜ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɫɩɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɛɪɨɲɟɧ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤɚ.

ɉɟɪɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɣ, ɚ ɫ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɜɚɬɵɦ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɨɦ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɜ ɫɟɦɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɣ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ H2SO4 (ɩɥ. 1,84) ɞɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɜ ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤɚ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ.

Ɉɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɤɢɩɹɬɹɬ 2–3 ɦɢɧ., ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɩɟɪɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 50 ɢɥɢ 100 ɦɥ (ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ), ɨɩɨɥɚɫɤɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɤɨɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɮɨɬɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɨɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɟ.

ɉɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ.

Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɜɵɱɟɪɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɢ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɜ ɟɝɨ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ.

Ʉɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɜɵɱɟɪɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɦɢɥɥɢɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ, ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɹ ɩɨ ɨɫɢ ɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ, ɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɢ ɚɛɫɰɢɫɫ – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɨɜ, ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɹɞ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɧɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɹɦɭɸ, ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɭɸ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɬɨɱɤɚɦ.

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Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. ɂɡɦɟɪɢɜ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɨɫɢ ɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɬɨɱɤɭ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɫɢ ɚɛɫɰɢɫɫ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ ɢ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪ ɧɚ ɨɫɶ ɚɛɫɰɢɫɫ. ɉɨ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɚ ɫ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɫɶɸ ɨɬɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɜ ɦɝ.

ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ Mn(MnO), % ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:

Mn(MnO), % cυVO υ100 , Vɚɥ υɬυ1000

ɝɞɟ ɫ – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ ɜ ɦɝ MnO ɧɚ 100 ɦɥ;

ɦ – ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ;

V0 – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Si, ɦɥ;

Vɚɥ – ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɚ, ɦɥ.

Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:

Mn(MnO), % Ⱦɢɫɩ υɋɷɬ υVO υ100 ,

Ⱦɷɬ υmυVɚɥ υ1000

ɝɞɟ Ⱦɢɫɩ – ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɵɬɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ; Ⱦɷɬ – ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɛɥɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɟ ɤ ɢɫɩɵɬɭɟɦɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɭ; ɋɷɬ – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɦɝ/100 ɦɥ; ɦ – ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ;

V0 – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Si, ɦɥ;

Vɚɥ – ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɚ, ɦɥ.

ɗɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɵɣ, ɱɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ, ɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɟɦɭ ɩɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ.

Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ Mn ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ: Mn % = MnO %×0,774.

Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ

Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. 1. HNO3 ɩɥ. 1,4. 2. H2SO4 ɩɥ. 1,84.

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3.5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ H2SO4: ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 1 ɥ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜɧɨɫɹɬ 30 ɦɥ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ.

4.H3PO4 ɩɥ. 1,7.

5.1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ AgNO3.

6.ɉɟɪɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ (NH4)2S2O8.

7.ɗɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ MnO: 0,2228 ɝ ɯ. ɱ. KMnO4 ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 150-200 ɦɥ 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ H2SO4. ɉɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ 3 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ H2O2 ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɛɟɫɰɜɟɬɧɵɦ, ɟɝɨ ɤɢɩɹɬɹɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɢɧɭɬ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɢɫɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ. Ⱥɧɢɨɧ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:

MnO4-+5e+8H+=Mn2++4H2O.

Ɉɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɩɟɪɟɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 1 ɥ. Ⱦɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ H2SO4 ɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ 0,1 ɦɝ MnO ɜ 1 ɦɥ.

8. ɋɟɪɢɹ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ. Ȼɟɪɭɬ 5 ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤɨɜ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 100-150 ɦɥ ɢ ɨɬɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɨɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɢɥɥɢɥɢɬɪɨɜ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ:

ɉɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤ 30–40 ɦɥ 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ H2SO4, 1 ɦɥ H3PO4 (ɩɥ. 1,7), ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ 1 ɦɥ 1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ AgNO3 ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɩɟɪɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɨɦ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɨɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ.

Ɉɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɤɢɩɹɬɹɬ ɟɳɟ 2–3 ɦɢɧ, ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɧɚ 100 ɦɥ. Ⱦɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.

ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ɈɄɂɋɂ ɌɂɌȺɇȺ ɉȿɊɈɄɋɂȾɇɕɆ ɄɈɅɅɈɊɂɆȿɌɊɂɑȿɋɄɂɆ ɆȿɌɈȾɈɆ

ȼ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɬɢɬɚɧ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɤɫɢɞɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɠɟɥɬɨɨɪɚɧɠɟɜɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ [TiO×H2O2]2+. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɬɚɧɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɟ ɫ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɭɠɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ Fe (III).

Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɞɬɢɬɚɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɠɟɥɬɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ, ɩɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɬɢɬɚɧɚ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɤɢɫɶɸ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ.

Ti(SO4)2+H2O2=H2[TiO2(SO4)2].

35

Ɉɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ (5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ H2SO4) ɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɟ H2O2, ɩɨɧɢɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɸ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ.

Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɚ. Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɝɥɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ȿ = 550 ɩɪɢ Ȝ = 436 ɧɦ.

ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɬɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ.

ȼ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ MnO4-, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɩɟɪɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɤɚɩɥɹɦ 30 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɟɪɟɤɢɫɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɨ ɨɛɟɫɰɜɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ MnO4- ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɠɟɥɬɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɞɬɢɬɚɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɨɤɚ ɠɟɥɬɚɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ 2–3 ɤɚɩɟɥɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɟ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɬɶ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɤɸɜɟɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɮɨɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ.

Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. 1. 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ H2SO4 (30 ɦɥ H2SO4 ɩɥ. 1,84 ɧɚ 1 ɥ

ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ).

2. ɉɟɪɟɤɢɫɶ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ – 30 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ.

3. ɋɟɪɢɹ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ. ȿɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɜ 1 ɦɥ 0,1 ɦɝ TiO2.

Ȼɟɪɭɬ 5 ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɛ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 100 ɦɥ ɢ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɨɣ ɧɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ:

ȼ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ 1 ɦɥ 30 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ H2O2, ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ 5 % ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɮɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ.

ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ Ti(TiO2 ), % cυVO υ100 ,

Vɚɥ υɬυ1000

ɝɞɟ ɫ – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ ɜ ɦɝ Ti(TiO2) ɧɚ 100 ɦɥ;

ɦ – ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ;

V0 – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Si, ɦɥ; Vɚɥ – ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɚ, ɦɥ.

ɆȿɌɈȾ ɎɈɌɈɆȿɌɊɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂə ɎɈɋɎɈɊȺ

ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɮɨɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɠɟɥɬɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɨɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɨɜɭɸ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɩɨɥɢɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ ɇ3Ɋ(Ɇɨ3Ɉ10)4×10ɇ2Ɉ. Ɉɧɚ

36

ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɥɢɝɚɧɞɨɜ ɚɧɢɨɧɵ ɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (ɇ2Ɇɨ3Ɉ10). ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɮɨɫɮɚɬ-ɢɨɧɨɜ ɫ ɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɨɜɨɤɢɫɥɵɦ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɚɧɢɨɧɚ ɨɪɬɨɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɚɧɢɨɧɵ Ɇɨ3Ɉ102-,

ɇ3ɊɈ4+12(NH4)2MoO4+12H2SO4 H3PMo12O40+12(NH4)2SO4+12H2O.

ȼ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɠɟɥɬɨɣ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɨɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɨɜɨɣ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɩɨɥɢɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɫɥɚɛɚɹ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɟɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɫɢɧɢɣ ɰɜɟɬ.

ɉɪɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɹ (SnCI2) Mo(VI) ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɨɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɨɜɨɣ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɩɨɥɢɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ Ɇɨ(V) ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ «ɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɨ-ɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɧɶ».

ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ⱥɥɢɤɜɨɬɭ (5–10 ɦɥ) ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Si ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ 100 ɦɥ. ɇɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ, ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɥɢɬɤɢ, ɩɪɢɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɤɪɭɩɢɧɤɚɦ ɩɨɪɨɲɨɤ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɨɛɟɫɰɜɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ Fe (III) ɞɨ Fe(II). ɋɬɚɤɚɧ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ, ɨɛɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚɞ ɧɢɦ ɫɬɟɤɥɨ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ 100 ɦɥ. ɇɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ.

Ʉ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɭ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ 2–3 ɤɚɩɥɢ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ Į- ɢɥɢ ȕ- ɞɢɧɢɬɪɨɮɟɧɨɥɚ ɢ 10% ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɞɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɬɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ (ɪɇ 4,4 ɢɥɢ 4,0 ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ), ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬ 1-2 ɤɚɩɥɹɦɢ 10% ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ H2SO4, ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ 2/3 ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɤɨɥɛɵ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 4 ɦɥ 2,5% ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɦɨɥɢɛɞɚɬɚ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ (NH4)6Mo7O24×4H2O, ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ 10 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ H2SO4. Ⱦɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 6 ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ SnCI2. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɞɨɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɞɭ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ 10 ɦɢɧɭɬ. ɂɡɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɞɥɢɧ ɜɨɥɧ 724–740 ɧɦ (ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɫɜɟɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪ).

ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ Ɋ ɢɥɢ Ɋ2Ɉ5 ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:

ɝɞɟ ɫ – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ ɜ ɦɝ Ɋ(Ɋ2O5) ɧɚ 100 ɦɥ;

ɦ – ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ;

V0 – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Si, ɦɥ;

Vɚɥ – ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɚ, ɦɥ.

Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. 1. ɉɨɪɨɲɨɤ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ.

2. Į- ɞɢɧɢɬɪɨɮɟɧɨɥ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ (0,25 ɝ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 100 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ) ɢɥɢ ȕ- ɞɢɧɢɬɪɨɮɟɧɨɥ

0,1 %.

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3.10% ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɢɥɢ NaOH.

4.10% ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ H2SO4: ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 1 ɥ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜɧɨɫɹɬ 60,6 ɦɥ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ.

5.Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɨɜɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ ɜ 10 ɧ H2SO4. ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɸɬ 10 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ H2SO4: ɤ 500 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ, ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ 280 ɦɥ H2SO4 (ɩɥ. 1,84), ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ. ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɨɜɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ: 25 ɝ

((NH4)6Mo7O24×4H2O ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 200 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ, ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ. ȼɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɨɜɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ 1 ɥ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜ, ɯɪɚɧɹɬ ɜ ɛɭɬɵɥɢ ɢɡ ɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ.

6.ɋɜɟɠɟɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɢɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɨɥɨɜɚ. 0,25 ɝ

SnCI2×2H2O ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 10 ɦɥ 10% ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ HCI ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ (ɧɚ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɛɚɧɟ), ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ.

7.ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ: 0,1917 ɝ Ʉɇ2ɊɈ4 ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 1 ɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ 0,1 ɦɝ Ɋ2Ɉ5 ɜ 1 ɦɥ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ 0,2197 ɝ ɞɢɝɢɞɪɨɮɨɫɮɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɜ ɥɢɬɪɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ Ɋ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 0,05 ɦɝ/ɦɥ.

8.ɋɟɪɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ. ȼ ɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ 50-100 ɦɥ ɧɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɢ 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 ɢ 10 ɦɥ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ 10 ɪɚɡ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɱɬɨ

ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ 0,01; 0,02; 0,04; 0,06; 0,08; 0,1 ɦɝ Ɋ2Ɉ5 ɜ ɤɨɥɛɟ ɢɥɢ 0,005; 0,01; 0,02; 0,03; 0,04 ɢ 0,05 ɦɝ Ɋ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɟ. Ɉɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ, ɤɚɤ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ.

4.ȼɨɪɨɛɶɟɜɚ Ʌ.Ⱥ. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɱɜ / Ʌ.Ⱥ. ȼɨɪɨɛɶɟɜɚ. – Ɇ. :

ɆȽɍ. 2000. – ɫ.

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ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ

ɏɂɆɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɉɈɑȼ. ȼȺɅɈȼɈɃ ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɈɊȽȺɇɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ɂ ɆɂɇȿɊȺɅɖɇɈɃ ɑȺɋɌȿɃ ɉɈɑȼɕ ɍɱɟɛɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ

ɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ Ƀɨɧɤɨ Ɉɥɶɝɚ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɨɜɧɚ

Ɋɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ Ⱥ.ɉ. ȼɨɪɨɧɢɧɚ

ɉɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɱɚɬɶ 30.08.07. Ɏɨɪɦɚɬ 60×84/16. ɍɫɥ. ɩɟɱ. ɥ. 2,3. Ɍɢɪɚɠ 150 ɷɤɡ. Ɂɚɤɚɡ 1761.

ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨ-ɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ.

394000, ɝ. ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ, ɩɥ. ɢɦ. Ʌɟɧɢɧɚ, 10. Ɍɟɥ. 208-298, 598-026 (ɮɚɤɫ) http://www.ppc.vsu.ru; e-mail: pp_center@typ.vsu.ru

Ɉɬɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɨ ɜ ɬɢɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨ-ɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ.

394000, ɝ. ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ, ɭɥ. ɉɭɲɤɢɧɫɤɚɹ, 3. Ɍɟɥ. 204-133.

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