Diseases of the alimentary tract Home Assignments 1

Task 1 Complex Subject.

a) Read the following sentences and compare their translation:

He is said to live here. – Кажуть, що він тут мешкає.

The patient is thought to suffer from pneumonia. –Вважають, що хворий страждає на пневмонію.

Leucocytosis is known to develop in inflammation. – Відомо, що лейкоцитоз виникає при запаленні.

b) Read the following sentences and pay attention to the voice of the predicate:

They seem to study Biochemistry. – Здається, вони вивчають біохімію.

He appears to suffer from tuberculosis. – Виявляється, він страждає на туберкульоз.

The pain proved to be sharp on physical exertion. – Доведено, що біль був гострим при фізичному навантаженні.

c) Read and translate the following sentences:

He is supposed to discharge the patient from the hospital.

He is supposed to have discharged the patient from the hospital.

He is supposed to be discharged from the hospital.

He is supposed to have been discharged from the hospital.

Task 2 Find the Complex Subject and translate the sentences:

1 On physical exertion the liver was considered to be enlarged.

2 The damage to the blood supply was supposed to have been present before the operation.

3 Both mental and physical overstrain have been eliminated to affect the normal function of the heart in the most unfavorable way.

Task 3 Remember the reading of the following terms, match them with their meaning:

ulcer, neurogenous, spastic, trophic, erosion, remission, pathogenesis

спазматичний (судомний), трофічний, ерозія, виразка, патогенез, неврогенний, ослаблення хвороби, послаблення хворобливих ознак.

Task 4 Learn the following words:

influence – вплив

majority – більшість

contribute – сприяти

nausea – нудота

perforate (into, through) – проникати

perforated ulcer– перфорована виразка

intermittent– переривчастий

rare – рідкий, розріджений

Task 5 Translate the following word combinations and find the sentences with them in the text:

in the majority of cases; contribute to the onset of ulcer; perforating ulcer; vomiting and haemorrhage; under the influence; followed by erosion; intermittent in occurrence; with remission.

Task 6 Read the text. Find the sentences with Complex Subject. Write down the equivalents of the following word combinations:

у поєднанні з, у більшості випадків, у ранньому віці, під впливом зовнішніх та внутрішніх подразників, сприяти початку появи виразки, жодних характерних клінічних проявів.

Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers

The famous scientists N. Burdenko, L. Koreisha, A. Speransky and B. Mogilnitsky proved the existence of an association between a lesion of the central and peripheral nervous systems and the development of ulcer.

The neurogenous theory of the pathogenesis of ulcer was developed further into the corticovisceral theory by K. Bykov and I. Kusisin. According to this theory gastric and duodenal ulcers were found to result from disturbances in the central nervous system, i.e. the brain cortex.

The brain cortex under the influence of external and internal stimuli sends impulses to the stomach and the duodenum, which cause a spastic contraction of vessels. Such a spastic contraction results in local trophic disturbances followed by erosion of the affected area by the gastric juice.

In the majority of cases ulcer is observed to develop in particularly nervous persons, often after emotional overstrain. But an irregular diet in combination with an emotional overstrain is often observed to contribute to the onset of ulcer development.

Gastric and duodenal ulcers are found to develop more frequently in men than in women, mainly at ages of 25 to 40 years. This disease is characterized by pains, hemorrhages, nausea, vomiting, etc. At the onset of the disease pain is usually dull in character. In gastric ulcers pain is found to grow worse after meals. Acute pain in the stomach is known to occur periodically and be intermittent in occurrence.

The course of ulcer has proved to vary with age and sex, location of ulcers, etc. At a young age its course has no characteristic clinical manifestations. In old persons the incidence of ulcers is known to be rare. But they are often complicated by considerable hemorrhage resulting from sclerotic changes in the stomach.

Ulcers are known to have a chronic, cyclic course, with remissions from 6 to 12 months. Exacerbation (загострення) of ulcers, particularly that of duodenal ulcers, has been found to occur in spring and autumn.

Task 7 Do you know that:

The movement of food in the intestines of a healthy person may last from 12 to 72 hours.

Milk products contain about 100 substances useful for men.

Salt consists of two poisons, which are combined chemically in such a way that we can eat it.

The amount of gastric juice secreted in the stomach within 24 hours is 1.5–2 litres.