опыт трансформации старопромышленных городов / wp1025

Table 9. Relationship between Innovation and Aggregate Education and Real Estate Prices, By Year.

Note. Regressions also include the log of population and its square. Standard errors reported in parentheses. Estimates weighted by the square root of population in 2000. Significance given by: *** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0.05, + p<0.10.

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Table 10. Initial Manufacturing Intensity and the Relationship between Innovation and Aggregate Education and Real Estate Prices, Fixed Effects Estimates.

Note. Sample includes 487 observations for 1980, 1990, and 2000. Regressions also include the log of population and its square, year dummy variables, and a full set of interactions between them. Standard errors reported in parentheses. Estimates include metropolitan area fixed effects. Estimates weighted by the square root of population. Significance given by: *** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0.05, + p<0.10.

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Table 11. Relationship between Innovation and Aggregate Education and Occupation Employment Shares, SUR Estimates.

Note. Sample includes 621 observations for 1980, 1990 and 2000. Farming is the omitted occupation. Columns (3)-(5) report estimates from seemingly unrelated regressions, with the estimates in each column coming from separate models. Regressions also include the log of population and its square, year dummy variables, and a full set of interactions between them. Estimates include metropolitan area fixed effects. Estimates weighted by the square root of population. Standard errors are reported in parentheses. Significance given by: *** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0.05, + p<0.10.

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Table 12. Relationship between Innovation and Aggregate Education and Industry Employment Shares, SUR Estimates.

Note. Sample includes 396 observations for 189 metros in 1980 and 1990. Mining is the omitted industry. Columns (3)-(5) report estimates from seemingly unrelated regressions, with the estimates in each column coming from separate models. Regressions include the log of population and its square, year dummy variables, and a full set of interactions between them. Estimates include metropolitan area fixed effects. Estimates are weighted by the square root of population. Standard errors are reported in parentheses. Significance given by: *** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0.05, + p<0.10.

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Appendix Table 1. Relationship between Academic R&D and Aggregate Education and Patenting.

Note. Sample includes 653 observations on 229 metropolitan areas for 1980, 1990, and 2000. Regressions also include the log of population and its square, year dummy variables, and a full set of interactions between them. Fixed effects estimates include metropolitan area fixed effects. Instruments are (1) a share shift index for academic R&D and (2) college enrollments in 1925 per capita. Enrollments are interacted with year dummy variables. Estimates weighted by the square root of population. Standard errors are reported in. Significance given by: *** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0.05, + p<0.10.

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Appendix Table 2. First Stage Regressions, Wage Sample.

Note. Sample includes 1,314,105 observations on 217 metropolitan areas for 1980, 1990, and 2000. Individual-level controls include education, a quartic in potential experience, race (dummies for black and other race), Hispanic background, citizenship, and marital status. These variables are also treated as endogenous. We use the deviation of each individual variable from its mean in each metropolitan area in each year as instruments. Regressions also include the log of population and its square, year dummy variables, and a full set of interactions between them. Estimates weighted by population weights. Standard errors, clustered at the metropolitan area level, are reported in parentheses. Significance given by: *** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0.05, + p<0.10.

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Appendix Table 3. First Stage Regressions, Real Estate Price Sample.

Note. Sample includes 509 observations for 1980, 1990, and 2000. Regressions also include the log of population and its square, year dummy variables, and a full set of interactions between them. Estimates weighted by the square root of population in 2000. Standard errors are reported in parentheses. Significance given by: *** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0.05, + p<0.10.

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