Botkin’s Disease

Botkin’s disease, or the so-called epidemic or infectious hepatitis, is an acute viral disease affecting hepatic cells and bile ducts.

The prominent German scientist Virchow believing it to be due to obstruction of the common bile duct with mucus during inflammatory processes in the duodenum, the disease was called catarrhal jaundice.

But in 1880 the prominent Russian scientist S. Botkin having advanced the idea of an infectious origin of this disease, proved his suggestions by such facts as the involvement in this pathologic process not only of the liver but also of the nervous system, the kidneys, the enlargement of the spleen, etc.

But it was not before 1940 that the term “Botkin’s disease” was introduced into medicine due to the efforts of the well-known physician M. Konchalovsky.

Botkin’s disease occurs in epidemic form. This disease more commonly affects children, adults as well as elderly persons suffering from it frequently too.

Botkin’s disease is known to be due to a filterable virus present in the blood, liver and found in stool and urine. The virus is infective only for man. As this virus cannot be seen under a usual microscope, it is revealed only by an electronic one. Being highly virulent the virus survives in water, food, and on hands for days and weeks.

Home Assignments 5

Task 1 Write down five word combinations with the term “blood” and five word combinations with the term “heart”.

Task 2 Substitute the words in bold type by the terms of close meaning:

1 In our country prophylactic vaccination is carried out against a number of infectious diseases (preventive, supportive).

2 Before making a blood transfusion the blood group is to be determined (to be obtained, to be established).

3 Jaundice may result from the impairment of the common bile duct (to be due to, to result in).

4 The pain was stated to radiate to the left arm and shoulder (to spread to, to lead to).

5 The temperature was known to have risen suddenly at the onset of the attack (to have decreased, to have elevated).

6 The incidence of this disease varies in different age groups (changes, exchanges).

Task 3 Make up a sentence of two parts with the corresponding tense form of the predicate:

1 The infection will not appear. (if) The instruments … adequately (to remove, to sterilize, to eliminate).

2 Certain viruses will be destroyed. (as soon as) The temperature of the substance … to 100 ⁰C (to elevate, to exclude, to support).

3 Bile will enter the lymph flow. (after) The degeneration of the hepatic cells and damage to the bile ducts … (to diminish, to support, to occur).

Task 4 Translate the following sentences using Absolute Participle Construction (in writing):

1 Оскільки був перший тиждень гепатиту, то інфекція була особливо заразною.

2 Коли була проведена термінова операція з приводу гангренозного апендициту, у пацієнта зникли всі симптоми хвороби.

3 Коли надмірну шлункову кровотечу було зупинено, зникла загроза життю хворого.

Task 5 Memorize the following terms. Match them with the corresponding Ukrainian equivalents:

cholecystitis, intrahepatic, extrahepatic, hypochondrium, umbilical, peritoneum, chemotherapy;

черевина, холецистит, запалення жовчного міхура, хіміотерапія, внутрішньопечінковий, пупковий, підреберна область, позапечінковий, лікувальна терапія.

Task 6 Learn the following words:

constipation – запор

irritation – подразнення

approximately – приблизно

emergency – невідкладність, терміновість

Task 7 Read the text. Find the sentences a) with Absolute Participle Construction; b) with Complex Subject and translate them. Write down the terms with the suffixes ‘-ity’, ‘-ize’, ‘-ness’, ‘-ency’. Name all the symptoms of acute cholecystitis. Find the English equivalents of the following word combinations:

сильний біль, біль підсилюється, у повноцінно здорових людей, важкий перебіг хвороби, надзвичайна небезпека для життя.