- •Automobile
- •Introduction
- •Vocabulary to be remembered
- •Unit 1 automobile industry
- •Introduction
- •Vocabulary to be remembered
- •1. Read and translate the text
- •2. Translate into English.
- •3. Fill in the gap with the necessary word.
- •4. Find synonyms to the following verbs.
- •History of the Automobile Industry
- •Vocabulary to be remembered
- •Henry Ford and Mass Production
- •Vocabulary to be remembered.
- •Power System
- •Vocabulary to be remembered
- •A. Engine
- •Engine Types
- •Fuel Supply
- •Vocabulary to be remembered.
- •Read and translate the text
- •Match two parts of the sentences using the information from the text
- •D. Exhaust System Read the text paying attention to the words given. Learn these words by heart.
- •E. Cooling and Heating System
- •Drivetrain
- •Vocabulary to be remembered.
- •A. Transmission
- •B. Front- and Rear-Wheel Drive
- •Unit IV Support Systems
- •Vocabulary to be remembered.
- •A. Suspension System
- •B. Wheels and Tires
- •Unit V Control Systems
- •Vocabulary to be remembered.
- •B. Brakes
- •Study the meanings of the word skid and try to use the word combinations in your own sentences.
- •1) А) заносить (об автомобиле) It was raining hard, and the car skidded badly. — Шел сильный дождь, и машину сильно заносило.
- •2) Предотвращать движение (колес) с помощью тормозного башмака.
- •Unit VI
- •Match the following meanings of the techniques that need electricity.
- •Vocabulary to be remembered.
- •Unit VII Safety Features
- •Unit VIII Supplementary reading. History
- •Internal-Combustion Engine
- •Early Electric Cars
- •Automobiles in the 20th Century
- •New Technologies
A. Engine
Read the text and make up the questions to be the plan of the text.
The basic components of an internal-combustion engine are the engine block, cylinder head, cylinders, pistons, valves, crankshaft, and camshaft. The lower part of the engine, called the engine block, houses the cylinders, pistons, and crankshaft. The components of other engine systems bolt or attach to the engine block. The block is manufactured with internal passageways for lubricants and coolant. Engine blocks are made of cast iron or aluminum alloy and formed with a set of round cylinders. The upper part of the engine is the cylinder head. Bolted to the top of the block, it seals the tops of the cylinders. Pistons compress
air and fuel against the cylinder head prior to ignition. The top of the piston forms the floor of the combustion chamber. A rod connects the bottom of the
piston to the crankshaft. Lubricated bearings enable both ends of the connecting rod to pivot, transferring the piston’s vertical motion into the crankshaft’s rotational force, or torque. The pistons’ motion rotates the crankshaft at speeds ranging from about 600 to thousands of revolutions per minute (rpm), depending on how much fuel is delivered to the cylinders.
Fuel vapor enters and exhaust gases leave the combustion chamber through openings in the cylinder head controlled by valves. The typical engine valve is a metal shaft with a disk at one end fitted to block the opening. The other end of the shaft is mechanically linked to a camshaft, a round rod with odd-shaped lobes located inside the engine block or in the cylinder head. Inlet valves open to allow fuel to enter the combustion chambers. Outlet valves open to let exhaust gases out. A gear wheel, belt, or chain links the camshaft to the crankshaft. When the crankshaft forces the camshaft to turn, lobes on the camshaft cause valves to open and close at precise moments in the engine’s cycle. When fuel vapor ignites, the intake and outlet valves close tightly to direct the force of the explosion downward on the piston.
Retell the text answering the questions of your partner.
Engine Types
Match the following adjectives with their meanings.
Upright эллиптический
Shallow мелкий
Elliptical доступный
Triangular-shaped гибрид
Available вверх
Hybrids треугольной формы
Study the information about engine types. Summarize this information.
The blocks in most internal-combustion engines are in-line designs or V designs. In-line designs are arranged so that the cylinders stand upright in a single line over the crankshaft. In a V design, two rows of cylinders are set at an angle to form a V. At the bottom of the V is the crankshaft. In-line configurations of six or eight cylinders require long engine compartments found more often in trucks
than in cars. The V design allows the same number of cylinders to fit into a shorter, although wider, space. Another engine design that fits into shorter,
allower spaces is a horizontally opposed, or flat, arrangement in which the crankshafst lies between two rows of cylinders.
Engines become more powerful, and use more fuel, as the size and number of cylinders increase. Most modern vehicles in the United States have 4-, 6-, or 8-cylinder engines, but car engines have been designed with 1, 2, 3, 5, 12, and more cylinders.
Diesel engines, common in large trucks or buses, are similar to gasoline internal-combustion engines, but they have a different ignition system. Diesels compress air inside the cylinders with greater force than a gasoline engine does, producing temperatures hot enough to ignite the diesel fuel on contact.
Some cars have rotary engines, also known as Wankel engines, which have one or more elliptical chambers in which triangular-shaped rotors, instead of pistons, rotate.
Electric motors have been used to power automobiles since the late 1800s. Electric power supplied by batteries runs the motor, which rotates a driveshaft, the shaft that transmits engine power to the axles. Commercial electric car models for specialized purposes were available in the 1980s. General Motors Corporation introduced a mass-production all-electric car in the mid-1990s.
Automobiles that combine two or more types of engines are called hybrids. A typical hybrid is an electric motor with batteries that are recharged by a generator run by a small gas- or diesel-powered engine. These hybrids are known as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). By relying more on electricity and less on
fuel combustion, HEVs have higher fuel efficiency and emit fewer pollutants. Several automakers have experimented with hybrids. In 1997 Toyota Motor Corporation became the first to mass-produce a hybrid vehicle, the Prius. It became available in Japan in 1997 and in North America in 2000. The first hybrid
available for sale in North America, the Honda Insight, was offered by Honda Motor Co., Ltd., in 1999.