7. Complete the following sentences:

1. The process of producing printed products can be divided into…………………………….

2. The first step in producing a printing plate is……………………………………………….

3. Today’s typesetting begins with …………………………………………………………….

4. “House corrections” are made in ……………………………………………………………

5. Corrections by the author follow ……………………………………………………………

6. The main function of the correction process which forms page make-up is………………...

7. Output devices used for the exposure of films are called …………………………………...

8. Sheet assembly is ……………………………………………………………………………

9. The result of prepress is ……………………………………………………………………

8. Translate into English:

Как мы уже знаем, в истории печатания происходили фундаментальные сдвиги, которые внесли изменения в то, как выполняется коммерческая печать: переход от переписывания документов к первому печатному станку Гуттенберга, внедрение электрофотографии, появление линотипа и т.п. Ещё одна новая перемена происходит сейчас: переход к технологии “из компьютера на печатную форму”. На протяжении целого столетия, и даже дольше, изображения фиксировали на фотопленке и переносили на формную пластину для изготовления печатных форм путем экспонирования. В течение последних двадцати лет пленка вытесняется из допечатного процесса. Изображение регистрируется на формной пластине непосредственно из цифрового файла. Детали изображения не теряются и не искажаются. Некоторые способы печати новая технология делает более быстрыми и экономичными. Специалисты в области прогнозирования утверждают, что в течение пяти-десяти лет пленка окончательно исчезнет из полиграфии, за исключением совсем небольших предприятий.

9. Correct the jumbled sentences:

1. Before, of, electronics, the, introduction, and, computers, printing, in, much, prepress, of, operations, manual, were.

2. Prepress, the series, is, involved, of, operations, in the preparation, assembly, and, of all, elements, ready, copy, for printing, on a, press, printing, or, printer, digital.

3. Copy, elements, all, include, materials, reproduced, to be, text, in, or, form, picture.

10. Study the following phrasal verbs with make. Match them with the definitions below. One of the verbs goes with two of the definitions.

1. make up

2. make out

3. make for

4. make out (that)

5. make up for

1. to see, hear, or understand something with difficulty;

2. to prepare something by putting different parts together

3. to reduce the bad effect of something

4. to pretend

5. to move towards something

6. to invent a story or a piece of information in order to deceive people

11. What other phrasal verbs with make do you know? Write some sentences of your own using phrasal verbs with make.

TEXT 2

Digital prepress

The extensive standardization and compatibility between systems (PC or Mac/Apple), software, and data formats used by the customer, the agency, and the prepress company allow for a division of the workflow. Text, images, and layout can be prepared either by the customer, the author, or the agency. This division of work is also applicable to the jobs carried out within a printshop with a prepress stage included.

The text data are primarily prepared in “Word” format, which has virtually become the word processing standard, since it is most widely used and offers many professional tools. The text data are very rarely edited directly in Word; instead they are positioned and typographically edited in a layout program (QuarkXPress, InDesign, or PageMaker).

The picture objects of a printed product are usually available as photograph, slide, or reflection copy, and are scanned in, or digitized, for publication. The digital data are then available at a workstation for further processing (corrections of the image contents or geometry).

Further alternatives have been added to this classical procedure: for instance the principle of the Photo CD. This procedure still includes the use of a camera and the development of the film. However, very often the result is not a slide, but a data file, for example stored on a Photo CD, containing original pictures that are already digitized. As for the scanned image, these data can also be processed directly onto the workstation.

Graphics constitute the third main element of a printed page. They are generally generated in so-called illustration programs such as Freehand, Illustrator, or CorelDraw. These data are usually saved in the form of vector-based data files, which cannot be edited or positioned in a layout program. These software programs offer an opportunity to save graphics or drawings in EPS format and make them available in the layout for geometric processing (scaling, cropping).

Layout programs are software packages allowing for flexible, creative work and for integrating the elements (text, images, and graphics) on pages or a sequence of pages, or to position them on the page depending on the current job.

In many cases, production servers make it possible to prepare data for output on different output systems such as film imagesetters (computer to film systems), computer to plate, computer to press/direct imaging or computer to print systems. The data to be made available do not really differ from each other. The settings for the resolution, screen frequency, and so on, are defined in or by the RIP. For conventional workflows, that is, for workflows based on the PostScript file (the newer workflow management systems are based on PDF technology), all the settings required for imaging are defined on the server or at a workstation and this information is transferred to the RIP. This is also the case when selecting the screening method to be used.