orlovskaya_english
.pdf3. articled clerk — служащий конторы солиситора, выпол няющий свою работу в порядке платы за обучение профессии солиситора
Упражнение 1. Составьте словосочетания глаголов из колонки А и суще ствительных из колонки В.
А |
В |
1. enter |
а. advice |
2. prepare/ prepare for |
b. a degree in law |
3. become |
с time |
4. gain |
d. a problem |
5. give |
e. examinations |
6. argue |
f. a job |
7. pose |
g. on one's behalf |
8. speak |
h. a profession |
9. get/ obtain |
i. guilt/ innocence |
10. prove |
j . a case |
11. take/ pass |
k. experience |
12. do |
1. arguments, documents/ the final exam |
13. spend |
m. a lawyer |
Упражнение 2. Назовите 5 словосочетаний со словами law и legal.
Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски.
1. ... is а general term for а member of the legal profession, e.g. a judge, barrister, solicitor, law teacher, etc. 2. The common pur pose of a barrister and a solicitor is to provide professional service and advice on legal... 3. Barrister is a lawyer who can speak and ...
a case in one of the higher courts. 4. Attorneys are persons who are legally allowed to act on ... of someone else. 5. Solicitors may now have a right of... in certain courts. 6. At present a solicitor may choose any ... to advise his client or to appear for the client in court. 7. ... is a clerk who has passed the examination to become a solicitor but has to work in a solicitor's office for some years to learn the law. 8.... means protected by privilege, e.g. a letter from a client to his lawyer. 9. Jurors are members of a ... 10. Jurist is an ex pert in ... 11. Jurisprudence is science and philosophy of human ...
Упражнение 4. Заполните пропуски следующими словами: legal, legally, legalize, legalization.
1. To ... is to make something legal. 2. To sue means to take ...
action against someone in a civil court. 3. The directors of large commercial enterprises are ... responsible. 4. The ... of labour rela tions is reflected in the law of employment.
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Упражнение 5. Заполните пропуски синонимами или словами, близкими по значению.
higher in authority remove
limit
need / require
hand / give to smb. else show / direct attention to
some
discuss / debate rule / order not general
control systematically think
Упражнение 6. Заполните пропуски антонимами. |
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sufficient ... |
guilt |
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weak |
incompetent |
... strength |
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... |
competence ... |
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qualify ... |
lower court |
... |
junior |
|
different |
... |
very small |
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final exam |
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Упражнение 7. Заполните таблицу на словообразование. |
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Verb |
Noun |
|
Adjective |
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exclude |
practice |
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arguable |
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restriction |
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advisory |
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preparation |
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specify |
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qualification |
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weaken |
... |
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Упражнение 8. A. Назовите 20-25 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на тему «Professional titles in legal systems».
В. Speak about:
How to become a lawyer in different countries.
SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTS
To be read after Text 2
Computer crime
Computers can be used to commit all kinds of crimes. It is sug gested that one could commit murder by computer if one hacked
421
into an air-traffic controller's computer system and caused aero planes to crash, with the intent^ to kill the passengers. Not surpris ingly crimes that specifically relate to computers are relatively recent creations of statute.
Some specific computer crimes are set out in the Computer Misuse Act 1990. It is designed to protect information kept on computers. There are three particular reasons why such informa tion needs protection by the criminal law. Firstly it is said to be very hard to safeguard information stored on a computer, particu larly as often the information is intended to be accessed by a num ber of authorized people. By contrast information on paper can be kept in a safe or other secure^ place. Secondly the ease of destroy ing or corrupting data on a computer means it deserves^ special protection, particularly as it is not always possible for the owner of the computer to realize that the data have been looked at. Thirdly the highly confidential"* nature of the kind of information kept on computers (often concerning many members of the public) is such that it needs particular protection.
The act prohibits^ «hacking», i.e., gaining^ unauthorized access to computer material. The offence is committed if a defendant is en tering the computer just to see what he can find. The Act also con tains a more serious offence of doing this with the intent to commit another offence. The most common example is likely to be a decep tion (обман) offence or theft. A defendant who obtained data which he intended to use in the future to commit an offence of obtaining property by deception will still be guilty of the more serious offence.
There is also an offence of modifying computer material in an unauthorized way. This section is clearly aimed at people who alter^ computer data with intent to corrupt a program. The intent does not need to be directed towards any particular computer or data. Modification is defined as including removal of any program or data on a computer and includes adding to the contents or erasing^ them.
It also includes temporary^ modification. It would appear to cover sending someone a disc with a virus on it that was intended to damage the working of the computer.
It is possible to be guilty of criminal damage of computers if there has been a physical change to some components of the com puter.
Notes to the Text
1.(legal) puфose, intention
2.safe
422
3.have a right to
4.(to be kept) secret
5.say that smth. must not be done (by rules of regulations)
6.obtain
7.change
8.removing
9.lasting for a short time only
To be read after Text 3
The Jury
The jury has a long history within the English legal system, al though its role has changed significantly during that time. Ori ginally, members of the jury were witnesses^ Today, they are a group of twelve ordinary people with no special knowledge, chosen at random to act as impartial^ judges of the facts of a case. In a jury trial, the jury is advised by the trial judge on the relevant^ law; that is, the judge's function is to explain the law to the jury and ensure that the trial is conducted according to the rules of procedure and evidence. The function of the jury is then to apply the law to the facts and then decide, in criminal cases, whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty and, in civil cases, whether the defendant is lia ble to the plaintiff. The decision of a jury is called a verdict^. The juries do not need to give reasons for their verdict. In civil cases the jury will also decide on the amount of damages to be awarded to the plaintiff.
«Shadow» («теневой») juries are sometimes used to research the adequacy of the jury system; a random group of twelve people sits in the court and hears a case and reaches a verdict which is then compared to the verdict of the real jury.
Although the jury continues to have much symbolic importance in the English legal system, in practice its role has been greatly dimished^ over recent years.
Notes to the Text
1.a person who gives evidence in court
2.just, fair; not favouring one side more than the other
3.(closely) connected with what is being discussed, done, etc.
4.decision reached by a jury
5.make or become less
423
То be read after Text 4, 5
Judges
Judge is a public officer with authority to hear and decide cases in a law court. In the British system of law judges are chosen from lawyers who have gained considerable experience as legal practitio ners before being appointed to the judiciary.
Judges must be independent of the parties to a dispute (this en sures a fair and just trial). They must be independent of the execu tive. This enables the judges to exercise control over government action. Judges must be free of any political bias (пристрастность, предубеждение).
Most of the work of the judges is judicial in the sense that they have to adjudicate upon disputes. To do this they are required, im partially, to find the facts based on the evidence presented to the court, to apply the law to the facts and then to give the right deci sion. Their role is therefore limited to ensuring that there is a fair trial, reaching a decision on the fact as presented to them and ap plying this to the law.
Judges do not investigate the cases they are trying but they do not play a completely passive role; they may, sometimes, question witnesses and they must ensure that the trial is conducted accord ing to the rules of procedure and evidence.
ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ СЛОВАРЬ
A |
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argue ['a:gju:] v аргументировать; |
abolish [e'bolij] v аннулировать; |
приводить доводы |
|
отменять; упразднять |
|
assessment [e'sesmant] п оценка; |
accused [e'kju:zd] п обвиняемый |
определение; reassessment п пе- |
|
adjudicate [e'cfeudikeit] |
v судить, |
Р^^^^^р |
выносить приговор |
|
attorney [e'teini] п поверенный; |
alter ['o:lt9] v изменять(ся); вно- |
а^^^^'^' ^Р^^^ |
|
сить изменения |
|
j . |
appeal [e'pi:l] п апелляция; апел |
barrister ['baenste] п адвокат; бар- |
|
ляционная жалоба; обращение; |
||
V обжаловать, апеллировать, по- |
ристер |
|
давать апелляционную |
жалобу; |
behaviour [bi'heivja] п поведение |
- court (Appellate court) апелля- |
bind [baind] v обязывать, связы- |
|
ционный суд |
|
вать обязательствами; ограничи- |
apportion [a'po.Jan] v распредевать |
||
лять; разделять, делить (сораз- |
blame [bleim] п порицание; ответ- |
|
жерло, пропорционально) |
ственность |
424
breach [bri:^] n нарушение (зако на, обязательства)
burglar [Ъэ:д1э] n вор-взломщик, громила
burglary [Ъэ:д1эг1] п кража со взломом
case [keis] п судебное дело, пре цедент, факт
cell [sel] п тюремная камера
civil ['sivl] а гражданский; - law гражданское право; - code граж данский кодекс; ~ wrong [ror\] на рушение гражданских прав charge [^a:cl5] v обвинять; to be charged with обвинять в чем-то claim [kleim] n претензия; заявле ние; иск; рекламация
commit [ko'mit] v совершать (пре ступление); - a crime совершать преступление
Commonwealth Countries Британ ское Содружество (наций) content ['kontent] n содержание; суть; сущность
convict ['konvikt] v выносить при говор; признавать виновным conduct ['kondAkt] п поведение, образ действий
court [ko:t] п суд
custom I'kAStom] п обычай
D
damages ['daemicfeiz] п убытки, компенсация за убытки; иск о возмещении убытков
defend [di'fend] v защищать в суде defence [di'fens] п защита на суде; self -- самооборона; самозащита defendant [di'fendent] п обвиняе мый
deserve [di'ze:v] v заслуживать, быть достойным; иметь право на защиту
despite [dis'pait] prep несмотря на diminish [di'minij] v уменьшать
E
enforce [in'fois] vпринуждать; на вязывать; заставлять
equity ['ekwiti] n право справед ливости (система права, дейст вующая наряду с общим правом и писаным, статутным правом; до полняет обычное право)
erase [I'reiz] v стирать; вычерки вать (из памяти)
erasing п стирание записи evidence ['evidens] п улика; сви детельские показания
executive [ig'zekjutiv] п (the -) ис полнительная власть; исполни тельный орган
fair [feo] а честный; справедли вый; беспристрастный
fine [fain] п штраф
gain [gein] п прибыль, выгода; v извлекать пользу, выгоду
guilty ['gilti] а виновный
Н
hear [hio] v слушать, заслуши вать; разбирать
I
impartial [im'poijol] а беспристра стный, справедливый
injunction [in'cfeATikJen] п предпи сание, приказ; судебный запрет innocent ['inosont] а невиновный intent [in'tent] п намерение, цель investigate [inVestigeit] v рассле довать
425
judge ['cfeAcfe] n судья |
negligent |
N |
а небреж |
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['neglic^ent] |
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judgment/judgement ['dsAcbment] n |
ный, халатный, невнимательный |
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приговор, решение суда |
negligence ['negiic^ens] п небреж |
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judiciary [cfeui'dijieri] n суд, судеб |
ность, халатность; |
преступная |
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ная система; - law судебное право |
небрежность |
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jury ['cfeueri] n присяжные (выно |
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О |
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сящие приговор по гражданским и |
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уголовным делам) |
offence [e'fens] п проступок, на |
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justice ['djAStis] п справедливость; |
рушение; |
преступление; criminal |
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правосудие; юстиция |
~ уголовное преступление; minor |
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- мелкое нарушение, проступок |
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law |
[1о:] п право; case - преце |
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дентное право; common ~ общее |
paramount rpaeromaunt] а верхов |
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(обычное) право; constitutional ~ ный, высший, первостепенный |
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конституционное право; civil '- |
participate [pa:'tisipeit] v участ |
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гражданское право; criminal - уго |
вовать |
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ловное право; procedural - проце |
party ['pa:ti] v сторона |
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дурное право; statute ~ статутное |
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право, «письменный закон»; sub |
petty ['peti] a мелкий, незначи |
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stantive and procedural ~ матери |
тельный |
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альное и процессуальное право; ~ |
plead [pli:d] V to - guilty призна |
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of |
contract |
договорное (обяза |
вать себя виновным в предъяв |
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тельное) право; ~ of employment |
ленном обвинении; to ~ not guilty |
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трудовое право; право занятости |
заявить о своей невиновности; не |
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(работы, службы); - and order попризнавать себя виновным |
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рядок, правопорядок; break the - |
police [poMiis] п полиция; the -- |
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нарушить закон; to lay down the - |
station полицейский участок |
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устанавливать правовые нормы |
pose [pouz] V предлагать, ставить |
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lawmaking body п законодатель |
(задачу, вопрос) |
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ный орган |
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prescribe [pris'kraib] v предписы |
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lawyer Hojo] п адвокат, юрист |
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вать |
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legal rii:gel] а юридический, пра |
prison ['prizn] n тюрьма |
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вовой; - action судебный иск |
prisoner n заключенный |
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liability [Jaio'biliti] п ответствен |
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privileged |
['privilicfed] a сообщен |
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ность |
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ные клиентом и не подлежащие |
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loss [los] п потеря; урон |
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оглашению (сведения) |
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М |
probation |
[pre'beijen] |
п испыта |
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тельный срок; вид условного на |
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manslaughter |
['maen^sloito] п не |
казания; условное освобождение |
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предумышленное убийство |
на поруки |
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murder ['тэ:с1э] п убийство (пре |
procedure [pre'siicfee] п процедура |
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думышленное) |
prohibit [pre'hibit] v запрещать |
426
property ['propeti] |
n имущество, |
subject [seb'cfeekt] v |
подвергать |
|
собственность, хозяйство |
{воздействию, влиянию, экзаме |
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prosecute ['prosikju:t] v преследо |
ну); to be - to подлежащий чему- |
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вать судебным порядком; высту |
либо |
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пать в качестве обвинителя |
subject-matter п предмет догово |
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punish ['pAniJ] V наказывать |
ра-спора |
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punishment п наказание; capital - |
substance ['SAbstens] п сущность, |
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смертная казнь, высшая мера на |
суть, содержание |
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казания; corporal ~ телесное на |
sue [sju:] v преследовать судеб |
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казание |
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ным порадком, возбуждать дело |
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pupil Tpjuipl] п ученик, учащийся |
supervise ['sju.pevaiz] |
v наблю |
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дать {за нем-то); надзирать |
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rape [reip] п изнасилование |
suspect ['sAspekt] v подозревать |
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suspend [ses'pend] v временно от |
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recover [п'клуэ] v обретать снова, |
странять; исключать |
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возвращать себе; |
получить об |
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ратно |
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relevant ['relivent] |
а уместный; |
temporary ['tempereri] |
a времен |
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относящийся к делу |
ный |
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revision [riVi3en] п пересмотр, ре |
thief [ei:f] n вор |
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визия |
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theft [0eft] n воровство, кража |
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robber ['robe] п грабитель |
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tort [to:t] n деликт; гражданское |
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robbery ['гоban] п грабеж |
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правонарушение |
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treat [tri:t] vобращаться; считать; |
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sense ['sens] п common - здравый |
рассматривать |
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tribunal [trai'bjuinl] n суд, орган |
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смысл |
п приговор; v |
правосудия, судебное учреждение |
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sentence ['sentens] |
и |
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осуждать, приговаривать |
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settle ['setl] v урегулировать {спор, unauthorized ['An'o:99raizd] а не
дело) разрешенный; неправомерный; shoplifter ['Jopjifte] п магазинный несанкционированный
вор |
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shoplifting п кража в магазине |
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shoulder ['Jeuldo] v брать на себя |
victim [Viktim] п жертва; постра |
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{ответственность, вину) |
давший |
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solicitor [se'lisita] п солиситор, |
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адвокат {дающий советы клиенту; |
W |
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подготавливающий дела для барwill [wil] п завещание |
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ристера и выступающий только в |
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судах низшей инстанции) |
witness ['witnis] п свидетель |
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wholly ['heuli] adv полностью, це |
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striking ['straikiT]] а поразитель |
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ный |
ликом |
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ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 3
ОСНОВНЫЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ И ПРИМЕРЫ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ НЕКОТОРЫХ ПРЕДЛОГОВ
Prepositions |
English |
Russian |
about |
This article is about new engines. |
Эта статья о новых двигателях. |
0, около. |
I shall come at about 5 o'clock. |
Я приду около 5 часов. |
по |
He was walking about the |
Он ходил по комнате. |
|
room. |
Вал вращается вокруг (отно |
|
The shaft turns about its axis. |
сительно) своей оси. |
after |
He finishes his work after 5. |
Он заканчивает работу после |
после, за, о |
I came here after him. |
пяти. |
|
Я пришел сюда после него. |
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I was going after him. |
Я шел за ним. |
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He asked after you. |
Он спрашивал о вас. |
at |
We are sitting at a table. |
Мы сидим за столом. |
за, в, на, у |
We are sitting at a lesson. |
Мы на уроке. |
|
We are at the concert. |
Мы на (в) концерте. |
|
We are sitting at the window. |
Мы сидим у окна. |
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He works at a plant. |
Он работает на заводе. |
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He studies at the institute. |
Он учится в институте. |
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I get up at 8 o'clock. |
Я встаю в 8 часов. |
before He was here before you. до, перед The car stopped before the
house.
Он был здесь до вас. Машина остановилась перед домом.
beyond |
The sun disappeared beyond the |
Солнце скрылось за лесом. |
за, вне |
forest. |
Это вне всяких сомнений. |
|
It is beyond any doubt. |
|ЬУ |
He is standing by the window. |
Lv, к |
Г11 come by six. |
|
He went by train. |
[for |
I have brought this book for |
для, в тече |
you. |
ние |
I shall be working here for two |
|
hours. |
from |
He arrived from Kiev. |
из, у, с, в |
He arrived from the Far East. |
|
I have taken this book from the |
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library. |
|
Take this book from him. |
|
He works here from two till five |
|
o'clock. |
Он стоит у окна.
Яприду к шести. Он поехал поездом.
Япринес эту книгу для вас.
Ябуду работать здесь в течение двух часов.
Он приехал из Киева.
Он приехал с Дальнего Востока. Я взял эту книгу в библиотеке.
Возьмите у него эту книгу. Он работает здесь с двух до
пяти часов.
428
|
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Окончание приложения 3 |
Prepositions |
English |
Russian |
in |
I shall be in Moscow soon. |
Я скоро буду в Москве. |
в, через |
We shall finish our work in half |
Мы окончим нашу работу че |
|
an hour. |
рез полчаса. |
|
In winter we often skate. |
Зимой мы часто катаемся на |
|
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коньках. |
of |
He spoke of his work. |
Он говорил 0 своей работе. |
0, об, из |
Tables are made of wood. |
Столы делают нз дерева. |
on |
The book is on the table. |
Книга на столе. |
на, в, по |
Come on Monday. |
Приходите в понедельник. |
|
This book is on chemistry. |
Эта книга по химии. |
|
Studies begin on the 1st of Sep |
Занятия начинаются первого |
|
tember. |
сентября. |
over |
The boy jumped over the |
через, по, |
bench. |
\над |
The lamp is over the table. |
|
He travelled all over the coun |
|
try. |
to |
Let's go to the library. |
\к, в, с |
Г11 speak to him. |
|
Come to the blackboard. |
with |
He works with me. |
с |
|
Мальчик перескочил через скамейку.
Лампа над столом.
Он путешествовал по всей стране.
Давайте пойдем в библиотеку. Я с ним поговорю. Подойдите к доске.
Он работает со мной.
within |
I hope to finish my article |
Я надеюсь окончить статью |
через, в |
within two days. |
через два дня. |
|
The pressure in the boiler |
Давление в котле изменяется |
|
changes within defijiite limits. |
в определенных пределах. |
|
It is within my power. |
Это в моих возможностях. |
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