Анализ элементного состава почв. Йонко О.А

ɋɩɭɫɬɹ 30 ɦɢɧɭɬ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɟɟ ɩɨ ɞɧɭ. ȼɫɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɥɟɫɧɭɬɶ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NaOH. Ʉɨɥɛɭ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɩɨɤɨɟ ɧɚ 4–5 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɨɱɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ CO2, ɜɵɞɟɥɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ, ɜɵɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ, ɨɩɨɥɚɫɤɢɜɚɸɬ ɟɟ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɥɤɢ ɢ ɨɫɭɲɚɸɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɨɣ. ȼ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 2 ɤɚɩɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɮɟɧɨɥɮɬɚɥɟɢɧɚ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1 ɦɥ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ BaCI2. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ NaOH ɬɢɬɪɭɸɬ 0,2 ɦ HCI ɞɨ ɢɫɱɟɡɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɋɈ2 ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:

ɝɞɟ V – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɩɨɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ NaOH ɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɟ, ɦɥ;

V1 – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɩɨɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ NaOH ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɦɥ;

M – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ HCI, ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ; m – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɢ, ɝ;

0,022 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ (1/2 ɋɈ2) ɝ/ɦɦɨɥɶ; KW – ɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ

(KW<1).

Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. 1. 2 Ɇ HCI – 16,4 ɦɥ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ HCI (ɩɥ. 1,19) ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ 100 ɦɥ.

2.Ɏɟɧɨɥɮɬɚɥɟɢɧ, 1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ – 1 ɝ ɮɟɧɨɥɮɬɚɥɟɢɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 60 ɦɥ 96 % ɷɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɩɢɪɬɚ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ

100 ɦɥ.

3.0,2 Ɇ HCI – ɝɨɬɨɜɹɬ ɢɡ ɮɢɤɫɚɧɚɥɚ.

4.ɇɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ BaCI2 – ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ BaCI2×2H2O ɩɪɢ 600 ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 31,7 ɝ ɛɟɡɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ 100 ɝ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ

ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ 50 ɦɥ ɇ2Ɉ 31,7 ɝ BaCI2, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ 100 ɦɥ.

5.0,4 Ɇ NaOH – 31,3 ɝ NaOH ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 40 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɨɜɨɦ ɫɨɫɭɞɟ; ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ; ɡɚɬɟɦ 2,68 ɦɥ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ NaOH ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ

ɜɨɞɨɣ ɛɟɡ ɋɈ2 ɞɨ 100 ɦɥ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ 0,2 Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ HCI.

11

Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ

ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ȺɁɈɌȺ ɆȿɌɈȾɈɆ ɄɖȿɅɖȾȺɅə

Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ Ʉɶɟɥɶɞɚɥɹ. Ɉɧ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɭɱɟɬɟ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɡɨɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɱɜ ɤɢɩɹɳɟɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɩɨ Ʉɶɟɥɶɞɚɥɸ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɷɬɚɩɚ: ɨɡɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɬɝɨɧɤɭ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɡɨɬɚ.

ɉɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɤɢɩɹɳɟɣ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɋɈ2 ɢ ɇ2Ɉ, ɚɡɨɬ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɫ ɚɥɚɧɢɧɨɦ, ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɩɨɱɜ:

2CH3CHNH2COOH+13H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4+6CO2+16H2O+12SO2.

Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɫɟɪɵ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ ɚɡɨɬɚ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɫɟɪɵ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɥɹɥɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɤɨɥɛɵ Ʉɶɟɥɶɞɚɥɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɡɨɥɟɧɢɟ, ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɚɦɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɵ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɫɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɭ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ

CuSO4×H2O; HgO; Se ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɫɦɟɫɶ.

ɉɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɫɟɥɟɧ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɟɥɟɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ:

Se+2H2SO4=H2SeO3+2SO2+H2O/

ɋɟɥɟɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɹ ɫ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ ɞɨ ɋɈ2 ɢ ɇ2Ɉ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɥɟɧɚ.

2CH3CHNH2COOH+6H2SeO3=6CO2+10H2O+2NH3+6Se

ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɟɥɟɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɵɬɹɠɧɨɦ ɲɤɚɮɭ.

Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɚɡɨɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɬɢɬɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɸɬ NaOH:

(NH4)2SO4+2NaOH 2NH3+2H2O+Na2SO4,

ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɚɦɦɢɚɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɬ ɛɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ. ɉɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɫ ɛɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɪɚɬ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ:

12

NH3+H3BO3=NH4++H2BO3-,

ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɛɨɪɚɬ – ɢɨɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ: H2BO3-+H+ H3BO3.

ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɬɢɬɟɥɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɢɥɥɢɦɨɥɟɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ H2SO4, ɜɡɹɬɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ, ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɢɥɥɢɦɨɥɟɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ H2SO4, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ.

ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɫɚɯ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɩɨɱɜɵ 1–5 ɝ. ɉɨɱɜɭ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɭ Ʉɶɟɥɶɞɚɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ.

Ɍɪɭɛɤɭ ɧɚɞɟɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɹɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ, ɢ, ɞɟɪɠɚ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ, ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɟɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɞɨ ɞɧɚ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɭ Ʉɶɟɥɶɞɚɥɹ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɫ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɧɢɡ ɞɧɨɦ, ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɫɵɩɚɹ ɩɨɱɜɭ. ȼ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ, ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɦɟɞɢ ɢ ɫɟɥɟɧɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ 10 ɦɥ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ H2SO4, ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ.

ɋɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɜɫɹ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɦɨɱɟɧɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ. Ʉɨɥɛɵ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɡɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ ɜ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɥɨ ɢɡ ɤɨɥɛɵ. Ɉɡɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɜɵɬɹɠɧɨɦ ɲɤɚɮɭ. ɇɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɢ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɟɫɰɜɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɡɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɨɡɨɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɱɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ.

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ, ɦɚɥɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ, ɩɨ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦ, ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ. Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɛɭɪɧɨ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɢɬɶ ɨɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɨɱɤɚɯ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ Ʉɶɟɥɶɞɚɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɥɛɭ Ʉɶɟɥɶɞɚɥɹ ɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɬɜɨɪ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ. ȼɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ 400 ɦɥ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ.

Ƚɨɬɨɜɹɬ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤ (ɤɨɥɛɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ 250 ɦɥ) ɫ ɩɨɝɥɨɬɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɢɠɟɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ.

1-ɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ: ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɢ 20 ɦɥ 0,02–0,01 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ H2SO4 ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ Ƚɪɨɚɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ.

13

2-ɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ: ɢɡ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ 10 ɦɥ 2 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɛɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ 10 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ Ƚɪɨɚɤɚ.

ɉɪɢɟɦɧɢɤ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ ɫ ɲɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ.

Ɂɚɬɟɦ, ɞɟɪɠɚ ɨɬɝɨɧɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɜ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ, ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɦ 40 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NaOH ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɪɚɡɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ H2SO4, ɜɡɹɬɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ȼ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɫɩɢɪɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɚ ɮɟɧɨɥɮɬɚɥɟɢɧɚ, ɤɥɚɞɭɬ ɤɭɫɨɱɟɤ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ, ɝɪɚɧɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɧɤ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɨɥɛɭ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɛɤɨɣ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɟ ɨɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ

ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɭ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɧɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ, ɛɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɜɡɪɵɜɭ!!! ɋɪɚɡɭ ɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ,

ɤɨɥɛɵ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɞɨ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɢɩɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɢ ɧɟɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɬɝɨɧɤɢ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ

ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɡɚɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɥɛɵ-ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɤɭ ɫ ɲɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ. ɉɟɪɟɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɦ ɜɡɪɵɜɨɦ. ȼɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɡɪɵɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɦ, ɧɟɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɡɚɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɤɭ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɢ ɜɵɧɭɬɶ ɬɪɭɛɤɭ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. ɋɩɭɫɬɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɧɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɨɥɛɭ-ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ, ɢ ɬɪɭɛɤɭ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɜɵɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɬɝɨɧɤɭ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɚɦɦɢɚɤ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɞɚɥɟɧ ɢɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. ɉɨɥɧɨɬɭ ɨɬɝɨɧɤɢ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɨɦ ɇɟɫɥɟɪɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɛɤɭ ɫɩɨɥɚɫɤɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɤɚɩɥɹɦɢ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤ; ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɬɚ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɭɸ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɭɸ ɱɚɲɤɭ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɚɩɥɸ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɚ ɇɟɫɥɟɪɚ ɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɨɬɝɨɧɤɭ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɬ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɟ-ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɟ ɬɢɬɪɭɸɬ ɜ 1 ɫɥɭɱɚɟ: ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ NaOH, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɜɡɹɬɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ; ɜɨ 2 ɫɥɭɱɚɟ: 0,02 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ H2SO4. ɉɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɨɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ 1 ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:

N % [V1 υ H1 (V2 V3 )υ H2 ]υ0,014υ100 , mυ KW

ɝɞɟ V1 – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɜɡɹɬɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ, ɦɥ;

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H1 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (1/2 H2SO4) ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ;

V2 – ɨɛɴɟɦ NaOH, ɩɨɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɩɪɨɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɣ ɫ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɨɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɦɥ;

V3 – ɨɛɴɟɦ NaOH, ɩɨɲɟɞɲɟɣ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ, ɦɥ; H2 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ NaOH, ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ;

m – ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ;

0,014 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɚɡɨɬɚ, ɝ/ɦɦɨɥɶ;

KW – ɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ (KW<1).

ȼɨ 2 ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:

N % (V V1)υ H υ0,014υ100 , mυ K υW

ɝɞɟ V – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɩɨɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɪɚɬ – ɢɨɧɨɜ, ɦɥ;

V1 – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɩɨɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɪɚɬ – ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɟ, ɦɥ;

H – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (1/2 H2SO4) ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ;

m – ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ;

0,014 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɝ/ɦɦɨɥɶ.

Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. 1. ɋɟɪɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ (ɩɥ. 1,84).

2.Ʉɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ K2SO4+CuSO4×5H2O+Se ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ 100:10:1. ɇɚɜɟɫɤɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɭɸ ɫɬɭɩɤɭ, ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɪɚɸɬ.

3.10 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ (40 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ) NaOH ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɵɣ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ, ɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ 1 ɥ. Ʉ 600 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 400 ɝ NaOH ɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɞɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ.

4.2 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɛɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (H3BO3): 2 ɝ ɛɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ, ɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɦ 100 ɦɥ. ȼ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ 100 ɦɥ;

5.ɂɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ƚɪɨɚɤɚ: 1 ɨɛɴɟɦ 0,4 % ɫɩɢɪɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫ 1 ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ 0,2 % ɫɩɢɪɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɥɭɛɨɝɨ. ɗɬɨɬ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ ɜ ɭɡɤɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɪɇ (5,2–5,6) ɢɡ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɤɪɚɫɧɨ-ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɭɸ.

Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɝɨɧɤɢ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɇ>5,6, ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ

ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɨɥɢ (NH4)3BO3, ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɪɇ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɠɟɥɬɭɸ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ, ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɝɨɥɭɛɨɣ – ɫɢɧɸɸ, ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɨ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.

15

6. 0,01 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɤɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ 0,1 ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ H2SO4 ɢɥɢ HCI, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɮɢɤɫɚɧɚɥɚ.

Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ

ɊȺɁɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ ɉɈɑȼɕ ɋɉɅȺȼɅȿɇɂȿɆ ɋ ɍȽɅȿɄɂɋɅɕɆ ɄȺɅɂȿɆ ɂ ɇȺɌɊɂȿɆ

Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɯ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɚɯ. Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟɦ.

ɉɪɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ȼ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɩɨɱɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɫɶɸ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɢ ɤɚɥɢɹ. ɋɦɟɫɶ ɛɟɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ Na2CO3 ɢ K2CO3 ɩɥɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 700º, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɱɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ (ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Na2CO3 – 853º, K2CO3 – 903º). ɋɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɶɸ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1000º ɜ ɩɥɚɬɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɢɝɥɹɯ. ɉɪɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ 5–6-ɤɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɥɚɜɧɹ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ.

ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɩɥɚɜɧɟɦ ɨɪɬɨɤɥɚɡɚ.

K[AISi3O8]+3Na2CO3=KAIO2+3Na2SiO3+6CO2.

ȼɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɥɢ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ

ɢɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ.

ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɱɜɭ, ɪɚɫɬɟɪɬɭɸ ɜ ɩɭɞɪɭ ɜ ɯɚɥɰɟɞɨɧɨɜɨɣ, ɚɝɚɬɨɜɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɹɲɦɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɤɟ, ɨɬɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɫɚɯ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ 0,5–1 ɝ ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɦ, ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɬɢɧɨɜɨɦ ɬɢɝɥɟ.

ɇɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɫɚɯ ɨɬɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɝɥɹɧɰɟɜɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ 5 ɝ ɪɚɫɬɟɪɬɨɣ ɛɟɡɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɯ. ɱ. ɫɦɟɫɢ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ.

Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɠɟ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɩɥɚɜɧɹ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɧɚ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɭ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɵɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ.

ɑɚɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɜɧɹ (§1 ɝ) ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. ɇɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ

16

ɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɩɥɚɜɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɣ ɥɨɩɚɬɨɱɤɨɣ ɜ ɩɥɚɬɢɧɨɜɵɣ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɫ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɪɰɢɸ ɩɥɚɜɧɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɧɟɣ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɩɥɚɜɟɧɶ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ, ɜɵɬɢɪɚɸɬ ɥɨɩɚɬɨɱɤɭ ɩɥɚɜɧɟɦ, ɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɤɪɵɲɤɢ, ɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɜ ɬɢɝɥɟ, ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫ ɭɝɥɟɫɨɥɹɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɹɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɬɢɝɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɤɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɨɥɚ. Ɍɢɝɟɥɶ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɭɸ ɦɭɮɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɟɱɶ, ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɥɚɛɨɧɚɝɪɟɬɭɸ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɤɚɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɟɱɶ, ɢɧɚɱɟ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɲɟɧɚ ɢɡ ɬɢɝɥɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɯ ɛɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ.

ȼɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɦɭɮɟɥɶ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɟɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚ ɱɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 1,5–2 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɦɭɮɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ. ɉɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 800º (ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɤɪɚɫɧɨɟ ɤɚɥɟɧɢɟ), ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ 1000º (ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-ɤɪɚɫɧɨɟ ɤɚɥɟɧɢɟ) ɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɋɈ2 ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɳɟɥɨɱɟɣ ɫ ɚɥɸɦɨɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɚɦɢ, ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ

ɢɭɥɟɬɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɋɈ2 ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɜɵɩɭɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ

ɢɩɪɢ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɢɝɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɥɢɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɪɚɣ ɬɢɝɥɹ.

ɉɨɞ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ ɋɈ2 ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ, ɢ ɠɢɞɤɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɧɚ ɞɧɟ ɬɢɝɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɚɛɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɣɤɚɦɢ. ɉɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɤɚɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɜɵɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɩɟɱɢ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɳɢɩɰɚɦɢ. Ɂɚɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɵɟ ɱɚɲɢ ɧɚ 3/4 ɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɛɟɪɭɬ ɪɚɫɤɚɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɡɚ ɤɪɚɣ ɳɢɩɰɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɠɢɞɤɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦ ɬɢɝɥɹ.

ɇɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɹ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɢɡ ɪɭɤ ɢ ɤɪɟɩɤɨ ɞɟɪɠɚ ɟɝɨ ɳɢɩɰɚɦɢ, ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɚɸɬ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 2/3 ɜɵɫɨɬɵ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɲɤɟ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 1–2 ɦɢɧ) ɬɚɤɢɦ ɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɱɚɲɤɭ ɫ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɝɞɟ ɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɹ ɢɡ ɪɭɤ 3–4 ɦɢɧ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɜ ɱɢɫɬɭɸ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɭɸ ɱɚɲɤɭ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 12 ɫɦ, ɤɭɞɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧ ɫɩɥɚɜ, ɢ ɤɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɫɹ, ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɝɨɪɹɱɭɸ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɶ ɩɥɚɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟ 2–3 ɦɢɧɭɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɥɚɜ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɚ. ɇɚɤɥɨɧɹɸɬ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɧɚɞ ɱɚɲɤɨɣ ɢ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɩɨ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɭ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɬɢɝɥɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɥɚɜ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɢɡ ɬɢɝɥɹ, ɟɝɨ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɨɦ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɸ ɷɬɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 20 ɦɥ

17

ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɪɢɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɧɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ.

Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. ɛɟɡɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɯ. ɱ. KNaCO3, ɪɚɫɬɟɪɬɵɣ ɜ ɩɭɞɪɭ. ɏɪɚɧɹɬ ɜ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɛɚɧɤɟ.

ȼɕɓȿɅȺɑɂȼȺɇɂȿ ɉɅȺȼȺ ȼɈȾɈɃ ɂ ɊȺɁɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ ɄȺɊȻɈɇȺɌɈȼ ɄɂɋɅɈɌɈɃ

ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɥɚɜɚ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɋɨɥɢ ɦɟɬɚɤɪɟɦɧɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɝɟɥɹ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:

Na2SiO3+2H2O=H2SiO3+2NaOH.

ɉɪɢ ɜɵɳɟɥɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɥɚɜɚ ɜɨɞɭ ɜ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɱɚɲɤɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɟɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ. Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɩɥɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɬɢɝɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɦ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɤ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɭ ɜ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɲɤɟ.

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɥɚɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɧ ɜ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɭɸ ɱɚɲɤɭ, ɟɟ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɨɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɱɚɲɤɢ ɢ, ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɩɪɢɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɹ ɫɬɟɤɥɨ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦ ɱɚɲɤɢ 20 ɦɥ HCI ɩɥ. 1,19, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɜ ɱɚɲɤɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 1:1 ɫɨɥɹɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɥɚɜ. ɉɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɭɪɧɨɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɋɈ2, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɟ ɪɚɡɛɪɵɡɝɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ.

Ɋɚɡɦɟɲɢɜɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɨɞ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɨɦ, ɫɥɟɞɹɬ ɡɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɱɚɲɤɢ: ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɬɵɦ ɨɬ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɬɶ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɨɬ ɩɥɚɜɚ, ɟɝɨ ɨɛɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ 1:1 ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɭ ɠɟ ɱɚɲɤɭ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɜɚ ɢɞɟɬ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɱɚɲɭ ɩɨɞ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɹɧɭɸ ɛɚɧɸ. ȼɪɟɦɹ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤɨɦɨɱɤɢ ɩɥɚɜɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɦ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɱɚɲɤɟ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɦɨɱɤɨɜ ɩɥɚɜɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɋɈ2, ɱɚɲɤɚ ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɤɪɵɬɚ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɛɪɵɡɝɢɜɚɧɢɢ.

ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ ɝɚɡɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɧɨɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɨ, ɨɛɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɞ ɱɚɲɤɨɣ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɛɚɧɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɞɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ.

Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. 1. HCI ɩɥ. 1,19.

2. Ɋɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ HCI 1:1. ɗɬɚ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ 20 % HCI.

18

ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ɈɄɂɋɂ ɄɊȿɆɇɂə HCI ɀȿɅȺɌɂɇɈȼɕɆ ɆȿɌɈȾɈɆ

ɉɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɫ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ:

2KAIO2+Na2SiO3+2HCI=AICI3+2KCI+6H2SiO3+12NaCI+4H2.

Ɉɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɡɨɥɹ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɢɰɟɥɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ.

ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɢɰɟɥɥɵ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɢɨɧɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɇ+-ɢɨɧɵ, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬ ɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɟɥɹ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ [(SiO2)m×nHSiO3-x(n-x)H+]x-×xH+, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɞɧɨ ɱɚɲɤɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ. Ʉɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɜɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɵ.

ɀɟɥɚɬɢɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɦɮɨɬɟɪɧɵɦ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɨɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɤɢɫɥɵɟ (ɤɚɪɛɨɤɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ) ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ (ɚɦɢɧɨ) ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. ȼ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɚɪɹɞ. ɉɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɵ ɫ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɪɹɞɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɝɟɥɹ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ.

ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɭɸ ɱɚɲɤɭ ɫ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɥɹɦɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ 25–30 ɦɥ HCI ɩɥ. 1,19, ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɹ ɟɸ ɫɨɥɢ ɢ ɤɪɚɹ ɱɚɲɤɢ. Ɍɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɱɚɲɤɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɦ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɨɦ, ɩɪɢɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɱɚɲɤɭ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɹɱɭɸ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɤɢɩɹɳɭɸ! ɜɨɞɹɧɭɸ ɛɚɧɸ ɦɢɧɭɬ ɧɚ 10, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨ 60–70º.

ȼɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɢɡ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɢ ɩɨ ɤɚɩɥɹɦ 5 ɦɥ ɫɜɟɠɟɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ 1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɵ, ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɢɜɚɹ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɨɦ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɚɩɥɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ.

ɋɧɨɜɚ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɱɚɲɤɭ ɩɨɞ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɹɱɭɸ (ɧɟ ɤɢɩɹɳɭɸ) ɛɚɧɸ ɧɚ 5–10 ɦɢɧ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɵ ɫ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɱɚɲɤɭ 25–30 ɦɥ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ. ɏɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɱɚɲɤɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɫɨɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɞɚɸɬ ɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɛɚɧɟ 5–3 ɦɢɧ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɥɹ ɢ ɞɟɤɚɧɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɫ ɛɟɥɨɣ ɥɟɧɬɨɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 9–11 ɫɦ.

Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 200–250 ɦɥ. Ɉɫɚɞɨɤ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ 2–3 ɤɪɚɬɧɵɦ ɨɛɦɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɱɚɲɤɢ 1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ HCI. ɑɚɲɤɭ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɱɢɳɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɤɭɫɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɛɟɡɡɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ, ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɹ ɢɯ ɤ ɨɫɚɞɤɭ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɟ. Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɞɟɤɚɧɬɚɰɢɢ. ɀɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɞɨ ɫɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɢɟɦ, ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɧɚ ɞɧɟ ɱɚɲɤɢ (ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ). ɉɟɫɬɢɤ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɱɚɲɤɭ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ. Ɉɫɚɞɨɤ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɹ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɥɤɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɪɰɢɢ

19

ɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ (ɝɨɪɹɱɢɣ 1 % HCI). Ɉɫɚɞɨɤ ɜɡɦɭɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɨɦ, ɞɚɸɬ ɟɦɭ ɨɬɫɬɨɹɬɫɹ 1–2 ɦɢɧɭɬɵ, ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɱɚɲɤɭ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɹɱɭɸ ɛɚɧɸ. ɉɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɭɸ ɧɚɞɨɫɚɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɫɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɭ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ, ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɜ ɱɚɲɤɟ. Ʉɚɠɞɭɸ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɩɨɪɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɱɚɲɤɭ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɚɹ ɩɨɪɰɢɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɟɬɫɹ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɧɟ ɨɫɚɠɞɚɥɫɹ, ɱɚɲɤɭ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɛɚɧɟ, ɩɪɢɤɪɵɜ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ, ɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɥɤɟ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ. ɉɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɵɦ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɡ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɨɧɵ Fe3+.

ɉɪɨɛɚ ɧɚ Fe3+: ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɭ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɭɸ ɱɚɲɤɭ ɢ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɫɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɚɩɥɸ 10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɪɨɞɚɧɢɞɚ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ NH4CNS ɢɥɢ KCNS. ȼ ɤɢɫɥɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ Fe3+ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɫɧɚɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɨɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɪɨɞɚɧɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ Fe(SCN)3. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ, ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 250 ɦɥ, ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɟ ɭɩɚɪɢɜɚɸɬ.

ɉɪɨɦɵɬɵɣ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ 2–3 ɪɚɡɚ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɩɪɨɫɭɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ, ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ 1000–1200º ɜ ɦɭɮɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ.

ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɡɟɦɚ SiO2 ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:

ɚυ100

SiO2 % ,

ɝ

Si% mυ100υ28,09 , ɝυ60,09

ɝɞɟ ɚ – ɜɟɫ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɡɟɦɚ; ɝ – ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɜɡɹɬɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɢ

100–105º.

28,09 ɢ 60,09 – ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ SiO2 ɢ Si.

Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ

ɉɟɪɟɫɱɟɬ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɫɯɟɦɭ:

Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. 1. HCI (ɩɥ. 1,19) ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ.

2. 1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɵ: ɤ 100 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɚɝɪɟɬɨɣ ɞɨ 70º, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 1 ɝ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɵ. ɋɬɚɜɹɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɹɧɭɸ ɛɚɧɸ ɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɣ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɹ ɥɟɝɤɢɦ

20