Анализ элементного состава почв. Йонко О.А

ɜɡɛɚɥɬɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɵɲɟ 70º, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɚ ɬɟɪɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɟɠɟɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ.

3.1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ HCI: 226 ɦɥ HCI ɩɥ. 1,19 ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ 100 ɦɥ (ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ).

4.10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɪɨɞɚɧɢɞɚ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ. Ɉɬɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ 10 ɝ NH4CNS ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 50 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ 100 ɦɥ.

ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɎɂɅɖɌɊȺɌȺ ɈɌ ɄɊȿɆɇȿȼɈɃ ɄɂɋɅɈɌɕ

ȼ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɟ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ, ɬɢɬɚɧ, ɦɚɪɝɚɧɟɰ, ɤɚɥɢɣ, ɤɚɥɶɰɢɣ, ɦɚɝɧɢɣ, ɫɟɪɭ ɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɪ.

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɟɪɵ ɦɟɲɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɷɬɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɨɤɫɚɥɚɬɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ Ca2+ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɦɚɝɧɢɣ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ.

ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ: ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ ɛɪɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɨɣ ɢɡ ɦɟɪɧɨɣ

ɤɨɥɛɵ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɛɵɥ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ.

ȺɆɆɂȺɑɇɕɃ ɆȿɌɈȾ ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂə ɋɍɆɆɕ ɉɈɅɍɌɈɊɇɕɏ ɈɄɋɂȾɈȼ

ɂɨɧɵ Fe3+ ɢ AI3+ ɨɫɚɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ:

Fe3++3NH4OH=3NH4++Fe(OH)3,

AI3++3NH4OH=3NH4++AI(OH)3.

ȼ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ AIPO4 ɢ FePO4. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ

ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɫɢɞ ɬɢɬɚɧɚ (ɪɇ 1–1,5), ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɫɢɞ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ (ɪɇ 2–5) ɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɫɢɞ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ

(ɪɇ 4,5–6,5).

ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ (ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ), ɛɟɪɭɬ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɨɣ ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜ 50 ɦɥ ɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ. ɇɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɚ!, ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɫ ɨɝɧɹ ɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɭɸɬ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɫɢɞɨɦ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɹ ɩɨ ɤɚɩɥɹɦ 25 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NH4OH, ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɢɜɚɹ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɨɣ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɚɩɥɸ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɨɦɭɬɧɟɟɬ, ɬ. ɟ. ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 2 ɤɚɩɥɢ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ (10 %) ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ NH4OH, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ. ȼɧɨɜɶ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɚɩɥɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ,

ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ. ɇɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɨɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ,

21

ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ ɜ ɠɟɥɬɭɸ. ɉɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɛɭɪɚɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɦɟɲɚɟɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɸ ɡɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ, ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɭ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɫɬɨɹɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɸɬ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ.

ɉɪɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɠɟɥɬɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɭɸ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɦɭɬɧɟɟɬ ɨɬ ɝɟɥɹ Fe(OH)3.

Ɉɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɪɇ 4,4–6,2. ɗɬɨɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɛɥɢɡɨɤ ɤ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɪɇ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɟɳɟ 2–3 ɤɚɩɥɢ 10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ NH4OH ɞɨ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɚɯɚ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ.

ȼ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɬɨ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɚɥɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɹ ɨɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɤɚɩɥɹɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ HCI, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɜɟɫɶ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɬɶ ɡɚɧɨɜɨ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ 10% ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ NH4OH. Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ R2(OH)3 ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ: ɠɟɥɬɚɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ, ɫɥɚɛɵɣ ɡɚɩɚɯ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɢ «ɡɪɟɥɨɫɬɶ» ɨɫɚɞɤɚ (ɟɫɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɯɥɨɩɶɹ, ɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɚɹ ɦɭɬɶ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɪɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜɵɲɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ).

ɉɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ, ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɫ ɨɝɧɹ, ɩɪɢɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ ɢ ɞɚɸɬ ɨɫɚɞɤɭ ɨɫɟɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɧɨ. Ʉɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɨɫɹɞɟɬ, ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɞɟɤɚɧɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ (ɝɨɪɹɱɢɣ) ɱɟɪɟɡ ɛɟɡɡɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɵɯɥɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ (ɤɪɚɫɧɚɹ ɥɟɧɬɚ) ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 9–11 ɫɦ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 500 ɦɥ. ȼɨɪɨɧɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ, ɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɨɞɨɝɧɚɧ.

Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɬɟɱɟɬ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɧɚɞ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɦ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɫɚɦ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɢɟɦ, ɧɟ ɨɬɧɢɦɚɹ ɧɨɫɢɤ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ ɨɬ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɭ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ

70–80º.

Ɉɫɚɞɨɤ ɧɚ ɞɧɟ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɧ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ 1–2 ɪɚɡɚ ɞɟɤɚɧɬɚɰɢɟɣ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɦ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɦ 1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ NH4NO3 ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɪɇ ~ 6,2 (ɪɇ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ!!!). Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɥɢɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɥɤɭ ɫ 1 % NH4NO3 1–2 ɤɚɩɥɢ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɤɪɚɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɠɟɥɬɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɦ, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 1–2 ɤɚɩɥɢ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɞɨɛɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɬɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ.

Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ, ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ ɤɭɫɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɛɟɡɡɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ ɫ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɵɦ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɨɦ, ɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ. ɉɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ NH4NO3 ɮɢɥɶɬɪ.

22

ɉɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɞɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɯɥɨɪ-ɢɨɧɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɛɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ. ɂɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ 8–10 ɤɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɭ ɱɢɫɬɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬ 1–2 ɦɥ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ, ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ 1 ɦɥ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ HNO3, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 2–3 ɤɚɩɥɢ 1 % AgNO3 ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɢ ɨɩɚɥɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɭ ɩɪɨɦɵɬɵɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ.

ȼɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ R(OH)3 ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ CI-, ɢɧɚɱɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦ.

Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ.

ɉɪɨɦɵɬɵɣ ɢ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ R(OH)3 ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜɨ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ, ɨɡɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɞ ɬɹɝɨɣ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɥɢɬɤɟ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɫ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɭɸ ɦɭɮɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɟɱɶ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɟɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 850–950º (ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-ɤɪɚɫɧɨɟ, ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-ɨɪɚɧɠɟɜɨɟ ɤɚɥɟɧɢɟ).

Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:

ɝɞɟ mO – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ, ɝ;

m – ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ;

V0 – ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɦɥ; Vɚɥ – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɵ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɜɡɹɬɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ, ɦɥ.

Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ

Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. 1. ɋɨɥɹɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɩɥ. 1,19;

2.1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NH4NO3: 10 ɝ NH4NO3 ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 500 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ 1000 ɦɥ. ȼ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ

ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ NH4OH ɞɨ ɫɥɚɛɨɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɦɭ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɦɭ.

3.25 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ (ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ) NH4OH.

4.10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NH4OH: 42,2 ɦɥ 25 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ NH4OH ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ 50 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ 100 ɦɥ.

23

5.1% ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ AgNO3.

6.HNO3 (ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ 1,40) ɜ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɢɰɟ.

7.Ɇɟɬɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ – 0,1% ɫɩɢɪɬɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ.

ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ɀȿɅȿɁȺ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɈɇɈɆȿɌɊɂɑȿɋɄɂɆ

ɆȿɌɈȾɈɆ (ɆȿɌɈȾɈɆ ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅəɘɌ ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ ɀȿɅȿɁȺ

III)

Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɚ III ɩɪɢ ɪɇ 1–1,5

ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɢɨɧɨɦ Fe3+ ɦɚɥɨɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ: Fe3++H2Y2-=FeY-+2H+.

ɗɬɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɢ 50–55º ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɭɥɶɮɨɫɚɥɢɰɢɥɨɜɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫ ɢɨɧɚɦɢ ɬɪɟɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɥɨɜɨ-ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ. ȼ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɟɬ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɬ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ ɢɡ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɫɭɥɶɮɨɫɚɥɢɰɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ.

ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ȼɟɪɭɬ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɨɣ 25 ɦɥ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɛɵ) ɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 250 ɦɥ, ɫ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ 50 ɦɥ. ɉɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 7 ɤɚɩɟɥɶ HNO3 ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ 1,4 ɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɡɚɤɢɫɧɨɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɦ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ Fe3+ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ:

3Fe2++HNO3+3H+ 3Fe3++2H2O+NO.

ɇɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɭɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ 10 % NH4OH ɞɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣ ɦɭɬɢ, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɹ ɚɦɦɢɚɤ ɩɨ ɤɚɩɥɹɦ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɭ 5 ɦɥ 1,0 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ HCI (1,0 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ HCI ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɇ § 0), ɢ ɪɇ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 0. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ 10 ɪɚɡ (ɞɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɢ 50 ɦɥ) ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɪɇ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɪɢɞɟɥɨɜ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɨɧ ɬɪɟɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɨɦ III ɦɚɥɨɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨ 50–55º ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɭ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ, ɬ. ɟ. ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. Ⱦɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɨ 100 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɭɬɶ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɪɇ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ 1–1,5.

ɇɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨ 50–55º, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 1 ɦɥ 10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɭɥɶɮɨɫɚɥɢɰɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (ɢɥɢ 0,1 ɝ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ) ɢ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɬɢɬɪɭɸɬ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ, ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɥɢɥɨɜɨ-ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ, 0,01 ɦ

ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɚ III ɩɪɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ.

ȼ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɥɨɜɨ-ɤɪɚɫɧɚɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɥɢɦɨɧɧɨ-ɠɟɥɬɭɸ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɚɬɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ. Ɉɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ 1 ɦɝ Fe2O3 ɜ 100 ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ,

24

ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɧɨ ɠɟɥɬɨ-ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-ɠɟɥɬɨɣ, ɩɨɱɬɢ ɛɟɫɰɜɟɬɧɨɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ ɬɢɬɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ («ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɹ»).

ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ % ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ:

Fe % V υM υV0 υ56(Fe)υ100 , Vɚɥ υmυ1000

ɝɞɟ V – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɚ III, ɩɨɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɦɥ; M – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɚ III, ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ;

56(Fe) – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ, ɚ 56 / 1000 – ɝ/ɦɦɨɥɶ; Vɚɥ – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɬɢɬɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɦɥ;

V0 – ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɦɥ; m – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɢ, ɝ.

Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜ ɨɤɫɢɞɚɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:

V υM υV υɆ(1/ 2Fe O )υ100

Fe2O3 % 0 2 3 ,

Vɚɥ υmυ1000

ɝɞɟ M(1/2 Fe2O3) / 1000 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɝ/ɦɦɨɥɶ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɦɨɥɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɚ III ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɦɨɥɟɦ ɚɬɨɦɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ Ɇ (1/2 Fe2O3).

Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ

Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. 1. HNO3 ɩɥ. 1,4;

2.10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NH4OH: 42,22 ɦɥ 25 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ NH4OH ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ 50 ɦɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ 100 ɦɥ.

3.1 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ HCI: 8,2 ɦɥ HCI ɩɥ. 1,19 ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 50 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ 100 ɦɥ;

4.10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɭɥɶɮɨɫɚɥɢɰɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ: 10 ɝ ɫɭɥɶɮɨɫɚɥɢɰɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 50 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ 100 ɦɥ ɜɨɞɨɣ.

5.0,01 Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɚ III: 3,722 ɝ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɚ III ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ

ɜ1 ɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. ɍɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ

ɮɢɤɫɚɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɭ MgSO4 ɢɥɢ ZnCI2. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɞɜɟ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 250 ɦɥ ɛɟɪɭɬ 10–25 ɦɥ ɮɢɤɫɚɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ 100 ɦɥ, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 10 ɦɥ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɧɨ-ɚɦɦɢɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ (ɪɇ=10), ɜɧɨɫɹɬ ɯɪɨɦɨɝɟɧ ɱɟɪɧɵɣ ɢ ɬɢɬɪɭɸɬ

25

ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɚ III ɞɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɜɢɧɧɨ-ɤɪɚɫɧɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɫɢɧɟ-ɝɨɥɭɛɭɸ.

Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɚ III ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:

ɆɆ1 υV1 ,

V

ɝɞɟ M1 ɢ V1 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɤɫɚɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ MgSO4 ɢɥɢ

ZnCI2;

M ɢ V – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɚ III ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.

ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ɄȺɅɖɐɂə ɈɄɋȺɅȺɌɇɕɆ ɈȻɔȿɆɇɕɆ ɆȿɌɈȾɈɆ

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɚɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɱɚɳɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɤɫɚɥɚɬɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɞɚɟɬ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɋɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ.

Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɨɤɫɚɥɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ CaC2O4×H2O ɩɨ

ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:

Ca2++C2O42-+H2O=CaC2O4×H2O.

Ɉɤɫɚɥɚɬ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ – ɦɚɥɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ (ɪɇ = 4), ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɦ ɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɋɚɋ2Ɉ4×ɇ2Ɉ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ. ȼ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɋɚ(Ɉɇ)2.

Ɉɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ: ɢɡ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɦɨɧɨɝɢɞɪɚɬɚ ɋɚɋ2Ɉ4×ɇ2Ɉ. ȼ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɨɫɚɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɥɤɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɞɢɝɢɞɪɚɬ ɋɚɋ2Ɉ4×2ɇ2Ɉ ɢ ɬɪɢɝɢɞɪɚɬ ɋɚɋ2Ɉ4×3ɇ2Ɉ.

ɉɨɞɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɋɇ3ɋɈɈɇ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɚɛɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɧɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɨɤɫɚɥɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ. ȼ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ HCI, ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ

ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:

ɋɚɋ2Ɉ4+ɇ+=ɋɚ2++ɇ2ɋ2Ɉ4.

ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ. ɉɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɨɬ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɤɫɚɥɚɬ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ MgC2O4×2H2O ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦ ɜ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɟ.

Ɉɫɚɞɨɤ ɨɤɫɚɥɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɋɚɋ2Ɉ4×ɇ2Ɉ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ

H2SO4:

CaC2O4+H2SO4=CaSO4+H2C2O4.

Ɉɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɜɲɭɸɫɹ ɳɚɜɟɥɟɜɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ ɬɢɬɪɭɸɬ ɩɟɪɦɚɧɝɚɧɚɬɨɦ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɢ ɩɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ KMnO4, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɭɡɧɚɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ.

26

5H2C2O4+2KMnO4+3H2SO4=K2SO4+2MnSO4+10CO2+8H2O, ɬ. ɟ. MnO4-+8H++5e Mn2++4H2O,

C2O42—+2e 2CO2.

ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɭɩɚɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɦ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɥɢɬɤɟ ɫ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɸ ɞɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ 100–150 ɦɥ. ȿɫɥɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ, ɭɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ. ɇɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɭɸɬ HCI 10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ NH4OH ɞɨ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɚɯɚ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɢ ɠɟɥɬɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɨɞɤɢɫɥɹɸɬ 10 % ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɞɨ ɹɜɧɨ ɪɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ.

ɉɨɞɤɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ, ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɫ ɨɝɧɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ 5–10 ɦɥ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ 4 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ (NH4)2C2O4. ɉɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɦɭɬɧɟɟɬ ɨɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɋɚɋ2Ɉ4×ɇ2Ɉ. ɉɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɹɧɭɸ ɛɚɧɸ ɧɚ 2–3 ɱɚɫɚ – ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɚɞ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɨɡɨɜɵɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.

Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 9 ɫɦ. Ɏɢɥɶɬɪ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 1–2 ɪɚɡɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɟ ɤɢɩɹɳɟɣ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ, ɧɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ.

Ɉɫɚɞɨɤ ɋɚɋ2Ɉ4×ɇ2Ɉ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ. ɉɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɞɟɤɚɧɬɚɰɢɟɣ, ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɦɵɜɚɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɫ ɧɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɨɫɚɞɢɬɟɥɹ. ɉɨɞ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ 2–3 ɪɚɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ. ɉɨɥɧɨɬɭ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɸɬ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɨɤɫɚɥɚɬ – ɢɨɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ AgNO3 ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɛɟɥɵɣ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ Ag2C2O4. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ AgNO3 ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɤɢɫɥɹɸɬ HNO3, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɳɚɜɟɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɟ.

Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ, ɚ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ, ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ 5 % ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɬɨɬ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɡɚɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ 50–100 ɦɥ 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ H2SO4. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ 75–80º. ɇɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ!, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɚɧɢɨɧɵ ɋ2Ɉ42- ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ: ɋ2Ɉ42- ɋɈ2+ɋɈ+Ɉ.

Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɳɚɜɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɬɢɬɪɭɸɬ 0,02–0,05 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ KMnO4 ɞɨ ɫɥɚɛɨɪɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ, ɧɟ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 1 ɦɢɧ (ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɛɭɪɨɜɚɬɵɣ ɨɬɬɟɧɨɤ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ), ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɛɪɨɫɚɸɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɢɫɱɟɡɧɟɬ, ɫɧɨɜɚ ɬɢɬɪɭɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ KMnO4.

27

ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ:

ɋɚ % V υɧυVK υV0 υ100υM (1/ 2Ca) ,

Vɚɥ1 υVɚɥ υmυ1000

ɝɞɟ V – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ KMnO4, ɩɨɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɦɥ; ɧ – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ KMnO4, ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ; VK – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ, ɦɥ; V0 –ɨɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Si, ɦɥ;

Vɚɥ1– ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɋɚ, ɦɥ;

Vɚɥ – ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ R2O3, ɦɥ;

Ɇ(1/2 ɋɚ)/1000 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɝ/ɦɦɨɥɶ; m – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɢ, ɝ.

Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:

Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. 1. 10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɋɇ3ɋɈɈɇ: 97 ɦɥ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ 500 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ 1000 ɦɥ ɜɨɞɨɣ.

2.4 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ (NH4)2C2O4×H2O: 4,0 ɝ (NH4)2C2O4×H2O ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 50

ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ 100 ɦɥ.

3.1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ AgNO3 (ɛɟɡ HNO3): 1 ɝ AgNO3 ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 100 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ.

4.5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ H2SO4: 29,3 ɦɥ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 500 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ 1 ɥ ɜɨɞɨɣ.

5.0,05 ɧ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ KMnO4 (ɝɨɬɨɜɹɬ ɢɡ ɮɢɤɫɚɧɚɥɚ ɡɚ ɞɟɧɶ ɞɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ) 0,1 ɦɨɥɶ (ɷɤɜ) KMnO4 ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ 2 ɥ.

ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ɆȺȽɇɂə ɈȻɔȿɆɇɕɆ ɉɂɊɈɎɈɋɎȺɌɇɕɆ ɆȿɌɈȾɈɆ

Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɨɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɫɨɥɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ:

28

Mg2++HPO42-+NH4OH=MgNH4PO4Ļ+H2O.

Ⱥɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɨ-ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɵɣ ɮɨɫɮɚɬ – ɦɚɥɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ. ɂɡ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɫɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɧɨɝɢɞɪɚɬ MgNH4PO4×H2O. ɂɡ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɝɨ – ɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɣ ɝɟɤɫɨɝɢɞɪɚɬ MgNH4PO4×6H2O.

Ɉɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɇ+-ɢɨɧɵ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɇɊɈ42- ɢ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ NH4OH ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɨ-ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɫɨɥɢ. Ⱥɦɦɢɚɤ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɞɬɢ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:

2MgNH4PO4 Mg2P2O7+2NH3Ĺ+ɇ2ɈĹ

ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɠɟ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ NH4CI. ɉɪɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ NH4CI NH4++CI- ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ NH4+ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ NH4OH. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɚɦɦɢɚɤ ɧɟ ɨɫɚɠɞɚɟɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɢɫɶ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ [Mg2+]×[OH-] ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ

ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ Mg(OH)2.

Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ NH4CI ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɢ Mg(NH4)(PO4)2. Ɉɫɚɞɨɤ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɨ-ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɫɨɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ

ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɜɡɹɬɵɦ ɜ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɟ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ: MgNH4PO4+H2SO4=MgSO4+NH4H2PO4.

ɂɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɨɬɬɢɬɪɨɜɵɜɚɸɬ ɳɟɥɨɱɶɸ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ, ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ.

ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɨɤɫɚɥɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɭɩɚɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɥɢɬɤɟ ɫ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɸ ɞɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ §200 ɦɥ.

ɇɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɭɸɬ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ 10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ NH4OH ɞɨ ɠɟɥɬɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɨɞɤɢɫɥɹɸɬ 10 % HCI ɞɨ ɫɥɚɛɨ-ɪɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ.

ɉɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 5–10 ɦɥ (ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ) 10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ Na2HPO4. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ 70–80º (ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɚ), ɞɚɸɬ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɢɰɵ 10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NH4OH ɩɪɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɚɯɚ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ. ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɤɚɫɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɧɚ ɢ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ.

ɉɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 20–35 ɦɥ 25 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ NH4OH, ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 12 ɱɚɫɨɜ. Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɨ-ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɚɹ ɫɨɥɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɢɞɟɬ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɦɚɥɨ). Ɉɫɚɞɨɤ MgNH4PO4×6H2O ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɧɟ, ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɛɟɫɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ.

29

Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 9 ɫɦ, ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 1–2 ɪɚɡɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɜ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɟ ɤɢɩɹɳɟɣ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɛɵɥ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ, ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɜɵɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ, ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɩɨɪɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ MgNH4PO4×6H2O.

Ɉɫɚɞɨɤ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɟɤɚɧɬɚɰɢɟɣ 2,5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ NH4OH ɢɡ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɥɤɢ, ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɤɭɫɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɛɟɡɡɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ ɫ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɵɦ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɨɦ.

ɉɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɞɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ CI- ɜ ɩɪɨɛɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ. ɉɪɨɛɭ ɩɨɞɤɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ AgCI ɧɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ

[Ag(NH3)2]CI.

ɉɨɞɫɭɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɫ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɦ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɧɚ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɟ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɲɤɚɮɭ, ɧɚɝɪɟɬɨɦ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ 50–60º ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 1 ɱ. ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ NH3.

Ɏɢɥɶɬɪ ɫ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ, ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɢɡ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ (20 ɦɥ) 0,1 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ HCI ɢɥɢ H2SO4. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɨɣ, ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɚɸɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ. ɉɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 2–3 ɤɚɩɥɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ Ƚɪɨɚɤɚ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɤɪɚɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. ȿɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɧɟɬ, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɫɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ.

Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ 100 ɦɥ ɢ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɬɢɬɪɭɸɬ ɳɟɥɨɱɶɸ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɡɟɥɟɧɭɸ.

Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ Mg, % ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:

Mg % (V υM V1 υM1)υV0 υ0,012(1/ 2Mg)υ100 ,

Vɚɥ υm

ɝɞɟ V – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜɡɹɬɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ, ɦɥ; M – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ;

V1 – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ, ɩɨɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɦɥ; M1 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ, ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ;

V0 – ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɦɥ;

Vɚɥ – ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɦɥ;

0,012 (1/2 Mg) – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɝ/ɦɦɨɥɶ; m – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɢ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ.

Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:

MgO % (V υM V1 υM1)υV0 υ0,0203(1/ 2MgO) ,

Vɚɥ υm

30