Ахмедзянова_английский_язык

11.A few types of individual houses are made from wooden sheets.

12.A lot of houses are built of prefabricated blocks.

13.At a vocational school you can learn the basics of many jobs such as masonry, tiling, roofing, etc.

5.13. Замените повторяющиеся слова местоимениями that или those

Образец: The structure is identical with the structure described in the plan. − The structure is identical with that described in the plan.

1.Metal has properties different from properties of plastic.

2.The work of the new machine is much more efficient than the work of the old one.

3.The price of wood in this area is higher than the price of concrete.

4.There are a few machines at the building site similar to the machines described in this journal.

5.The results of this construction project were much better than the results of the previous one.

6.The canals in Europe are much larger than the canals in Great Britain.

7.The buildings in New York are considerably higher than the buildings in London.

5.14. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на местоимение one

1.One can apply these building techniques in construction of high-rise residential houses.

2.One can always invent new ways of using these building materials.

3.One should follow all safety rules at a construction site.

4.One may need different kinds of machinery for building a house.

5.In designing a building one should take care that most comfortable living conditions are created.

6.One must be very careful when covering the roof with asphalt, because the roof can easily catch fire.

7.We live in a big two-storeyed house but my parents prefer a smaller one.

8.They don’t need to buy a new apartment, instead of buying they can rent

one.

9.The question of selecting a site is one with which the architect is often faced.

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6.ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ SIMPLE

6.1.Прочитайте отрывок и ответьте на вопросы, приведенные ниже

Construction workers put buildings together. They measure wood and cut

it into pieces. They carry bricks and metal parts. They follow a building plan to make houses, apartments, and stores. Sometimes they repair buildings too.

1.Do construction workers put apartments together?

2.Do they measure and cut bricks?

3.Do they carry pipes?

4.Do they follow a building plan?

5.Do construction workers build houses and stores?

6.Do construction workers put together buildings or telephones?

7.Do they cut wood or bricks?

8.Do they repair buildings or cars?

6.2. Посмотрите на рисунок 6. Проанализируйте образование формы

Present Simple в 3л. ед.ч.

Рис. 6

6.3. Заполните пропуски в предложениях глаголами, данными в скобках, в форме 3л. ед.ч.

1.First, Kamal __ (pick) up the hammer and the punch. Next, he __ (place) the punch on the mark. Finally, he __ (hit) it with the hammer.

2.Kamal __ (mark) the hole, __ (place) the wood in a vice, __ (switch) on the drill and __ (drill) the hole.

3.Ron __ (place) the pegs in the ground and __ (stretch) the line between them. He __ (dig) the trench out, __ (pour) in the concrete and __ (check) that it is level.

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6.4. Прочитайте и переведите текст

Accident Report by Fred Rob

At about 10.40 yesterday morning Bill and I carried the long 8 m ladder to the building site. We placed it near the scaffolding. We lifted it in the correct way.

First, we placed the ladder on the ground at 90° to the wall. The foot was

2 m from the wall. Bill held down the foot of the ladder. I lifted the top above my head. I then walked slowly forward, lifting the ladder slowly upwards. Suddenly, when the ladder was vertical in the air, a strong wind blew.

The ladder moved to the right towards the scaffolding. It hit the scaffolding and then fell downwards and towards Jim (who was on a platform at the bottom of the scaffolding.) The ladder hit him and he fell against the scaffolding and cut his head.

6.5.Посмотрите на рисунок 7, ответьте на вопросы (a) и выполните задание (b)

Рис. 7

a)

1.Who are А, В and С in the pictures?

2.What are (a) and (b) in the pictures called?

3.When the ladder was on the ground, how many metres was the top of the ladder from the wall?

4.When the ladder was vertical, who was between the ladder and the wall (Jim, Fred or Bill)?

5.Why did the ladder move towards the scaffolding?

6.Why did Jim fall and cut his head?

b) Write sentences from the report to describe each picture.

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6.6. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы в Past Simple

1.The Greek architects preferred rounded forms such as arch, vault, and dome.

2.The Romans had a predilection for elaborately carved entablatures.

3.In Greece the column was the most important member.

4.Roman architecture developed a purely utilitarian theme.

5.The Romans derived little from domestic architecture of other civilizations.

6.Gothic designers experimented with new spatial forms and lighting.

7.Gothic Revival emerged in the 18th century.

8.Art Nouveau aimed to put an end to revival architecture. It flourished throughout Europe and the United States.

9.Much of the 19th century architecture revived the styles of the past.

10.In the field of town planning the 19th century suffered a fiasco.

11.At the turn of the 19th century new structural concrete came into practical application.

6.7. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы, приведенные ниже

London in the 21st century

The Londoners of the 21st century will become richer than Londoners now. They will demand more consumer goods, the most important of which for planners are homes and vehicles. Over 75 per cent of Londoners will have their own houses. The great majority of the rest of the population will rent houses and apartments. People will own much more private vehicles, and this will demand radical replanning of the road system. The total volume of commuting will increase and the average commuter's journey will increase in length. People will be willing to pay more for more and better homes and transport.

1.Will London go on growing?

2.How big will it be?

3.Where will London's jobs be then?

4.Where will Londoners live?

5.Will the planners house more people in the same space by building high?

6.How will they solve the problems of urban renewal?

7.Will they destroy the old London?

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7.ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ PROGRESSIVE

7.1.Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в форме Present Progressive. Переведите предложения

Образец: I ___ (do) a project on a new bridge now. – I am doing a project on a new bridge now.

My friend ___ (specialize) in drawing and design at the moment. – My friend is specializing in drawing and design at the moment.

Tom and Alan ___ (study) Civil Engineering now. – Tom and Alan are studying Civil Engineering now.

1.Ron and Kamal ___ (visit) a building site at the moment. They ___

(watch) the people of different trades at work.

2.The groundworker ___ (pour) the concrete into the moulds.

3.The carpenter ___ (install) window frames.

4.The tiler ___ (tile) the walls in the bathroom.

5.The bricklayer ___ (make) fireplaces.

6.The painter ___ (paint) the walls and ceilings.

7.The heating contractor ___ (inspect) the heating systems in the house.

8.The locksmith ___ (install) the locks in the house.

9.The cleaning woman ___ (clean) all the places at the building site.

7.2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы в

Present Progressive

1.In the current five-year period large-scale housing development is going on in the country.

2.The application of shell construction is now reaching every type of architecture.

3.The architects are now using the cumulative knowledge of centuries.

4.City planners are improving towns and regulating their growth at the moment.

5.That building company is specializing in renovations.

6.The factory is producing prefabricated units for residential areas and for industrial and commercial buildings now.

7.The young couple are redecorating their flat, they are renewing the floor and painting the walls, doors and window frames.

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7.3. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы, приведенные ниже

When the wall fell in

At six o'clock on April 21, 1976, the living room and front part of this man's house fell in. The man was having construction workers dig a hole under the front of the house to add on another room. The workers were not there when the accident happened, so nobody was hurt.

Reporters asked the owner, "What were you doing when the rooms fell in?"

He answered, "My wife and I were talking to guests. We were showing them the cracks in the front room when we heard a loud sound. The cracks were growing larger, so we called the construction company. But it was too late. The construction workers were still driving here when the rooms fell in."

The owner's wife was crying while the reporters were talking and refused to have her picture taken.

"I was standing right here outside the front room when it fell in," she said. "It gave me the biggest shock of my life."

The owner has told his insurance company about the accident, and it will pay to rebuild the house. The construction company says that the house will soon be as good as new. But many of the things in the house have been lost forever.

1.When did the rooms fall in?

2.Why wasn't anybody hurt?

3.Who was the owner talking to when the rooms fell in?

4.What was he looking at when he heard the sound?

5.Why did he call the construction company?

6.What were the workers doing when the rooms fell in?

7.What was the owner's wife doing while the reporters were talking?

8.Where was she standing when the front room fell in?

9.Who will rebuild the house?

10.Who will pay for the repairs?

7.4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы в Past Progressive

1.In English churches (1475-1550) stone vaults were gradually replacing timber roofing.

2.Stone houses were slowly replacing timber ones.

3.In the 1770s French cities were erecting public theatres on a large scale.

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4.At that moment the architect's sphere of knowledge was constantly expanding.

5.During the XXth century buildings were changing the skyline.

6.At the turn of the millennium the architects were using the cumulative knowledge of many centuries.

7.The architect's work was gradually extending into urban planning.

8.The sub-contracted specialists were improving the urban systems.

9.Town planners were organizing land and buildings for group living.

10.At that moment the building industry was booming and every skilled housebuilder was making a lot of money.

7.5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы в

Future Progressive

1.Ground workers will be pouring and compacting concrete into the mould for the baseplate from 9 to 11 tomorrow.

2.Plumbers will be installing drainpipes, central heating and the water system all day tomorrow.

3.Carpenters and joiners will be hanging doors and fixing window frames when the foreman arrives.

4.The plasterer will be making decorative surfaces outside the house while the decorators will be painting the interior and exterior walls

5.Tilers will be doing both wall and floor tiling at that time tomorrow.

6.The architect's erudition will be constantly expanding.

7.Many consultant experts will be working to the architect's design.

8.ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ PERFECT

8.1.Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в форме Present Perfect. Переведите предложения

Образец: The architect ___ just ___ (draw) a plan of the house. – The architect has just drawn a plan of the house.

The workmen ___ just ___ (mix) cement, sand, pebbles and water. – The workmen have just mixed cement, sand, pebbles and water.

1.The groundworker ___ just ___ (pour) the concrete into the moulds.

2.The bricklayers ___ just ___ (build) the walls.

3.The carpenter ___ just ___ (install) a window frame.

4.The tiler ___ just ___ (tile) the walls in the bathroom.

5.The plumbers ___ just ___ (lay) the pipes.

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6.The glazier ___ just ___ (put) glass in the window frames.

7.The plasterers ___ just ___ (make) the walls and ceilings smooth.

8.The painters ___ just ___ (paint) the walls and ceilings.

9.The heating contractor ___ just ___ (inspect) the heating systems in the house.

10.The locksmith ___ just ___ (install) the locks in the house.

11.The cleaning woman ___ just ___ (clean) all the places in the house.

8.2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы в

Present Perfect

1.I have been in construction for many years.

2.The time has ruined many architectural masterpieces.

3.The town planning commission has carried out an extensive research programme recently.

4.By now builders have constructed an enormous number of tunnels and roads, industrial and residential structures, educational establishments and recreational facilities.

5.They have erected hundreds of dams and power stations.

6.The new building company has reconstructed all schools in the city lately.

7.Civil engineers have already modernized many industrial buildings.

8.This architect has received a great deal of scientific training connected with his profession.

9.The team of architects has not produced detailed architectural solutions

yet.

10.The experimental design groups have adopted the new ideas already.

11.The architects have never restored the facades of the old palace.

8.3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы в Past Perfect

1.The family had lived in an old house before they moved into that apartment.

2.By that time we had already found a suitable site for a new house.

3.The electrician had installed the electric wires before the workmen started to plaster the walls.

4.They had measured the ingredients and added water before they obtained the mortar.

5.The plumbers had brought all the equipment they needed by yesterday evening.

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6.The decorators had painted the interior walls when the owner of the house came.

7.The team of workers had hardly finished laying bricks on the exterior walls when it started to rain.

8.They had hardly done repairs inside the house when their contractor arrived.

9.They redecorated a two-storied house they had inherited from their grandparents.

8.4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы в

Future Perfect

1.The construction company will have put up a few summer cottages in this area by the end of the year.

2.The architect will have drawn the plan of a new house by next week.

3.The workmen will have laid the foundations by 5 p.m.

4.The bricklayers will have done masonry work by the end of the week.

5.The electrician will have run electric wires and made connections all through the house by 11 tomorrow.

6.The City Planning Commission will have improved communications and transport by the next decade.

7.The city authorities will have raised the quality of housing construction by the end of the decade.

8.The architects will have accumulated great experience in planning and building new cities by the end of the century.

9.New modern residential areas with broad streets and boulevards will have arisen in the city by next year.

9.ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

9.1.Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы в

Present Perfect Progressive

1.I have been drawing for ten years.

2.Since when have you been drawing?

3.How long have you been studying at the Civil Engineering Faculty?

4.Since when have you been studying books and journals on building and architecture?

5.Since when has your university been training civil engineers?

6.The workmen have been painting this house for several months.

7.The bricklayers have been laying the foundation since last month.

8.How long have the carpenters been fixing the window frames?

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9.Since when has the tiler been doing wall tiling in the bathroom?

9.2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы в Past Perfect Progressive

1.Man had been building with timber and stone for thousands of years when prefabricated units came into use.

2.They had been living in that house for ten years when the first problems with the exterior walls occurred.

3.We had been building a house of our own for a few years before we became skilled builders.

4.How long had you been dreaming of becoming an architect before you entered the University?

5.The decorators had been removing old paint for several hours before the walls got ready for another wall covering.

9.3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы в

Future Perfect Progressive

1.For how long will you have been doing building theory and practice before you become a highly qualified architect?

2.By September he will have been studying at the Civil Engineering Faculty for 4 years.

3.The workmen will have been raising the roof constructions for a week by tomorrow.

4.By Christmas they will have been building their new house for 3 years.

5.The family will have been doing repairs inside the house for several months when winter comes.

6.The city planners will have been discussing a new project for 2 months by Monday.

7.By the beginning of the next year the factory will have been producing fire protection systems for 10 years.

8.They will have been doing ventilation and insulation work for at least a week by Friday.

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