Exercises

1. Translate the following words and state their parts of speech:

Chemical, dependence, numerous, sharply, radiation, electronic, physicist, possible, electricity, widely, emergency

2. Translate the following words paying attention to the prefixes “ir-”, “re-” and “im-”:

1. Irrespective, irrational, irregular, irresponsible, irrecognizable;

2. Reproduce, rebuild, rewrite, remove, restart, reappear, rewind, renew, repatriate, re-examination;

3. Impossible, impassable, imperfect, impenetrable, improbable, immeasurable, immovable, impracticable

3. Form nouns after the models and translate them: V + ment, V + ion (tion), V+ ance (ence).

Radiate, depend, produce, measure, differ, react, employ, automate, generate, develop, perform

4. Form adjectives adding the suffixes -al, -able, -ic to the root of the nouns:

Chemistry, technique, change, office, science, electron, physics, solve, compare, magnet, cylinder, experiment, desire

5. Form new words adding the prefix ’’semi’’- and translate them:

Sphere, tropical, final, cylindrical, automatic, diameter, tone, precious, circle, official

6. Translate the following word-combinations:

Electric circuits, a great variety of elements, semiconducting materials, to maintain a constant temperature, measuring techniques, emergency signals, a conveyer belt, to reproduce sound, to design electronic counters, to solve complicated engineering problems, to manufacture refrigerators, to generate electricity, the surrounding temperature changes

7. Translate the following international words:

Temperature, mineral, conductor, thermal, progress, accumulate, technique, automation, radio, principle, refrigerator, energy, constant, metal, design, signal, cinematography

8. Find in the text:

1. synonyms to the following words – a great number, dielectric, to give an effect (impact), type, use, complex, to produce, able, to make, very good (perfect), permanent

2. antonyms to the following words – to reduce, gradually, to destroy, impossible, insulator, narrow, to reject

9. Make up word-combinations using the words “electric” and “semi-conductor” with the following nouns: circuit, current, power, device, detector, material, physics, electronics, technology, engineering, diode.

10. Translate the sentences paying attention to the meaning of the words in bold type:

1. Semiconductors are neither good conductors nor good insulators.

2. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

3. Matter can neither appear nor disappear by itself.

4. The greatest part of matter on the Earth is either liquid or gas.

5. Some sixty or seventy years ago semiconductors didn’t exist either in electric industry or in radioengineering.

6. Silicon and germanium can be made either p-type or n-type semi-conductors.

11. Translate the sentences:

1. Після відкриття напівпровідників вчені намагалися знайти шляхи їх використання у різних галузях науки і техніки.

2. Крім застосування в техніці напівпровідники широко використовуються у повсякденному житті.

3. Провідність напівпровідникових матеріалів різко зростає з нагріванням.

4. Напівпровідникові фотоелементи спроможні трансформувати енергію сонця в електричний струм. Ми можемо використовувати їх для освітлення, розмістивши їх на даху будинка.

12. Translate the following attributive word-combinations:

semiconductor thermo-electric generator, current-carrying conductor, electrical engineering problem, emergency sygnal system, high-temperature range, cotton insulation layer, energy accumulation process, electronic counting machine.

13. Translate the following sentences and make up questions to them:

1. The first practical use of semiconductors was as crystal detectors in the earliest radio receivers.

2. At present semiconductors have found wide use in all kinds of complicated devices such as television and radio sets, refrigerators and many others.

3. Owing to semiconductors we are able to convert heat directly into electricity without boilers or other machines.

4. Thermocouples made of semiconductors and capable of producing both heat and cold.

5. A photo-cell is also a small electric station feeding on light.

TEXT 9 B.

Semiconductor Laser.

Give a summary of the text.

Semiconductor quantum generators occupy a special place among the optical quantum generators. The size of a ruby crystal laser comes to tens of centimetres while a gas generator is about a metre long. A semiconductor laser is a few lengths of a millimetre long. Whereas the density of its radiation is hundreds of thousands of times as great as that of the best ruby lasers. For example, the device shown in Fig. 1 is 0.4 mm on each edge, with the junction lying in a horizontal plane through the centre.

All previous solid-state lasers needed energy supplied from external light sources, usually an intense burst of light from a flashtube. In the new gallium-arsenide injection lasers, pump energy is supplied directly by injecting electrons into the diode. Now modulation of the laser beam can be achieved by modulating the input current source. Semiconductor lasers operate under pulse and permanent regimes.

Notes:

Burst – спалах

Flashtube – спалахуюча лампа

By injecting – вводячи