- •Экзаменационные вопросы по дисциплине.
- •2. The Definition of the Sentence. Its Essential Features. The Classification of Sentences
- •3.Morphemic Structure of the Word. The Distributional Anglysis
- •4. Actual Division of the Sentence
- •5. The Oppositional Theory. Its Important Types The grammatical category
- •6. Sentence in the Text.
- •7. Types of Word-Form Derivation.
- •8. Semi-Compound Sentence
- •9.The Traditional and Syntactico-Distibutional Classification of Words.
- •10. Semi- Complex Sentence
- •11. Grammatical Classes of Words. Their Features.
- •12. Phrases.
- •13 The Noun: General
- •14. The Main and Secondary Parts of a Sentence.
- •15 The Categories of Gender and Number.
- •16. The Apposition, Direct Address, Parentheses, and Insertions Loose Parts
- •17. The Category of Case.
- •18. One – Member Sentences and Elliptical Sentences.
- •19 Noun: Article Determination
- •20. Complex Sentences.
- •21. Adjective
- •22. Asyndetic composite sentences. Inserted clauses
- •24. Comminicative Types of Sentences.
- •25 Verb: Person and Number. Other Morphological Categories
- •26. Syndetic Composite Sentences some syntactical connections of subordinate clauses
- •27 Verb: Tense and Aspect
- •28.Simple Sentence: Constituent Structure.
- •29 Verb: Voice and Mood
- •30.Composite Sentence as a Polypredicative Construction.
- •31. Syntagmatic Connections of Words.
- •32Sequence of Tenses.
- •33. The Stative.
- •34 Compound Sentence
- •36. Classification of sentences
- •38. Subject Predicative Clauses.
- •39. Modal words
- •40. Functional Sentence Perspective
- •41.Preposition, Conjuctim and Particle.
- •42. Appositional Clauses and Parenthetical Clauses.
- •43 Adverb
- •44. Indirect and represented speech
- •Indirect speech
- •45.The interjection. Words
- •46. Transition from Simple to Composite Sentences.
9.The Traditional and Syntactico-Distibutional Classification of Words.
In the original Ancient Greek grammatical teaching which put forward the first outline of the part of speech theory, the division of words into grammatical classes was also based on one determining criterion only, namely, on the formal-morphological featuring. It means that any given word under analysis was turned into a classified lexeme on the principle of its relation to grammatical change. In conditions of the primary acquisition of linguistic knowledge, and in connection with the study of a highly inflexional language this characteristic proved quite efficient.
Still, at the present stage of the development of linguistic science, syntactic characterization of words that has been made possible after the exposition of their fundamental morphological properties, is far more important and universal from the point of view of the general classificational requirements.
This characterization is more important, because it shows the distribution of words between different sets in accord with their function-
al specialization. The role of morphology by this presentation is not underrated, rather it is further clarified from the point of view of exposing connections between the categorial composition of the word and its sentence-forming relevance.
This characterization is more universal, because it is not specially destined for the inflexional aspect of language and hence is equally applicable to languages of various morphological types.
On the material of Russian, the principles of syntactic approach to the classification of word stock were outlined in the works of A.M. Peshkovsky. The principles of syntactic (syntactico-distributional) classification of English words were worked out by L. Bloomfield and his followers Z. Harris and especially Ch. Fries.
The syntactico-distributional classification of words is based on the study of their combinability by means of substitution testing. The testing results in developing the standard model of four main "positions" of notional words in the English sentence: those of the noun (N), verb (V), adjective (A), adverb (D).
Fries chooses tape-recorded spontaneous conversations comprising about 250,000 word entries (50 hours of talk). The words isolated from this corpus are tested on the three typical sentences (that are isolated from the records, too), and used as substitution test-frames:
Frame A. The concert was good (always).
Frame B. The clerk remembered the tax (suddenly).
Frame C. The team went there.
As a result of successive substitution tests on the cited "frames" the following lists of positional words ("form-words", or "parts of speech") are established:
Class 1. (A) concert, coffee, taste, container, difference, etc. (B) clerk, husband, supervisor, etc.; tax, food, coffee, etc. (C) team, husband, woman, etc.
Class 2. (A) was, seemed, became, etc. (B) remembered, wanted, saw, suggested, etc. (C) went, came, ran,... lived, worked, etc.
Class 3. (A) good, large, necessary, foreign, new, empty, etc.
Class 4. (A) there, here, always, then, sometimes, etc. (B) clearly, sufficiently, especially, repeatedly, soon, etc. (C) there, back, out, etc.; rapidly, eagerly, confidently, etc.
All these words can fill in the positions of the frames without affecting their general structural meaning:
- the first frame; "actor - action - thing acted upon - characteristic of the action"
- the second frame; "actor - action - direction of the action"
- the third frame.
Comparing the syntactico-distributional classification of words with the traditional part of speech division of words, one cannot but see the similarity of the general schemes of the two: the opposition of notional and functional words, the four absolutely cardinal classes of notional words (since numerals and pronouns have no positional functions of their own and serve as pro-nounal and pro-adjectival elements), the interpretation of functional words as syntactic mediators and their formal representation by the fist.
However, under these unquestionable traits of similarity are distinctly revealed essential features of difference, the proper evaluation of which allows us to make some important generalizations about the structure of the lexemic system of language.