Home Assignments 2

Task 1 Read and translate the following terms:

cancer, carcinoma, aetiology, tumour, epigastric, anaemia.

Task 2 Learn the following terms:

malignant – злоякісний

hot – гарячий

suggest – пропонувати

support– підтримувати

hereditary– спадковий

node – вузол

digestion – травлення

bleeding – кровотеча

remain – залишатися

empty – порожній

Task 3 Group the terms due to a) name of the disease; b) name of pathologic symptom:

angina pectoris, perspiration, murmur, intermittent fever, benign and malignant tumours, occlusion, dullness, crepitation, fatigue, ulcer, hemorrhage, epigastric pain, carcinoma, loss of appetite and weight, pleuricy, anaemia, fibrillation, vomiting, nausea.

Task 4 Write the terms with close meaning:

1) disturbance; 2) to radiate; 3) to result in; 4) a damage; 5) continuous; 6) influence; 7) fever; 8) constant; 9) mild; 10) acute; 11) internal; 12) adequate; 13) onset; 14) to diminish; 15) ache; 16) to rise; 17) to involve; 18) carcinoma; 19) to nourish; 20) state; 21) bleeding; 22) to extend.

Task 5 Write the terms with opposite meaning:

1) gradually; 2) to increase; 3) to diminish; 4) mild;5) internal; 6) to be due to; 7) to follow; 8) onset; 9) base; 10) to accomplish; 11) to be admitted; 12) adult; 13) to decrease; 14) to disappear; 15) to divide; 16) dry; 17) exertion; 18) to rise; 19) to improve; 20) physical; 21) cold; 22) benign; 23) to leave; 24) to doubt.

Task 6 Find the sentences with Complex Object and with Complex Subject. Translate them:

1 Academician A.N. Bakulev is considered to be the founder of a new branch of surgery – cardiosurgery.

2 The cardiologist expected the patient to undergo the heart operation if the therapeutic measures proved to be ineffective.

3 Hypothermia is known to be employed in cardiosurgery to enable the surgeon to correct small congenital or developed heart defects.

4 The evidence of gastric ulcer seemed to be confirmed by nausea and vomiting, though such a sign as intermittent fever was not characteristic of the disease.

5 The physician observed the patient’s appetite have been gradually improving since the administration of the adequate preparation.

Task 7 Translate the following sentences using Complex Subject. Do it in writing.

1 Здається, метастази у печінці хворого є наслідком раку шлунка.

2 У нього було виявлено виразку шлунку.

3 Як виявилося, хворий був надто слабим для такої операції.

Task 8 Read the text. Find the sentences with Complex Subject and translate them. Give the main idea of the sixth paragraph in one sentence. Put up five questions to the second paragraph of the text.

Cancer of the Stomach

Gastric carcinoma is a frequent form of cancer causing about 35–40% of all deaths from malignant tumors.

The disease is more common in men than in women. The highest incidence is noted at ages of 50 to 60. Gastric carcinoma is known to have a more malignant course in young persons than in old age. The duration of gastric cancer from the appearance of its first manifestations to death is not longer than 1–2 years.

The aetiology of cancer is unknown. But such pathologic conditions as benign tumors, ulcer of the stomach, gastritis and stomach polyps have been determined to contribute considerably to its development.

According to certain data the use of too hot or too cold food, smoking and alcohol are considered to be responsible for the development of stomach carcinoma.

In the past few years a virus theory of cancer has been suggested. Though this theory is supported by many it has not yet been proved. For a long time many scientists have been discussing the importance of hereditary factors in the development of cancer. The hereditary theory has not been confirmed either.

The clinical manifestations of gastric carcinoma vary with the stage of its development, location and spread through the lymphatic nodes and other inner organs. The main symptoms of gastric carcinoma are known to be disturbance in gastric digestion, epigastric pains, loss of weight and sometimes vomiting of blood. A prolonged, usually external, profuse bleeding results in severe anaemia. The appetite is usually reduced.